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NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions and Answers A+ Guide, Exams of Career Counseling

NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions and Answers A+ Guide

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2024/2025

Available from 01/03/2025

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Download NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions and Answers A+ Guide and more Exams Career Counseling in PDF only on Docsity!

and Answers A+ Guide

What does CACREP stand for? - correct answers✅✅ the Council for the Accreditation and Counseling Related Educational Programs What does CCE stand for? - correct answers✅✅ Center for Credentialing and Education, inc What does REBT stand for and who is the main theorist associated with it? - correct answers✅✅ Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy; Ellis. Name Freud's Psychosexual stages of development. - correct answers✅✅ Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital. (Mnemonic device: Oh, Anthony, Please Let's Go!) Describe Erik Erikson's stages. - correct answers✅✅ Erik Erikson is an Ego psychologist and a disciple of Freud. His 8 stages focus on social relationships, therefore they are called psychosocial. Each stage has a crisis that must be overcome in order to move on to the next stage. His stages are Trust v. Mistrust; Autonomy v. Shame/doubt; Industry v. Inferiority; Initiative vs. Guilt; Identity v. Role confusion; Intimacy v. Isolation; Generativity vs. Stagnation; Integrity vs. Despair. (Mnemonic device: The Air In Iceland Is Icy, Greenland Isn't.) define psychometric. - correct answers✅✅ pertaining to mental testing and measurement define psychodiagnostic - correct answers✅✅ the study of personality through interpretation of behavior and non-verbal cues; or labeling a client in a diagnostic category. define psychopharmacology - correct answers✅✅ the study of the effects drugs have on psychological functions.

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What is the id? - correct answers✅✅ the basic instinct principle in Freudian theory. It is the seat of aggression and sexual impulse. It is devoid of logic and time orientation. It is chaotic and bodily focused. What is the ego? - correct answers✅✅ this is the reality principle in Freudian theory. It indicates power of reasoning and control over behavior. It helps keep the impulses of the id in check. What is the superego? - correct answers✅✅ the superego is the moralistic and idealistic principle in the Freudian theory. Which group of theorists believe "if you can't measure it, it doesn't exist"? - correct answers✅✅ Behaviorists. They focus on O.O.B. The observable, objective behaviors. (My AP psych teacher in HS called it the O.O.B. tampon. gross, but it helped me remember it!) Who is the only psychoanalyst with a developmental theory that covered the entire lifespan? - correct answers✅✅ Erik Erikson's Psychosocial stages covered the entire lifespan. Each stage has a crisis or turning point. What theory is A. A. Brill associated with? - correct answers✅✅ Career theory Milton H. Erickson is associated with... - correct answers✅✅ Brief psychotherapy and hypnosis. What field is Jean Piaget associated with? - correct answers✅✅ Cognitive Child Development

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Who is Jay Haley and what is the nature of his contribution to counseling? - correct answers✅✅ Haley is most famous for his work on strategic and problem-solving therapy, more specifically with his use of the paradox technique. He also studied with Milton Erickson. Arnold Lazarus - correct answers✅✅ He is a known behavioral therapist who worked specifically with methods of desensitization and phobias. He is most associated with Multimodal Therapy. William Perry - correct answers✅✅ He is known for his work in adult cognitive development, specifically with college students. He worked a lot with the concept of "dualistic thinking" among college students, where everything is either black or white. (Memory technique: think of Katy Perry's song Hot and Cold to associate Perry with dualism.) Ed Neukrug - correct answers✅✅ Also a cognitive developmentalist. His work is similar to Perry's. He noted that college students initially think that their professor has all the answers (dualistic), but gradually get to a more relativistic way of thinking and realize that answers exist that are relative to a given situation. (Memory technique: "What do you THINK about Ed nuking the rug??" Think= cognitive dev, Ed Neukrug.) Robert Kegan - correct answers✅✅ Yet another adult cognitive developmentalist. SPecifically with interpersonal development. His theory was called the Constructive Model of Development- people construct reality throughout the lifespan. What are Piaget's stages of Cognitive Development in order? - correct answers✅✅ Sensorimotor; Preoperational; Concrete; Formal. These stages must occur in order, but may be experienced at varying ages.

