NAVLE EXAM 2024 WITH 100% ACCURATE SOLUTIONS, Exams of Nursing

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NAVLE EXAM 2024 WITH 100%

ACCURATE SOLUTIONS

Which sinuses in the horse communicates with each other? - ANSWER ☑☑Maxillary sinuses communicate with the frontal sinus Frontal sinus also communicates with the dorsal choncal sinus What is the most common disease seen with the paranasal sinuses of a horse? - ANSWER ☑☑Infections! What are some common causes of sinusitis in horses? - ANSWER ☑☑Infections 2nd to tooth infection, bone fracture, cysts, or primary infection from an URI What causes EIA? - ANSWER ☑☑Retrovirus True or false. There is a vaccine for EIA, but no successful treatment. - ANSWER ☑☑False! There is NO vaccine nor treatment How is EIA transmitted? - ANSWER ☑☑1. Blood-sucking insects (biting midges, horseflies, ect.)

2. Dirty needles
3. Non-sterile surgical instruments (blood-borne disease) What do I think of when I think of EIA in horses? - ANSWER ☑☑Tick borne (blood borne) diseases causing anemia in dogs.

True or false. Horse with the chronic form of EIA can experience recurrent episodes of anemia and pyrexia throughout their life. - ANSWER ☑☑True! How did Equine Arteritis Virus receive its name? - ANSWER ☑☑Disease leads to pathological changes in the arteries. What causes EVA? - ANSWER ☑☑Equine arteritis virus What type of disease is seen with EVA? - ANSWER ☑☑Multisystemic: repro, resp, ect. Equine viral arteritis is typically a non-fatal disease. Why do we care about it so much? - ANSWER ☑☑It's ability to cause abortions in pregnant mares What are clinical signs of tetanus in a horse? - ANSWER ☑☑Sawhorse stance muscle spasms serious facial expression 3rd eyelid protruding tail stiff and straight sweating and more! True or false. There is a vaccine against Clostridium tetani. - ANSWER ☑☑True! What does Rhodococcus equi cause? - ANSWER ☑☑pneumonia in foals What age group of foals typically is affected by pneumonia caused by R. equi? - ANSWER ☑☑1- months old

What is used to treat pneumonia in foals infected with R. equi? - ANSWER ☑☑Azithromycin/erythromycin/clarithromycin + rifampin A foal of 2 months old develops a cough and has bilateral nasal discharge. Chest radiographs shows multifocal areas of lung consilidation. What is my top differential? - ANSWER ☑☑Foal pneumonia - Rhodococcus equi True or false. Equine influenza virus is not zoonotic. - ANSWER ☑☑False! What causes equine viral rhinopneumonitis? - ANSWER ☑☑Herpes virus What roundworm can cause intestinal disease in horses but also cause pneumonia? How? - ANSWER ☑☑Parascaris equorum migrates to the alveoli and is in the lungs - before it ends up back into the cycles to start the cycle over again What does Pneumocystis carinii cause? In which type of horses? - ANSWER ☑☑Pneumonia in immunocompromised patients What type of organism is Pneumocystis carinii most closely related to? - ANSWER ☑☑Fungus What is another term for COPD? - ANSWER ☑☑RAO recurrent obstructive airways What are theories of the cause of RAO? - ANSWER ☑☑ALLERGENS dust molds hay straw (stabled horses most predisposed)

What is the cause of exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage? - ANSWER ☑☑high volumes of blood in the vasculature that reaches extreme pressures during exercise --> leakage into the interstitium/parenchyma What is a top diagnostic tool for horses suspected to have RAO (recurrent airway obstruction) or COPD?

• ANSWER ☑☑Endoscopy What can be given to a horse with EIPH prior to a race? Why? - ANSWER ☑☑Furosemide Reduces blood volume = less likely to reach high pressures while exercising. Describe a nephrosplenic entrapment. - ANSWER ☑☑The large colon gets entrapped between the spleen and abdominal wall because it gets stuck on top of the nephrosplenic ligament (connecting the left kidney and spleen) What medical treatment options exist for a nephrosplenic entrapment? - ANSWER ☑☑Fluid therapy Phenylephrine (vasoactive drug used to reduce the size of the spleen) Lounge Rolling True or false. If medical therapy does not work for a nephrosplenic ligament entrapment, surgery can be performed to reposition the organs. - ANSWER ☑☑True! True or false. The cecum is on the left side of the horse! - ANSWER ☑☑False! The spleen is on the left side of the horse! - ANSWER ☑☑True! What type of infection are we dealing with when it comes to impetigo in puppies? - ANSWER ☑☑Staph infection What is the cause of pink eye (infection bovine keratoconjunctivitis) in cows? - ANSWER ☑☑Moraxella bovis

