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NBDHE exam | Actual Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2024/2025 (Graded A+), Exams of Dentistry

a cyst is - ✔✔an abnormal pathologic sac a cavity lined by epithelial tissue enclosed by connective tissue diagnosed on the basis of histologic appearance and location in which layer of the epidermis are cells undergoing mitosis most likely to be seen? - ✔✔stratum basal hypersensitivity of the dentinal surface to external stimuli is caused by... - ✔✔fluid movement within the tubules that transmit signals to the nerves in the pulp chamber which tissues have nerve innervations? - ✔✔pulp periodontal ligament because of the proximity of odontoblastic cell bodies to the nerve terminal endings in the tooth, clinical exposure of dentin may result in sensitivity. what is the location of odontoblastic bodies? - ✔✔pulp tooth structure loss that occurs from pathologic wear of teeth by foreign substance is called - ✔✔abrasion the cres of the alveolar bone is usually apical to the cemento-enamel junction by.. - ✔✔0.75 to 1.49 mm how do cysts show up radiogra

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Download NBDHE exam | Actual Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2024/2025 (Graded A+) and more Exams Dentistry in PDF only on Docsity! NBDHE exam | Actual Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2024/2025 (Graded A+) a cyst is - ✔✔an abnormal pathologic sac a cavity lined by epithelial tissue enclosed by connective tissue diagnosed on the basis of histologic appearance and location in which layer of the epidermis are cells undergoing mitosis most likely to be seen? - ✔✔stratum basal hypersensitivity of the dentinal surface to external stimuli is caused by... - ✔✔fluid movement within the tubules that transmit signals to the nerves in the pulp chamber which tissues have nerve innervations? - ✔✔pulp periodontal ligament because of the proximity of odontoblastic cell bodies to the nerve terminal endings in the tooth, clinical exposure of dentin may result in sensitivity. what is the location of odontoblastic bodies? - ✔✔pulp tooth structure loss that occurs from pathologic wear of teeth by foreign substance is called - ✔✔abrasion the cres of the alveolar bone is usually apical to the cemento-enamel junction by.. - ✔✔0.75 to 1.49 mm how do cysts show up radiographically - ✔✔with a well defined border how do soft tissues cysts show up radiographically - ✔✔they do not show up on radiographs the tissue lining of an unhealthy gingival sulcus consists of - ✔✔nonkeratinized epithelium with rete pegs the bottom of the gingival sulcus is marked by the.. - ✔✔junctional epithelium which tissues have little or no keratinization? - ✔✔sulcular epithelium what does bleeding caused by probing indicate? - ✔✔ulceration of crevicular epithelium which tissue changes result in erythematous gingiva - ✔✔increased vascularization of the underlying vascular connective tissue what type of connective tissue underlies the epithelium of the gingival? - ✔✔fibrous which gives it its firm consistency in gingivitis, poor tissue tone is caused by - ✔✔destruction of collagen fibers definitive diagnosis of furcation involvement is made by - ✔✔clinical probing because it cant always be seen in radiographs enamel projections of the root surface are attributed to the differentiation of - ✔✔hertwig's epithelial root sheath hertwig's epithelial root sheath is derived from the - ✔✔reduced enamel epithelium hertwing's epithelial root sheath is entirely composed of - ✔✔inner and outer enamel epithelium when is root formation completed? - ✔✔1-4 years after eruption remnants of hertwig's epithelial root sheath found in the periodontal ligament of a functioning tooth are called - ✔✔rests of malassez the periodontal ligament is derived from the - ✔✔dental sac dentin is the product of the - ✔✔dental papilla in what phase is a cell highly active and growing - ✔✔interphase statement that best describes mucous membranes - ✔✔found in body cavities that open to the body's exterior type of connective tissues - ✔✔blood adipose tissue reticular tissue cartilage where is smooth muscle tissue found in the body - ✔✔in the walls of hollow organs which connective tissue secretes antibodies - ✔✔plasma cells where would articular cartilage and bursae most likely be found - ✔✔the knee moving the femur forward when walking is an example of - ✔✔flexion the portion of the nervous system that regulates the GI tract - ✔✔enteric nervous system the depolarizing phase of a nerve impulse is caused by a - ✔✔rush of sodium ions into the neuron the speed of nerve impulse conduction is increased by - ✔✔myelination what part of the