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What is the major critique of Jean Piaget's research? - correct answers✅✅ He spent too much time observing his own kids, and thus drawing his conclusions from a small, specific, population. Who formulated the very first intelligence test? - correct answers✅✅ Alfred Binet. In France. Oh la la! What is a t test? - correct answers✅✅ Also known as the Student's t, it is a statistical test used in formal experiments to determine if a statistical significance exists between the means of two normally distributed groups. Define Conservation. - correct answers✅✅ A substance's mass, weight, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape. It most likely refers to volume and mass, though. A child who has not mastered this concept will not have flexible thinking. (Mastered during Piaget's Concrete Operational stage 7-11 years) Symbolic Schema - correct answers✅✅ A schema is a system where the child tests out things in the physical world. An example of a symbolic schema is when a child uses a pie plate as a steering wheel (because it fits into the schema they have created for "Steering Wheel") This occurs in the Preoperational Stage. David Elkind's research supports what Piagetian concept? - correct answers✅✅ Elkind's statistical research supports Piaget's principle of conservation, with mass being the first and most easily understood concept for children, followed by weight and volume respectively. Lawrence Kohlberg expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of what type of development? - correct answers✅✅ Moral development.

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Define Epigenetic - correct answers✅✅ Epigenetic is the biological term borrowed from embryology. Each stage emerges from the one before it. It is systematic and follows a specific order. Who is the father of American Behaviorism? - correct answers✅✅ John B. Watson. He coined the term "behaviorism" in 1912. define Reversability. - correct answers✅✅ the notion that one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape. Lev Vygotsky disagreed with Piaget's theory on what point(s)? - correct answers✅✅ He did not think that developmental stages take place naturally, rather the stages unfold due to educational intervention. What theorists are considered to have epigenetic theories? - correct answers✅✅ Kohlberg, Erikson, and Maslow. Who is the leading theorist of Moral Development? - correct answers✅✅ Lawrence Kohlberg A 6 year old child in Preoperational thought said, "the rain is following me". This is an example of what characteristic? - correct answers✅✅ Egocentrism: a child cannot view the world from the vantage point of another person. Name Kohlberg's stages of moral development. - correct answers✅✅ Preconventional, Conventional, and Post-Conventional The Post-Conventional stage is also called the.... - correct answers✅✅ Personal Integrity, or Morality of Self-Accepted Principles level

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What is the Heinz Story designed to help assess? - correct answers✅✅ It is part of Kohlberg's morality development model and it is designed to help assess the level of morality a person has achieved by their reactions and reasonings based on the Heinz scenario. Who is the father of Analytic Psychology? - correct answers✅✅ Carl Jung Who is the father of Psychoanalysis? - correct answers✅✅ Sigmund Freud What is biofeedback? - correct answers✅✅ Biofeedback is a technique utilized to help individuals learn to control bodily processes more effectively. The most ground-breaking work in this area occurred at the Menninger Clinic in Kansas, even though it is a traditional psychoanalytic foothold. From who's work do we get the term "identity crisis"? - correct answers✅✅ Erik Erikson, because his psychosocial stages involve a crisis in order to proceed to the next stage. RS factors - correct answers✅✅ RS stands for Religious and Spiritual. RS factors are often examined by counselors who are attempting to integrate the practice of "positive psychology" into their work. What is Positive Psychology? - correct answers✅✅ a term coined by Abraham Maslow (humanistic perspective) and popularized by Martin Segliman, refers to the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, ability to love, and happiness. What concept is Martin Segliman known for? - correct answers✅✅ The concept of Learned Helplessness- in the cases of abuse or maltreatment,

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humans and animals can be trained to think "there is no way out" even if one is clearly present. What branch of psychology is Alfred Adler known for? - correct answers✅✅ he is the founder of Individual Psychology, and stresses the inferiority complex. What are the charateristics of Kohlberg's Preconventional stage of moral development? - correct answers✅✅ child responds to consequences. Reward and punishment influence behavior. What are the charateristics of Kohlberg's Conventional stage? - correct answers✅✅ individual wants to meet the standards of family, society, and the nation. What are the characteristics of Kohlberg's Postconventional stage? - correct answers✅✅ (also known as self-accepted stage) individual is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights, where the common good is a key issue. (He did not believe that most people reached this level) Approximately how many middle class urban males did Kohlberg think would reach the Postconventional level? - correct answers✅✅ under 40%. What are some examples of people believed to have reached the Postconventional stage of moral development? - correct answers✅✅ Ghandi, Socrates, Martin Luther King, Jr. What is the first stage of Erikson's Psychosocial stages? - correct answers✅✅ Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year)

