Religion, Income, and STD Protection's Impact on Contraception: Couples' Choices Analysis , Exams of Marketing Research

Download Religion, Income, and STD Protection's Impact on Contraception: Couples' Choices Analysis and more Exams Marketing Research in PDF only on Docsity! K E L L Y V E G A J E N N I F E R A R G E M O N I C A D I A Z Y A T H I M L E U N G Couples and Contraception Introduction    ICPSR 24384: National Couples Survey, 2005 – 2006    2018 Total Participants, all Heterosexual Couples    413 Married, 261 Cohabiting, 335 Dating (non- cohabiting)    Females ages 20 to 35, Males 18 and over Measures    In choosing a birth control method, how important is it that [FEMPART] not have problems getting pregnant within a year after stopping use of the method (and not using any other method)?    In choosing a birth control method, how important is it that it is highly effective in protecting you from sexually transmitted diseases?    What do you consider your regular method of birth control with [PARTNER]? [Birth Control Pills]    What do you consider your regular method of birth control with [PARTNER]? [Rhythm Method or Natural Family Planning (by calendar, temperature, cervical mucus)]    Do you consider yourself to be very religious, somewhat religious, or not religious at all?    In choosing a birth control method, how important is it that [PARTNER] approve of using the method?    Please look at the dollar amounts listed below. Mark the amount that is closest to your yearly salary before taxes and other deductions. Your best estimate is fine.    In choosing a birth control method, how important is it that [FEMPART] not experience a somewhat increased risk of a serious health problem, such as a heart attack or cancer? S E C O N D A R Y R E S E A R C H - C O V E R I N G T H E T O P I C S P R E S E N T E D I N O U R H Y P O T H E S I S Empirical Evidence Fertility    “ Reproductive intentions are important predictors of contraceptive behavior…joint fertility intentions of the spouse will significantly determine whether the couple will use modern methods of family planning” (Bankole 1998). Natural Birth Control Methods/Religion    “Abstinence and the rhythm method are the only officially approved methods of birth spacing [in the catholic church]” (Srikanthan 2008). Spouse Approval    “Males were less likely to recognize the risk of pregnancy, had less information about contraceptives, and fewer attitudes that supported contraceptive use than females who participated in the same school health classes” (Freeman 1980). Income    “There is a positive relationship between income and knowledge of the respondents about the different methods of birth control” (Shakeel 2003). Methodology: Hypothesis #1    Test: ANOVA    Dependent Variable (Interval): Importance of Future Fertility    Independent Variable (Nominal): Type of Couple    HO: Different types of couples value the importance of future fertility equally when choosing birth control methods.    HA: Different types of couples value the importance of future fertility differently when choosing birth control methods. Results: Hypothesis #1    Test Results:    Calculated F is 2.186, Critical (Tabled) F (df=2,1970) is 2.3    Calculated F Value < Critical (Tabled) F Value, therefore H0 receives support.    Significance is .113    There is not sufficient information to reject the null hypothesis.    Post Hoc Duncan Tests show that there are no statistically significant differences among the three groups. Summary: Hypothesis #1    Summary:   Main Effect: There is no significant statistical difference in the importance of future fertility to different types of couples. Results: Hypothesis #2    Test Results:    Calculated F is 95.226, Critical (Tabled) F (df=2,1985) is 2.3    Calculated F Value > Critical (Tabled) F Value, therefore Ha receives support.    Significance (.000) < .05, therefore the Critical F Value is statistically significant.    Post Hoc Duncan Tests confirm that each group is significantly different from all other groups. Summary: Hypothesis #2    Summary:   Main Effect: There is a statistically significant difference in Importance of STD protection between different types of couples when choosing birth control.   Review of the data from the sample set suggests that STD Protection is more important to dating couples when choosing a birth control method than married or cohabiting couples. Hypothesis #3   Married couples are more likely to use an oral contraception method than cohabiting and dating couples. Summary: Hypothesis #3    Summary:   Type of couple and choice of oral contraception as a regularly used birth control method are related to each other, as expected.   