brain contains the centers that control the heart rate and breathing rhythm - ✔✔medulla what part of the brain serves as a link between the nervous and endocrine systems - ✔✔hypothalamus what part of the brain is concerned with memory, reasoning, judgment, and intelligence - ✔✔association areas the facial nerve controls - ✔✔the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two thirds of the tongue and oral cavity the cranial nerves involved in controlling the movement of the eyeball - ✔✔oculomotor trochlear abducens which part of the nervous system contains centers that regulate the autonomic nervous system - ✔✔hypothalamus which nerve carries most of the parasympathetic output from the brain - ✔✔vagus exteroceptors - ✔✔monitor external environment proprioceptors - ✔✔monitor body position nociceptors - ✔✔detect pain mechanoreceptors - ✔✔detect pressure functions of tears - ✔✔moisten the eye wash away eye irritants destroy certain bacteria lubricate the eye transmission of vibration from the tympanic membrane to the oval window is accomplished by - ✔✔the auditory ossicles which structure refracts light rays entering the eye - ✔✔cornea a female who is sluggish, gaining weight, and has a low body temperature may be having problems with her - ✔✔thyroid gland a patient exhibiting liver failure would tend to have a - ✔✔higher than normal blood levels of circulating hormones symptoms of hypoparathyroidism - ✔✔twitches, spasms of skeletal muscles what is the purpose of hematocrit - ✔✔determines the percentage of red blood cells in whole blood primary function of erythrocytes is to - ✔✔deliver oxygen to the cells of the body in a person with blood type A, the isoantibody that would normally be present in the plasma is - ✔✔anti-b antibody vitamin K is required for what? and deficiency causes what? - ✔✔prothrombin and three other clotting factors causes uncontrolled bleeding a thrombus that is being transported by the bloodstream is called - ✔✔an embolus muscle of mastication - ✔✔temporalis what muscle inserts into the lateral surface of the angle of the mandible - ✔✔masseter what muscle causes the jaw to retract - ✔✔lateral pterygoid where does the masseter muscle originate - ✔✔the zygomatic arch what paired suprahyoid muscles unite medially to form the floor of the mouth - ✔✔mylohyoid muscle the extrinsic muscles of the tongue are named for their - ✔✔origin the muscles responsible for the movement of the tongue are innervated by the - ✔✔hypoglossal nerve the lateral pterygoid muscle is largely contained in the - ✔✔infratemporal fossa the masseter muscle is innervated by the - ✔✔mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve what type of tissue is blood - ✔✔connective tissue concentrated study of which artery and its branches is important in the fields of dentistry and dental hygiene - ✔✔external carotid from which artery does the blood supply to mandibular teeth originate - ✔✔lingual what structure can be pierced during the administration of local anesthesia to maxillary molars - ✔✔pterygoid plexus of veins serious complications from facial or dental infections can occur because of the - ✔✔absence of valves in the veins of the head example of an exocrine gland - ✔✔parotid gland the majority of the hard palate is directly vascularized by the - ✔✔greater palatine artery the infratemporal fossa houses.. - ✔✔lateral pterygoid muscles maxillary artery maxillary vein which oral landmark marks the opening to the submandibular gland - ✔✔sublingual caruncle dental and facial infections can spread through the - ✔✔blood system fascial spaces lymphatic system if a nerve is an efferent nerve, it is a - ✔✔motor nerve that travels away from the brain the central nervous system is composed of - ✔✔the spinal cord nerve that is completely efferent - ✔✔hypoglossal nerve that exits the mandibular canal - ✔✔inferior alveolar the chorda tympani is a branch of - ✔✔the seventh cranial nerve damage to this nerve can result in bell's palsy - ✔✔facial nerve three divisions of the trigeminal nerve enter the head through which foramina - ✔✔superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, and foramen ovale where is the submandibular salivary gland located - ✔✔inferior to the mylohyoid muscle the salivary gland that secretes a serous secretion is the - ✔✔parotid gland which landmarks is present on the maxillary bone - ✔✔infraorbital canal best describes the head of the condyle moving too far anteriorly on the articular eminence - ✔✔subluxation spaces above and below the fibrous disk of the tmj are termed - ✔✔synovial cavities after a clinician administers a local anesthetic agent near the infraorbital foramen landmark, what will be anesthetized - ✔✔maxillary