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Harry Stack Sullivan - correct answers✅✅ postulated the stages of infancy, childhood, juvenile, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence. what is Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations? - correct answers✅✅ similar to Erikson, biological determination is seen as less important than interpersonal issues and the soci-cultural demands of society A person who has mastered Erikson's first 7 stages would then enter into which stage? - correct answers✅✅ Integrity vs. Despair (60-death) Integrity implies the individual is mostly satisfied with life and feels it has been worthwhile. What is a Periodic Fugue State? - correct answers✅✅ an individual experiencing amnesia leaves home, often with the intention of changing jobs and identities. (I have no idea why we would ever need to know this, unless we decided to quit counseling, move to Hollywood, and become screen writers...) Counter-Conditioning - correct answers✅✅ A behavioristic technique in which the goal is to weaken or eliinate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response. (systematic desensitization by Arnold Lazarus is a good example) Good boy/good girl orientation - correct answers✅✅ is a sublevel of the conventional stage of moral development in which a person is concerned with approbation and the ability to please others in order to achieve recognition.

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Hedonism - correct answers✅✅ a concept that arises in the preconventional stage of moral development. the child thinks, "if I am nice to others, others will be nice and give me what I want". What is the Zone of Proximal Development - correct answers✅✅ pioneered by Lev Vygotsky; describes the difference between a child's performance on a task without the aid of a teacher, and his performance with the aid of a teacher. (natural capacity vs. capacity through learning) what theory is organ inferiority associated with? - correct answers✅✅ Alfred Adler's individual psychology. Maturationist Theory - correct answers✅✅ behavior is guided exclusively by hereditary factors, but certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. ALso suggests that neural development must reach a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold. What would be the primary goal of a maturationist counselor? - correct answers✅✅ to unleash the inborn abilities, instincts, and drives of the client. The client's childhood and past are seen as important therapeutic topics. John Bowlby - correct answers✅✅ he is most associated with attachment and bonding theory. HE though that attachment had a survival value, called adaptive significance. He suggested that a child must bond with an adult before the age of 3 in order to live a healthy social life. object loss - correct answers✅✅ Bowlby- if a child does not make an attachment to an adult before the age of 3, he will suffer object loss, which is said to be the breeding ground for abnormal behaviors.

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symbiosis - correct answers✅✅ Mahler's term for a child's absolute dependence on a female caregiver. Difficulties in symbiotic relationship can result in adult psychosis. In what stage and age does the "midlife crisis" occur? - correct answers✅✅ Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation (or Self-Absorption) stage. Occurs between the ages of 35-45 for men and 5 years earlier for women. It begins when they realize their lives are half way over and seek to change the goals and aspirations they have not yet realized. Generativity= productive, happy, looks out for others. Daniel Levinson - correct answers✅✅ wrote Seasons of a Man's Life and Seasons of a Woman's Life. He viewed midlife crises as positive things, stating that those who do not face a midlife crisis could become stagnant later in life- avoiding the crises could lead to a lack of vitality later. Harry Harlow - correct answers✅✅ the researcher known for his work with maternal deprivation and rhesus monkeys. He believed that attachment is an innate tendancy. Monkeys in isolation developed abnormal behaviors, and showed signs of dysfunction when placed with normal monkeys. Who continued Harlow's research and provided evidence to support his attachment theories extend to humans? - correct answers✅✅ Rene Spitz- noted that kids raised in impersonal institutions cried more, had trouble sleeping,had more health-related issues, and developed anaclitic depression. Anaclitic Depression - correct answers✅✅ term coined by Rene Spitz denoting infants that are raising in an isolating environment have trouble forming close relationships in life. Arnold Gesnell - correct answers✅✅ maturationist; pioneer in using 1 way mirrors for observing children. He believed that development was