However, review of the data suggests that dating couples are more likely to use oral contraception as a regular birth control method than any other type of couple. [We predicted that married couple would use oral contraceptives more often.] Hypothesis #4    Extremely religious respondents are more likely to use natural birth control methods than non-religious respondents. Methodology: Hypothesis #4    Test: Crosstab    Dependent Variable (Nominal): Natural Birth Control Method    Independent Variable (Nominal): Level of Religiosity    HO: Level of religiosity and choice of natural birth control as a regularly used birth control method are independent of each other.    HA: More religious couples use natural birth control as a regularly used birth control method compared to less religious couples. Hypothesis #5    Spouse approval of birth control choice is likely to be more important to women than men. Methodology: Hypothesis #5    Test: T-Test    Dependent Variable (Interval): Importance of Spouse Approval of Birth Control Method    Independent Variable (Nominal): Gender    HO: Men and Women value the importance of spouse approval equally when choosing birth control.    HA: Women value the importance of spouse approval when choosing birth control more than men. Results: Hypothesis #5    Test Results:    Calculated Value is 13.321, Critical (Tabled) Value (df=1984) is 1.645.    Calculated Value > Critical (Tabled) Value, therefore Ha receives support.    Significance (.000) < .05, therefore the Critical Value is statistically significant.    Mean   Male: 4.48   Female: 3.78 Methodology: Hypothesis #6    Test: Regression   Dependent Variable (Interval): Birth Control Method    Independent Variable (Interval): Annual Salary   HO: Annual salary and number of birth control methods used are not related.   HA: Annual salary and number of birth control methods used are related. Results: Hypothesis #6    Test Results:    R2 of .003 indicates that .3% of the variance in the number of birth control methods used is explained by annual salary.    Significance is .320    Standardized Beta Coefficient:   Annual Salary: = .055    There is not sufficient information to reject the null hypothesis. Summary: Hypothesis #6    Summary:   There is no significant statistical relationship between annual salary and the number of birth control methods used. Results: Hypothesis #7    Test Results:    Calculated F is .245, Critical (Tabled) F (df=2,1348) is 2.3    Calculated F Value < Critical (Tabled) F Value, therefore H0 receives support.    Significance is .783    There is not sufficient information to reject the null hypothesis.    Post Hoc Duncan Tests show that there are no statistically significant differences among the three groups. Summary: Hypothesis #7    Summary:   Main Effect: There is no significant statistical difference in the importance of future fertility to extremely religious, moderately religious, and non-religious couples. Hypothesis #8   Respondents with a higher annual salary are more likely to be concerned with health risks when choosing a birth control method. Summary: Hypothesis #8    Summary:   There is no significant statistical relationship between annual salary and the importance of health risks when choosing birth control methods. Limitations, Recommendations & Conclusions Limitations   Not all respondents answered all questions.    Interviews were conducted face to face.    Samples limited to Baltimore, MD; Durham, NC; Seattle, WA; and St. Louis, MO.    Conducted in 2005 and 2006.    Samples include only heterosexual couples.   Data limited to females who were not pregnant and who were not trying to get pregnant    Ages 20-35 References    Bankole, Akinrinola and Singh, Susheela (1998), “Couples' Fertility and Contraceptive Decision-Making in Developing Countries: Hearing the Man's Voice,” International Family Planning Perspectives, 24 (No. 1), 15-24.    Forste, Renata and Morgan, Julie (1998), “How Relationships of U.S. Men Affect Contraceptive Use and Efforts to Prevent Sexually Transmitted Diseases,” Family Planning Perspectives, 30 (No. 2), 56-62.    “Facts on Contraceptive Use.” Guttmacher Institute. 2008. [April 22, 2009 http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/fb_contr_use.html]    Shorto, Russell (2006), “Contra-Contraception,” The New York Times, (May 7).    E. W. Freeman, K. Rickels, G. R. Huggins, E. H. Mudd, C. R Garcia, and H. O. Dickens (1980), “Adolescent contraceptive use: Comparisons of male and female attitudes and information,” American Journal of Public Health, 70 (8), 790-797.    Ahmad, Shakeel (2003), Muslim Attitude Towards Family Planning, New Delhi, Sarup & Sons, p. 133. Questions