canines and incisors into which system does the lymphatic system drain - ✔✔venous what structure or area would a clinician palpate to asses the condition of the retroauricular and anterior auricular lymph nodes - ✔✔the region behind and in front of the ear the paranasal sinuses drain through the - ✔✔nasal meatuses the floor of the maxillary sinuses is made up of the - ✔✔alveolar process of the maxilla branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve - ✔✔buccal nerve lingual nerve early movement infection systemic factor that influences wound healing - ✔✔blood supply represents a hallmark of healing - ✔✔granulation tissue the amount of granulation tissue that forms depends on - ✔✔size of wound and the intensity of inflammation a wound with a narrow incisional space will heal by - ✔✔primary intention a complication of wound healing commonly seen in serious burn injuries - ✔✔contracture a complication of wound healing commonly seen in lower extremity wounds with peripheral vascular disease - ✔✔ulceration how many weeks does it take tissues to repair approximately 70% of tensile strength - ✔✔12 to 15 weeks allogenous stem cells are derived from - ✔✔other individuals the process of a stem cell from one adult tissue generating to cell types of another tissue - ✔✔transdifferentiation the two main categories of stem cells - ✔✔embryonic and adult the adult stem cells which are isolated from hematopoietic stem cells and stromal cells - ✔✔bone marrow-derived stem cells the adult stem cells that develop from material created during the development of the nervous system and can differentiate into neural cell lines - ✔✔dental stem cells dental stem cells are obtained from - ✔✔permanent third molars pulp of primary teeth periodontal ligament stem cells that can differentiate into pancreatic islet beta-cells - ✔✔bone marrow-derived and tooth- derived stem cells that may differentiate into fat cells - ✔✔amniotic fluid-derived adipose-derived tooth-derived most commercially available stem cells - ✔✔bone marrow-derived how many genes do humans have? - ✔✔20,000 to 25,000 approximately what percent of human dna is the uniqueness of humans encoded? - ✔✔0.5% conditions that have a genetic component - ✔✔cardiovascular disease diabetes cleft lip trisomy is an example of - ✔✔genome mutation with autosomal dominant disorders, when some persons inherit the mutant gene but are phenotypically normal - ✔✔incomplete penetrance duchenne muscular dystrophy exemplifies - ✔✔x-linked recessive inheritance determining which of the two or more diseases with similar signs and symptoms is the one the client is manifesting - ✔✔differential diagnosis when all diseases except one are eliminated from the differential diagnosis - ✔✔definitive diagnosis differential diagnosis stage 1 - ✔✔classification of the abnormality by primary manifestation differential diagnosis stage 2 - ✔✔listing of secondary features and contributing factors differential diagnosis stage 3 - ✔✔listing of conditions capable of causing primary manifestations differential diagnosis stage 4 - ✔✔elimination of unlikely causes generalized opalescence of the buccal mucosa - ✔✔leukoedema leukoedema is caused by - ✔✔intercellular edema of prickle cells type of tissue normally present around the canine area - ✔✔keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium type of tissue with cells that are capable of remodeling cementum in the cervical portion of the root - ✔✔periodontal ligament a mucocele is usually foudn on the - ✔✔lower lip a bony, hard developmental, benign asymptomatic area found on the midline of the hard palate that appears radiopaque on a radiograph - ✔✔torus palatinus a cyst commonly found unilaterally in the floor of the mouth changes size between meals and has a bluish hue may be caused by - ✔✔blockage or trauma to a major salivary duct the onset of this chronic, recurring autoimmune disease is at 30 years, with no gender predilection. a triad of symptomatic locations (oral, eye, and genital) is involved, and two of the three areas must be present to make the diagnosis - ✔✔behcet syndrome growth or enlargement of tissue composed mainly of inflammatory cells - ✔✔granuloma most important to the pathologist when a chondroma is suspected - ✔✔submission of a "large enough" sample of tissue for histologic study because a chondroma resembles a malignant chondrosarcoma well defined, yellowish, blister like eruption. it is a rare neoplasm. shows predominance of fat cells - ✔✔lipoma a cyst where the tooth involved is dicovered to be nonvital on pulp testing - ✔✔radicular cyst characteristic of pemphigus vulgaris - ✔✔nikolsky sign inflammed, palpable benign tumor in the anterior of the palate, lingual