Where does the opaque lesion within the cornea develop in cows infected with Moraxella bovis? - ANSWER ☑☑Center of the cornea How can I differentitate between pink eye and IBR in cows? - ANSWER ☑☑Pink eye - lesion develops in the CENTER of the cornea, IBR does not always have corneal involvement but if it does it develops at the PERIPHERY of the cornea What causes infectious bronchitis in chickens. Does it have a high morbidity or high mortality? - ANSWER ☑☑Coronavirus High morbidity (quite low mortality <5%) What is the cause of infectious bursal disease in chickens, and what does it do? - ANSWER ☑☑Birnavirus --> destruction of immature lymphocytes --> weird posture (layed out), incoordination, dehydration, etc. Which drug/infection can affect the teeth in puppies and in what manner? - ANSWER ☑☑Distemper What is the cause of canine infectious hepatitis? - ANSWER ☑☑Canine adenovirus - 1 What is an ocular change that is seen with canine infectious hepatitis? - ANSWER ☑☑Blue eye (corneal clouding) How is canine infectious hepatitis transmitted? - ANSWER ☑☑Via urine, feces, saliva Which organs are affected by canine infectious hepatitis? - ANSWER ☑☑Kidneys, spleen, liver, lungs True or false. A dog that receives the canine adenoavirus 1 as a vaccine may develop blue eye and pass the virus through its urine. This is why canine adenovirus 2 is used to vaccinate animals. - ANSWER ☑☑True!

True or false. Puppies infected with canine adenovirus 1 (canine infectious hepatitis) can develop coagulopathies and signs of bleeding. - ANSWER ☑☑True! What is a top differential with canine adenovirus 1 (canine infectious hepatitis)? - ANSWER ☑☑Distemper What disease does canine adenovirus 1 cause? - ANSWER ☑☑Canine infectious hepatitis. What is the cause of infectious coryza in birds? - ANSWER ☑☑Haemophilus paragallinarium (bacterium

• influenza type resp dz). What type of disease is infectious coryza in chickens? - ANSWER ☑☑Respiratroy disease "coryza" = stuffy nose What is the cause of infectious laryngotracheatis in chickens? - ANSWER ☑☑Herpes virus What is the name of kennel cough? - ANSWER ☑☑Infectious tracheobronchitis What is the cause of infectious tracheobronchitis? - ANSWER ☑☑Bordetella brochiseptica + other species True or false. Glucocorticoids can decrease the insulin levels. - ANSWER ☑☑True! True or false. Growth hormone can increase the insulin levels. - ANSWER ☑☑False! What type of worm is Bunostotum? - ANSWER ☑☑Hookworm affecting small intestines. Which type of disease can we see in pigs with Ascaris suis infection asides from small intestinal disease?
• ANSWER ☑☑Respiratory disease (larvae travels to the lungs and the liver --> cirrhosis)

What type of worm is Trichuris species? - ANSWER ☑☑Whipworms What type of worm is Trichostrongylus species? - ANSWER ☑☑Stomach worm/abomasal worm What GI parasite can infect young foals causing at which the larvae can migrate into the lungs causing respiratory disease? - ANSWER ☑☑Parascaris equorum Stronglyus species, such as S. vulgaris, can cause embolism in which artery? - ANSWER ☑☑Anterior mesenteric artery What type of worm is Oxyuris equi? - ANSWER ☑☑Pinworm, intestinal worm What type of worm is a Anoplocephala? - ANSWER ☑☑Tapeworm What type of worm is Ancyclostoma? - ANSWER ☑☑Hookworm Which type of parasite can cause larva migrans in humans that is contracted from cats. - ANSWER ☑☑Toxocara canis Which parasite is transmitted by snails and causes cirrhosis in cattle and sheep? - ANSWER ☑☑Fasciola hepatica Fasciola hepatica is transmitted to sheep and cattle by what intermediate host? - ANSWER ☑☑Snails! What is the intermediate host for Fasciola hepatica? - ANSWER ☑☑Snails! What type of worm are cestodes? - ANSWER ☑☑Tapeworms What type of worm is Dipylidium caninum from fleas? - ANSWER ☑☑Tapeworm of fleas