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determined by genetics, therefore a child must be ready in order to accept a certain level of education. What are Freud's Stages considered? - correct answers✅✅ Psychosexual (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) What are Erik Erikson's Stages considered? - correct answers✅✅ Psychosocial (Birth-18 months: Trust vs. Mistrust, 18 months- years: Autonomy vs. Shame, 3-5: Initiative vs. Guilt, 6-12: Industry vs. Inferiority, 12-18: Identity vs. Role Confusion, 18-35: Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation, 35-55/65: Generativity vs. Self-absorption or Stagnation, 55/65- Death: Integrity vs. Despair What is emphasized in Freudian Theory? - correct answers✅✅ Instincts What is emphasized with Ego psychologist (like Erik Erikson)? - correct answers✅✅ man's powers of reasoning to control behavior Who created a developmental theory that encompasses the entire life span?

  • correct answers✅✅ Erik Erikson What does Freud also call the pleasure principle and houses the animalistic instincts? - correct answers✅✅ The id What is also known as the reality principle? - correct answers✅✅ The Ego What concept does William Perry stress? - correct answers✅✅ Dualistic Thinking

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What is Dualistic Thinking? - correct answers✅✅ common in teens things are conceptualized as good or bad, right or wrong. Very black or white. What is relativistic thinking? - correct answers✅✅ Happens in adulthood where an individual now has the ability to understand not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist for a specific situation. There is more then one way to view the world. What does Robert Kegan stress? - correct answers✅✅ A model on Interpersonal Development What is Interpersonal Development? - correct answers✅✅ A "Constructive Model of Development" meaning individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan. List Jean Piaget's stages in order. - correct answers✅✅ Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, and formal operations. What does conservation mean in Piaget's theory? - correct answers✅✅ the notion that a substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape. According to Piaget when does a child master conservation? - correct answers✅✅ During Concrete Operations Stage (7-11 years old). This occurs during the time they are able to count mentally as well. Who is the leading theorist in Moral Development? - correct answers✅✅ Lawrence Kohlberg

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Who expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of Moral Development? - correct answers✅✅ Lawrence Kohlberg According to Lev Vygotsky why do stages unfold? - correct answers✅✅ Due to educational intervention Define Epigenetic. - correct answers✅✅ Each developmental stage emerges from the one before it. Who is the father of American Behaviorism? - correct answers✅✅ John B. Watson (he coined Behaviorism in 1912). Define the concept of reversibility and when does it occur according to Piaget? - correct answers✅✅ Occurs in the 3rd Stage, Concrete Operations. Says one can undo an action, hence an object can return to it's initial shape. How are kids generally in Piaget's Preoperational Thought Stage? - correct answers✅✅ Egocentric (the rain is following me). The child can not view the world from the vantage point of someone else. How many levels of moral development does Kohlberg's Theory have and name them? - correct answers✅✅ Three Levels. Preconventional, Convential, and Postconventional. (Each level is then broken down into two stages). What does the Heinz Story do for Kohlberg? - correct answers✅✅ It is a way to assess the level and stage of moral development one is at. Where does the term "Identity Crisis" come from? - correct answers✅✅ Erik Erikcon

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What is Alfred Adler the founder of? - correct answers✅✅ Individual Psychology, which stresses the inferiority complex. Describe each of Kohlberg's Level of Morality. - correct answers✅✅ Preconvential- child responds to consequences, reward and punishment play a big role here. Conventional- individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and even the nation. Postconvential- hard to reach. Individual is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights. A key issue is the common good of society. What is Harry Stack Sullivan's Theory? - correct answers✅✅ Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations. Biological determination is seen as less important then interpersonal issues and the sociocultural demands of society. (similar to Erik Erikson's) In Kohlberg's first or preconvential level what is the individual's moral behavior guided by? - correct answers✅✅ Consequences What did Lev Vygotsky pioneer? - correct answers✅✅ The Zone of Proximal Development (it describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher vs. that which he or she is capable of with an instructor). What can Frued and Erikson be classified as? - correct answers✅✅ Maturationists. The client's childhood and past are seen as important therapeutic topics.