to the maxillary incisors. arises from deeper tissue and appears to originate from the periodontal ligament. radiographs show infiltrating bone but no metastasis - ✔✔peripheral giant cell granuloma severe hypersensitivity reaction, with the lips and tongue especially affected. bulls eye or target eye skin lesions present and the onset of all lesions are abrupt or explosive - ✔✔erythema multiforme the cyst is the result of extracting a tooth without the cystic sac - ✔✔residual cyst diagnostic process to establish the diagnosis of nicotine stomatitis - ✔✔clinical and historical benign white, cauliflower like lesion usually on the palate is similar to a wart. long fingerlike projections of epithelium. etiology is human papilloma virus - ✔✔papilloma location of a lateral periodontal cyst - ✔✔between the roots of mandibular canines and premolars a severe reduction in the platelet count below 50,000/mm3 - ✔✔thrombocytopenia characteristics of NUG - ✔✔punched out papillae and craters odor pain and bleeding makes behcets syndrome different from recurrent ulcerative stomatitis - ✔✔a triad of locations of lesions (oral, eye, and genital) causative agent of herpangia - ✔✔coxsackievirus characteristics of pernicious anemia - ✔✔achlorhydria inability to absorb vitamin b12 burning, painful tongue bone marrow anoxia occurs in - ✔✔secondary polycythemia referred to as "cooley anemia" - ✔✔thalassemia cysts where nonvital teeth are involved - ✔✔radicular cysts cyst could develop into an ameloblastoma - ✔✔primordial cyst radicular cyst is most often caused by - ✔✔dental caries epulis fissuratum is caused by - ✔✔a denture flange sickle cell anemia is of hereditary origin and occurs primarily in - ✔✔african americans characteristics of a person with achlorhydria - ✔✔lack of hydrochloric acid characteristics of a person with leukopenia - ✔✔decrease in the number of white blood cells cellular structure directly involved in protein synthesis - ✔✔ribosome a cyst is - ✔✔an abnormal pathologic sac a cavity lined by epithelial tissue enclosed by connective tissue diagnosed on the basis of histologic appearance and location in which layer of the epidermis are cells undergoing mitosis most likely to be seen? - ✔✔stratum basal hypersensitivity of the dentinal surface to external stimuli is caused by... - ✔✔fluid movement within the tubules that transmit signals to the nerves in the pulp chamber which tissues have nerve innervations? - ✔✔pulp periodontal ligament because of the proximity of odontoblastic cell bodies to the nerve terminal endings in the tooth, clinical exposure of dentin may result in sensitivity. what is the location of odontoblastic bodies? - ✔✔pulp tooth structure loss that occurs from pathologic wear of teeth by foreign substance is called - ✔✔abrasion a cleft-like absence of the alveolar cortical plate resulting in a denuded root surface is called - ✔✔dehiscence characteristics of bundle bone (alveolar bone proper) - ✔✔adjacent to the periodontal ligament and containing sharpey's fibers which tissues of the normal periodontium is the alveolar bone directly adjacent to? - ✔✔periodontal ligament and gingival connective tissue the cells that are important in the formation of the principal fibers of the periodontal ligament are - ✔✔fibroblasts the types of epithelia found lining the oral cavity include - ✔✔keratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissues are characterized by - ✔✔little intercellular substance and many cells embryonically, the mandible is derived from the - ✔✔first branchial arch the anterior portion, or body, of the tongue develops from the - ✔✔mandibular process a cleft lip occurs when the maxillary process fails to fuse with the - ✔✔globular process one of the first structures of the face to develop in the primitive embryo is the - ✔✔stomodeum the lateral palatine processes initially grow downward toward the future floor of the mouth. this is caused by the presence of the - ✔✔tongue when a cleft of the alveolar process is present, it occurs between the - ✔✔lateral incisor and canine the cementum is derived from the - ✔✔dental sac during embryonic development, neural crest cells migrate to the branchial arches and surround the - ✔✔mesoderm enamel is derived from the - ✔✔ectoderm dental papilla is part of the.. - ✔✔tooth germ that forms dentin and pulp the periodontal ligament is derived from the - ✔✔dental sac dentin is the product of the - ✔✔dental papilla in what phase is a cell highly active and growing - ✔✔interphase statement that best describes mucous membranes - ✔✔found in body cavities that open to the body's exterior type of connective tissues - ✔✔blood adipose tissue reticular tissue cartilage where is smooth