Which species are affected by these types of tapeworms transmitted by fleas: Taenia taeniformis Taenia multiceps Taenia saginate Taenia solium - ANSWER ☑☑Taenia taeniformis - cats Taenia multiceps - dogs Taenia saginata - cattle Taenia solium - pigs What is the intermediate host of T. taeniformis infecting cats. - ANSWER ☑☑Mice and rats Describe the difference between Type I and Type II of IVDD. - ANSWER ☑☑Type I - small breed dogs, acute, severe onset The nucleus pulpusus (in the center of the IVD) is what is protruding through the capsule and compressing the spinal cord Type II - large breed dogs, slow progression, less severe The annulur fibrosis (surrounding the nucleus pulpusus) is protruding and compressing the spinal cord What is the most common area to see intusucception? - ANSWER ☑☑Ileocolic junction What is a major viral disease associated with intusucception in puppies? - ANSWER ☑☑Parvo virus A budgie that is squeaking or clicking with big thyroids are deficient in what? - ANSWER ☑☑Iodine What is goiter? - ANSWER ☑☑enlargement of the thyroid gland

What type of anemia is seen with iron deficiency? - ANSWER ☑☑Non-regenerative microcytic hypochromic anemia Which breed is Ivermectins contraindicated? - ANSWER ☑☑Collie breeds True or false. Cows with a lymphosarcoma have a grave prognosis. - ANSWER ☑☑True! True or false. Cows with lymphosarcoma will not pass slaughter inspection. - ANSWER ☑☑True! What are the 3 types of ketones? - ANSWER ☑☑acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetone True or false. Type II ketosis (fat cow) has a greater prognosis than type I ketosis (thin cow)? - ANSWER ☑☑False! In regards to BVD. What stage of gestation does a calf become a persistently infected calf? - ANSWER ☑☑40-120 days of gestation A calf infected with mucosal disease can develop acute clinical signs. This disease has a grave prognosis, and the calf may die in 2-4 weeks. Which clinical signs are typically seen? - ANSWER ☑☑Ocular disease, nasal discharge, oral ulcers, acute diarrhea, ptyalism, fever, anorexia, etc. True or false. Bovine viral diarrhea is NOT zoonotic. - ANSWER ☑☑True! True or false. In utero, a calf infected with bovine viral diarrhea and becomes persistently infected was infected with the NON-CYTOPATHIC form. - ANSWER ☑☑True! What is a successful passive transfer number for calves? - ANSWER ☑☑> 5.5g/dL What are ways to diagnose hardware disease in a cow? (4) - ANSWER ☑☑- Positive grunt test - pinch the withers

• Abdominal pain on palpation and percussion

• abdominocentesis - reveals purulent or serosanguineous fluid
• see the metal on rads or ultrasound What are some secondary effects seen with hardware disease that may worsen a patient's prognosis? (3) - ANSWER ☑☑Pericardial involvement DIFFUSE peritonitis vagal indigestion What do we get concerned about in a cow that ingested a ton of grain? - ANSWER ☑☑PEM (polioencephaliomalacia) True or false. A cow with PEM can be blind but will maintain a normal PLR response. - ANSWER ☑☑True! How is PEM in cows treated? - ANSWER ☑☑Thiamine supplementation What can be measured in blood to support the diagnosis of PEM? - ANSWER ☑☑High transketolase activity (a sugar that needs to be metabolized with the help of thiamine as a coenzyme) What are some differentials along with PEM? (5) - ANSWER ☑☑- Rabies
• Lead poisoning
• Bracken fern toxicity ( high thiaminase lvls)
• Sulfur toxicity
• Water deprivation --> high Na lvls What type of diets can lead to PEM? (2) - ANSWER ☑☑High concentrates/grain, high sulfur True or false. If treated early, polioencephalomalacia carries a good prognosis. - ANSWER ☑☑True! True or false. Johne's disease is extremely contagious. - ANSWER ☑☑True!