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John Bowlby's name is most closely associated with what? - correct answers✅✅ Bonding and attachment. He believes a child must have a bond with an adult by age 3 and if this bond is lost at an early age it is called "object loss." In which Erikson stage does the midlife crisis occur? - correct answers✅✅ Generativity vs. Stagnation What is Harry Harlow known for? - correct answers✅✅ His work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys. He believed that attachment was an innate tendency and not one which is learned. What was Freud's structural Theory of the mind? - correct answers✅✅ Id, Ego, and Superego What does Manifest mean? - correct answers✅✅ Describes the dream material as it is presented to the dreamer. What does Latent content mean? - correct answers✅✅ Refers to the hidden meaning of the dream (which is seen as far more important by the Freudians). When is the fear of death greatest? - correct answers✅✅ Middle Age In Freudian Theory when does attachment being a major factor evolve? - correct answers✅✅ During the Oral Stage, the first psychosexual stage. What did Stanley Coopersmith find? - correct answers✅✅ That child-rearing methods seem to have tremendous impact on self-esteem.

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Define Cephalocaudal. - correct answers✅✅ Head to foot. What is the Oedipus Complex and when does it occur in Freud's Stages of Development? - correct answers✅✅ The boy's wish to marry his mother and rage toward his father. It occurs during the phallic stage (ages 3-5 years old). Define Electra Complex. - correct answers✅✅ When the female child fantasizes about sexual relations with the parent of the opposite sex. Who is the Father of Psychoanalysis? - correct answers✅✅ Freud What do Empiricists believe? - correct answers✅✅ That development merely consists of quantitative changes. Scientists can only learn from objective facts. Experience is the source of acquiring knowledge. The forerunner of behaviorism. Who thought up Empiricism? - correct answers✅✅ John Locke A theorist who believes developmental strides are qualitative is? - correct answers✅✅ A Organicism. (Gestalt psychologists) According to Piaget, what stage do reflexes play the greatest role in? - correct answers✅✅ The first one, the Sensorimotor Stage. This is also where "object permanence" is emphasized. What does Ethology refer to and whose work is it associated with? - correct answers✅✅ It means the study of animals behavior in their natural environment. It's associated with Konrad Lorenz.

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Define centration and what stage of Piaget's does it occur in? - correct answers✅✅ Occurs in the preoperational stage. Characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object without noticing the rest of it. Who is the Father of Reality Theory? - correct answers✅✅ William Glasser During what Piaget Stage do children acquire a symbolic schema? - correct answers✅✅ Preoperational Stage (2-7 years old). Define Negative Reinforcement. - correct answers✅✅ When the removal of a stimulus increases the probability that an antecedent behavior will occur. Define Positive Reinforcement. - correct answers✅✅ The addition of a stimulus strengthens or increases a behavior. What does BASIC-ID stand for and who thought up this acronym? - correct answers✅✅ Behavior Affective Responses Sensations Imagery Cognitions Interpersonal Relationships Drugs By behaviorist Arnold Lazarus Define Animism as it pertains to Piaget's developmental stages in children. - correct answers✅✅ Occurs when a child acts as if nonliving objects have

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lifelike abilities or tendencies. It occurs in the Preoperational Period (2- years old). A rock or car can talk to them. Who is the Father of Analytic Psychology? - correct answers✅✅ C.G. Jung Define Ego Identity as associated with Erik Erikson. - correct answers✅✅ Associated with is fifth stage, identity vs. role confusion. When an adolescent is able to integrate all his or her previous roles into a single self- concept this is achieved. Which theorist was most concerned with Maternal deprivation? - correct answers✅✅ Harry Harlow (worked with the monkeys) Who developed REBT? - correct answers✅✅ Albert Ellis (teacher clients to think in a more scientific and logical manner) Who pioneered the technique of systematic desensitization? - correct answers✅✅ Joseph Wolpe (a behavioristic technique used to ameliorate phobic reactions) Where did Freud believe morality developed from? - correct answers✅✅ The Superego. (composed of the shoulds, oughts, and musts aka The Parent Ego) Who is the Father of Guidance? - correct answers✅✅ Frank Parsons Define imprinting as believed by Konrad Lorenz. - correct answers✅✅ An instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object.