muscle tissue found in the body - ✔✔in the walls of hollow organs which connective tissue secretes antibodies - ✔✔plasma cells where would articular cartilage and bursae most likely be found - ✔✔the knee moving the femur forward when walking is an example of - ✔✔flexion the portion of the nervous system that regulates the GI tract - ✔✔enteric nervous system the depolarizing phase of a nerve impulse is caused by a - ✔✔rush of sodium ions into the neuron type of microscopy used to observe living cells - ✔✔phase-contrast type of staining procedure used to determine if an organism is a spore former - ✔✔schaeffer-fulton stain the speed of nerve impulse conduction is increased by - ✔✔myelination what part of the brain contains the centers that control the heart rate and breathing rhythm - ✔✔medulla what part of the brain serves as a link between the nervous and endocrine systems - ✔✔hypothalamus what part of the brain is concerned with memory, reasoning, judgment, and intelligence - ✔✔association areas the facial nerve controls - ✔✔the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two thirds of the tongue and oral cavity the cranial nerves involved in controlling the movement of the eyeball - ✔✔oculomotor trochlear abducens which part of the nervous system contains centers that regulate the autonomic nervous system - ✔✔hypothalamus the smell of your favorite food makes "your mouth water"; this reaction is caused by - ✔✔parasympathetic stimulation of the salivary glands a function of bile - ✔✔emulsifies triglycerides purpose of villi in the small intesine - ✔✔increase the surface area for the absorption of digested nutrients functional component of the kidney - ✔✔nephron systemic complications associated with renal failure - ✔✔cardiovascular neuromuscular hematologic functions of the kidney - ✔✔eliminate waste from blood release hormones regulate potassium and sodium levels muscles of mastication are attached to what landmark on the sphenoid bone - ✔✔pterygoid process an important nerve for dentistry that runs exclusively through the sphenoid bone - ✔✔trigeminal nerve cells that play a role in the resorption of bone - ✔✔osteoclasts best describes the alveolar process of the maxilla - ✔✔the process is easily remodeled because of its lack of density the perforated cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone allows for the passage of nerves affecting what sense and what nerve - ✔✔smell/olfactory nerve features located on the lateral or external surface of the mandible - ✔✔mental foramen the palate is formed by the palatine bones and.. - ✔✔maxillary bones paranasal sinuses - ✔✔drain through the nasal conchae morphological name for cocci that appears in chains - ✔✔streptococci functions of the cell wall - ✔✔maintain the shape of the microorganism provides support for flagella prevents rupture of the cell interaction in which only one organism benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed - ✔✔commensalism phase of metabolism where energy is consumed - ✔✔anabolism an agent producing disease of pathologic change - ✔✔pathogen prerequisites for caries development - ✔✔cariogenic bacteria supply of substrate for acid production susceptible host a chancre is present during which stage of a syphilis infection - ✔✔primary incubation period for hepatitis A - ✔✔15-30 days structure responsible for regulating movement of materials in and out of a cell - ✔✔cytoplasmic membrane metabolize substances aerobically if oxygen is present or anaerobically if oxygen is absent - ✔✔facilitative anaerobes type of media designed to increase the numbers of particular microbes to detectable levels - ✔✔enriched media immunoglobulin first to appear in a given immune response - ✔✔IgM causes german measles - ✔✔rubella virus a protozoan infection - ✔✔toxoplasmosis bacterial infections - ✔✔conjunctivitis meningococcal meningitis syphilis presence of toxin in the blood - ✔✔toxemia bacteria primarily responsible for root caries - ✔✔actinomyces naeslundii acquired immunity when a mother passes antibodies to her infant - ✔✔natural-passive the transfer of genetic material between two living bacteria that are in physical contact - ✔✔conjugation recommendations that you should make to the patients with asthma - ✔✔bring inhaler to the dental appointment rinse after using corticosteroid inhaler avoid erythromycin avoid aspirin analgesic choice for people with asthma - ✔✔acetaminophen used mainly to treat emphysema - ✔✔ipratropium bromide recommendation for patient if required to take oral prednisone - ✔✔check for any signs of infection, since this medication can mask the sings of infection and can delay wound healing a tetracycline antibiotic - ✔✔doxycycline patient