What are some CS of Johne's disease? - ANSWER ☑☑Cachexia, polyphagia with weight loss, voluminous diarrhea, brisket edema, no CNS signs, enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes What is the GOLD STANDARD to diagnose Johne's disease (Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis)? - ANSWER ☑☑Fecal culture True or false. Brucellosis and Trichomoniasis are REPORTABLE diseases. - ANSWER ☑☑True! What are some causes of abortions in cows? - ANSWER ☑☑- foothill abortion (epizootic bovine abortion), leptospirosis, brucella, trichomoniasis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, camplyobacter fetus, bovine viral diarrhea, neospora caninum, listeriosis, chlamydia, etc. Most cases of diarrhea in calves is caused by a combination of pathogens. Name some pathogens that can cause calf diarrhea. - ANSWER ☑☑Salmonella, Giardia, Rotavirus, Coronavirus, BVDV Which is gram + vs - : lumpy jaw vs wooden tongue? - ANSWER ☑☑lumpy jaw - pos (P for pos) wooden tongue - neg (N for neg) What is used to tx lumpy jaw and wooden tongue? - ANSWER ☑☑Sodium iodide injections True or false. You do not typically see bone involvement with lumpy jaw. - ANSWER ☑☑False! Describe the changes in lesions/tissues with lumpy jaw vs wooden tongue. - ANSWER ☑☑Lumpy jaw: hard tissues becoming soft Wooden tongue: soft tissues becoming hard True or false. Infectious with Acinomyces bovis causing lumpy jaw can cause the development of hard, non-moveable masses on the facial bones. - ANSWER ☑☑True! A cow infected with wooden tongue typically has firm, hard, irregular masses within the oral cavity and pharynx. - ANSWER ☑☑True!

True or false. Wooden tongue has a better prognosis compared to lumpy jaw. - ANSWER ☑☑True! Which ligament becomes thickened and "bowed" due to strain in a horse with a curbed foot? - ANSWER ☑☑Plantar tarsal ligament (goes from tarsus down to hock) What are osselets? - ANSWER ☑☑Thickening in the capsule in the capsule of the fetlock. Arthritis --> ankylosis Describe splints in horses. - ANSWER ☑☑This involves the interosseous ligament (sits between splint bones and cannon bone) involving periostitis. Describe bicipital bursitis? - ANSWER ☑☑Inflammation of the bursa between the biceps muscle and the humerus. Inflammation in bursa of the shoulder joint! Describe gonitis. - ANSWER ☑☑Inflammation of the stifle joint due to upward fixation of the patella, injuries to collateral and cruciate ligaments, and infection. What surgical procedure is done to tx stringhalt in horses. - ANSWER ☑☑Tenectomy of the LATERAL DIGITAL EXTENSOR! Describe Sweeney in horses. - ANSWER ☑☑There is muscle atrophy around the shoulder joint creating POOR stability of this joint -- > increased forelimb swinging Which muscles are affected when a horse has Sweeney? - ANSWER ☑☑Supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles Which nerve is affected when a horse has Sweeney? - ANSWER ☑☑Suprascapular nerve Describe how laminitis occurs and what happens to the feet because of it. - ANSWER ☑☑A horse's foot contains arterio-venous anastomoses that have the ability to open and close, but most often are closed. When a horse experiences cold temperatures or infectious or systemic inflammation (for some examples) these vessels/capillaries OPEN UP FOR HOURS. This DIVERTS blood from the tissues in the

foot (including laminae) and redistribute that blood back towards the heart and center of the body. Cases of laminitis involved extensive periods of capillaries dilated/open which causes ischemia to the tissues of the foot = LAMINITIS! What can be seen secondary to severe laminitis on radiographs? - ANSWER ☑☑Coffin bone/P3 pointing downwards, possible protrusion out the hoof, strain on the deep digital flexor tendon What is thrush in horses? - ANSWER ☑☑Infection of the indents within the sole of the feet (central and lateral sulci) usually with Fusobacterium necrophorum. What are cankers in horses? - ANSWER ☑☑Hypertrophy of the horn True or false. Corns in horses are bruises of the sole. - ANSWER ☑☑True! Describe quittor in horses. - ANSWER ☑☑Infection of the collateral/lateral cartilage next to P3 (can see changes/draining with radiographs) What is club foot? - ANSWER ☑☑Abnormal flexion of P3 or P True or false club foot is seen mostly in young foals (6-12 weeks old). - ANSWER ☑☑True! Describe side bone in horses. - ANSWER ☑☑Ossification of the lateral cartilage of P Describe ring bone in horses. - ANSWER ☑☑Exostosis (benign growth of cartilage on bone) developing at the pastern or coffin joints. (high vs low ring bone) Define exostosis. - ANSWER ☑☑small nodules of cartilage that develop on bones Define periostitis. - ANSWER ☑☑inflammation of the periosteum (encasement of bones)