taking doxycycline should be counseled about.. - ✔✔esophageal irritation photosensitivity GI upset non sedating H1 receptor blocking drug - ✔✔cetirizine hypertension precipitated by another disorder - ✔✔essential hypertension eating a banana or drinking a glass of orange juice when taking a thiazide diuretic will - ✔✔replenish potassium cause a dry unproductive cough and have the ability to raise the levels of bradykinin - ✔✔ace inhibitors drug that inhinits hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG CoA) - ✔✔pravastatin agent reduces serum cholesterol by increasing its use for bile acid synthesis - ✔✔cholestyramine class of drugs recommended in persons with diabetes - ✔✔ace inhinbitors drugs that inhibit platelet function - ✔✔clopidogrel ticlopidine aspirin used to prolong the life of platelets in patients with prosthetic heart valves - ✔✔dipyridamole patients taking NTG sublingual tablets should be instructed to - ✔✔bring their NTG to the dental appointment and make it available to the practitioner in the event that the patient experiences an acute angina attack oral antidiabetic agent that produces lactic acidosis as a significant adverse effect - ✔✔metformin patients taking glipizide should be instructed to - ✔✔schedule their dental appointments after mealtimes and take their medicine on time antidepressant least likely to cause xerostomia - ✔✔citalopram produces central nervous system stimulation and are less sedating - ✔✔selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) acute overdose with acetaminophen can result in damage to the - ✔✔liver approximately 90% of dental pain is best managed with - ✔✔ibuprofen 400mg drug you should avoid recommending to a person taking lithium - ✔✔ibuprofen known for causing GI upset, nausea, and heartburn - ✔✔NSAIDs raising pain threshold - ✔✔decreases one's reaction to pain alter one's perception of pain - ✔✔opioids block the pain pathway - ✔✔non-opioid analgesics stimulate the release of histamine - ✔✔opioid major symptom of opioid overdose - ✔✔respiratory depression adverse reaction to codeine - ✔✔miosis contribute to the rate at which benzodiazepine is absorbed into the systemic circulation - ✔✔lipid solubility protein binding ionization best way to determine level of sedation under n2o-o2 - ✔✔response to questions conscious sedation with n2o-o2 is contraindicated in a patient with - ✔✔emotional instability n2o-o2 is often combined with a halogenated inhalational anesthetic because it - ✔✔decreases the minimum alveolar concentration minimum adult carb intake to prevent the use of body protein as an energy source - ✔✔50-100g cause of secondary lactose intolerance - ✔✔certain disease conditions that affect the gastrointestinal mucosa intestinal injury infections that cause injury to the gastrointestinal mucosa term that refers to excessive thirst, a common symptom of diabetes - ✔✔polydipsia considered a non essential amino acid - ✔✔tyrosine essential amino acids - ✔✔histidine methionine phenylalanine requires DNA, mRNA, and rRNA - ✔✔de novo synthesis negative nitrogen balance occurs when - ✔✔during prolonged stress anxiety insufficient protein or energy intake fever and infection proteins told in oral biology - ✔✔maintain the integrity of pulpal tissue throughout life essential for all cells in growth, development, and maintenance of the periodontium essential for the normal function of cellular defenses against subgingival bacteria and toxins condition characterized by excessive uric acid production - ✔✔gout anabolic hormones - ✔✔insulin growth hormone sex hormones lipoproteins that primarily carry cholesterol from the liver to peripheral sites - ✔✔low-density lipoproteins LDLs cholesterol comes from - ✔✔exogenous sources endogenous sources foods of animal origin post eruptive effects of carbohydrate on the teeth - ✔✔s. mutans synthesize polysaccharides from sucrose which enhances bacterial plaque formation carbs provide an energy source for oral bacteria lactic acid, pyruvate acid, or acetyl-coenzyme A are the end products of glycolysis for acidogenic bacteria water soluble vitamins - ✔✔sensitive to heat absorbed by active transport contain elements of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen; can also contain cobalt and sulfur absorbed by passive transport fat soluble vitamins - ✔✔not absolutely necessary in the diet every day must be emulsified and carried across the membranes of the intestinal cells in the presence of fat and bile intake in excess of the daily need is stored in the body attributed to a deficiency of vitamin D - ✔✔increased caries rate can occur if an excess of vitamin D exists - ✔✔pulp calcification and enamel hypoplasia role of vitamin C in tooth formation - ✔✔involved in the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis associated with dehydration - ✔✔malfunction of kidneys blood loss vomiting diarrhea inadequate fluid intake if the amount of glucose in the blood exceeds the body's immediate energy needs - ✔✔glucose will be converted to fat and stored in adipose tissue will be stored as glycogen in liver and muscle excess glucose will be excreted in urine immediate and preferred source of energy for cellular metabolism - ✔✔glucose overweight BMI - ✔✔25.0-25.9 condition of binging and purging most commonly seen in adolescent females who appear normal in weight - ✔✔anorexia bulimia the energy needed to digest, absorb, and metabolize food - ✔✔thermic effect of food result of megadoses of vitamins - ✔✔toxicity of one or many nutrients and inhibition of others organic substances that are essential to life - ✔✔vitamins anterior interproximal including incisal edge - ✔✔class IV gingival third of facial or lingual - ✔✔class V cusp tips - ✔✔class VI exposure of furcation; but bone remains between roots - ✔✔class I furcation loss of some bone between roots; but not complete communication form one surface to another - ✔✔class II furcation through and through involvement with complete loss of bone between roots; opening covered by gingiva - ✔✔class III furcation through and through involvement with complete loss of bone between roots; entrance clearly visible - ✔✔class IV furcation clinical diagnosis by licensed dental hygienist that identifies actual or potential unmet human needs related to oral health or disease that dental hygienist is educated and licensed to treat or refer for care - ✔✔diagnosis identification and prioritization of current and potential dental and dental hygiene car needs, establishment of client goals, and determination of interventions and outcomes to meet these needs - ✔✔planning focus on increasing knowledge level - ✔✔cognitive goals focus on changes in beliefs, attitudes, and values - ✔✔affective goals focus on skill development when skill deficiencies are present - ✔✔psychomotor goals focuses on treating periodontal or dental emergency needs - ✔✔preliminary dental care planning focuses on controlling the risk factors responsible for disease; includes self car education, diet control, removal or correction of biofilm retentive factors, antimicrobial therapy, and dental caries management - ✔✔phase I therapy focuses on surgical care; includes periodontal surgery, placement of implants, and endodontic therapy - ✔✔phase II therapy focuses on prosthetic treatment and final management of dental caries along with periodontal examination to reevaluate response to restorative procedures - ✔✔phase III therapy focuses on long term periodontal maintenance therapy; includes assessment, self care education, deposit removal, and evaluation of continued care interval - ✔✔phase IV therapy case type I - ✔✔gingivitis case type II - ✔✔mild perio case type III - ✔✔moderate perio case type IV - ✔✔advanced perio case type V - ✔✔refractory perio elements of care plan - ✔✔procedure appointment sequence approximate time for each appointment expected outcomes and limitations of care nonspoken messages, including body orientation, posture, facial expressions, gestures, touch, distance, voice tone, and hesitation in speech - ✔✔nonverbal behaviors spoken messages, including language, active listening, paraphrasing, and reflective responding - ✔✔verbal behaviors delivery of preventive and therapeutic procedures identified in an individualized care plan to meet a client's human needs - ✔✔implementation measurement of extent to which client has achieved specified goals in car plan and determination of success of interventions; ensures that high quality care has been provided - ✔✔evaluation prediction of duration, course, and termination of disease and response to treatment; usually determined after diagnosis and before care is planned - ✔✔prognosis no bone loss, excellent gingival conditions, and adequate client commitment to care - ✔✔excellent prognosis adequate remaining bone support, adequate possibilities to control causative and risk factors, and adequate client commitment to care - ✔✔good prognosis moderate to advanced bone loss, tooth mobility, grade I and II furcation involvement, difficult areas to maintain, and doubtful client commitment to care - ✔✔poor prognosis advanced bone loss, grade II and III furcation involvement, tooth mobility, and inaccessible areas - ✔✔questionable prognosis advanced bone loss, areas not maintainable, and extraction or extractions indicated - ✔✔hopeless prognosis core functions of public health - ✔✔assessment an irreversible index used to measure past and present caries experience of a population with permanent teeth - ✔✔DMFT is used to measure observable caries experience in primary teeth - ✔✔deft a method for reporting root caries that measures the severity of disease and delineated the true intraoral population at risk as the denominator - ✔✔root caries index RCI a reversible index based on severity of inflammation and location - ✔✔gingival index GI designed to detect early symptoms of gingivitis - ✔✔sulcus bleeding index SBI a simple measure of the presence or absence of bleeding with the use of floss - ✔✔gingival bleeding index GBI a simple measure of presence or absence of bleeding with the use of an interdental stimulator - ✔✔eastman interdental bleeding index EIBI used to measure the presence and severity of periodontal disease - ✔✔periodontal disease index PDI three indicators of periodontal status are used for this assessment: 1) presence or absence of gingival bleeding, 2) supragingival or subgingival calculus, and 3) peridontal pockets subdivided into shallow and deep - ✔✔community periodontal index of treatment needs CPITN measures periodontal status in contrast to the CPITN - ✔✔community periodontal index a reversible index used to measure oral hygiene status; debris index score and calculus index score are combined - ✔✔simplified oral hygiene index OHI-S used to assess extent of soft deposits; used in conjunction with GI - ✔✔ developed to assess individual's performance in removing debris after oral hygiene instruction, including effectiveness of interdental cleaning - ✔✔patient hygiene performance PHP complete examination using a mouth mirror and explorer, adequate illumination, thorough radiographic survey, and, when indicated, percussion, pulp vitality test, transillumination, study models, and lab tests - ✔✔type I examination limited examination using mouth mirror, explorer, adequate illumination, and posterior bitewing radiographs - ✔✔type II examination inspection using a mouth mirror, explorer, and adequate illumination - ✔✔type III examination screening with a tongue depressor and available illumination - ✔✔type IV examination underlying foundation: when individuals have accurate information, they will make better health choices - ✔✔health belief model precontemplation contemplation preparation action maintenance termination - ✔✔trans-theoretical model people make rational decisions based on knowledge, values and attitudes - ✔✔theory of reasoned acton knowledge, behavior, and environment act in a reciprocal manner to continually affect each other and increase self control over personal actions - ✔✔social cognitive theory perception of personal control over health status - ✔✔locus of control the extent to which one has confidence that one's environment is predictable and that things will work out as well as can reasonably be expected - ✔✔sense of coherence represents several theories that describe how community groups are assisted in identifying common problems or goals, mobilizing resources, and implementing strategies to reach the goals they have set collectively - ✔✔community organization addresses how new ideas, products, practices, and services spread within a society - ✔✔diffusion of innovation a wide variety of forces make an organization resistant to change; these forces include how it operates, and its structure, culture and control systems - ✔✔organizational change theory observations belong to mutually exclusive classes or categories - ✔✔nominal scale classes or categories that have ranking of characteristics in some empirical order - ✔✔ordinal scale measurement scale characterized by equal intervals along the scale; has no absolute zero - ✔✔interval scale measurement scale characterized by equal intervals along the scale and the presence of an absolute zero - ✔✔ratio scale the arithmetic average; the sum of values divided by the number of items - ✔✔mean mid point of a distribution with 50% of the scores falling above it and 50% of the scores falling below it - ✔✔median the most frequently occurring score in a distribution - ✔✔mode zolpidem - ✔✔ambien zaleplon - ✔✔sonata eszopiclone - ✔✔lunesta experienced uniformly through the nerve - ✔✔pain characterized by perception varies greatly from person to person - ✔✔pain characterized by reaction amoxicillin - ✔✔amoxil, larotid, polymox azithromycin - ✔✔zithromax clarithromycin - ✔✔biaxin cefruroxime, cephalexin, cephradine - ✔✔cephalosporins clindamycin - ✔✔cleocin doxycycline - ✔✔vibramycin, atridox minocycline - ✔✔minocin, arestin tetracycline - ✔✔achromycin-v tetracycline fibers - ✔✔actisite isoniazid, rifampin, pyrizinamide, ethambutol - ✔✔antituberculosis agents docosanol - ✔✔abreva digoxin - ✔✔lanoxin