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Define Equilibration. - correct answers✅✅ The balance between assimilation and accommodation. (Piaget) As defined by Robert Kegan, what does a "holding environment" mean? - correct answers✅✅ A place where the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction. Name Robert Kegan's 6 Stages of Life Span Development. - correct answers✅✅ Incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual. Name 6 things Culture Refers to. - correct answers✅✅ Customs, Values, Attitudes, belief, art, and language. What two theorists believe in the "Innate aggression theory?" - correct answers✅✅ Freud and Lorenz ("Instinct Theorist") Who wrote Seasons of a Man's Life and Season's of a Women's Life? - correct answers✅✅ Daniel Levinson Why was Carol Gilligan critical of Kohlberg's Theory? - correct answers✅✅ She felt it was more applicable to males then females. Define Prognosis - correct answers✅✅ What a counselor means when they speak of the probable outcome in a case. It refers to the probability that one can recover from a condition. Who is the frustration-aggression theory associated with? - correct answers✅✅ John Dollard and Neal Miller (believe frustration leads to aggression).

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What theory did Festinger come up with? - correct answers✅✅ Cognitive Dissonance Theory (a popular balance theory in social psychology) Define Mores (Social and Cultural Foundations Chapter). - correct answers✅✅ Beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior. Explain the difference between Mores and Folkways. - correct answers✅✅ If you break a Mos (mores is plural form) then you are causing harm to others or threatening the existence of the group (robbing a bank). If you break a Folkway generally it results only in embarrassment (drinking soup out of a communal bowl). Define Folkways. - correct answers✅✅ Correct, normal, or habitual behavior. Who is considered the first social reformer (along with their associates) concerned with guidance in the United States? - correct answers✅✅ Frank Parsons (wrote Choosing a Vocation) What does Emory Bogardus' social distance scale evaluate? - correct answers✅✅ How an individual feels about other ethnic groups. Name the two steps of the foot-in-the-door technique. - correct answers✅✅ Step 1: Get the person to first agree to a less repugnant request Step 2: He or she will be more likely to comply with a request which is even more distasteful. How is a culture defined? - correct answers✅✅ Primarily via norms and values.

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How does a society differ from a culture? - correct answers✅✅ A society is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory. Define Ethnocentrism. - correct answers✅✅ when one uses their own culture as a yardstick to measure all others. Conveys the notion that one's own group is superior. Define Modal Personality. - correct answers✅✅ the personality which is characteristic or typical of the group in question. What does the Cognitive Dissonance Theory predict? - correct answers✅✅ The person will look for things which are consistent with his or her behavior. What type of model works best with persons who respond well to an authority figure? - correct answers✅✅ An Active-Directive Model. What does Cognitive Dissonance Research deal mainly with? - correct answers✅✅ Cognition and Attitude formation. What type of counseling has been used more then other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races? - correct answers✅✅ Rogerian Person-Centered counseling. What are three major barriers to intercultural counseling? - correct answers✅✅ 1.- Culture-Bond Values 2.- Class-Bound Values 3.- Language Differences

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Define Emic (multicultural counseling). - correct answers✅✅ This viewpoint emphasizes that each client is an individual with individual differences. Very culture-specific on how you work with each client. Define Etic (multicultural counseling). - correct answers✅✅ This viewpoint adheres to the theory that humans are humans, regardless of background and culture-thus the same theories and techniques can be applied to any client the counselor helps. Talk about the difference of autoplastic/alloplastic viewpoints when it pertains to intercultural helping. - correct answers✅✅ Autoplastic- asserts that change comes from within. Alloplastic- the client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment. What did R.H. Allport create? - correct answers✅✅ The concept of social facilitation. What is the concept of social facilitation? - correct answers✅✅ Proves that a person will perform better at a task when he or she is part of a group. Even when no verbal interaction. (number example in book) In social psychology what does the sleeper effect assert? - correct answers✅✅ That after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message. The communication may have more impact after some times has passed. What two authors helped to introduce social psychology in America? - correct answers✅✅ McDougall and Ross.

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Who coined the term Group Therapy? - correct answers✅✅ Jacob Moreno. What noted psychologist is associated with obedience and authority? - correct answers✅✅ Stanley Milgram (disturbing shock therapy example in book). Define Dysthymia as in the DSM. - correct answers✅✅ A longstanding depressed mood (1 year for children/adolescents and 2 years for adults). AKA neurotic depression or depressive neurosis. Name the three basic categories of conflict. - correct answers✅✅ 1.- Approach-Approach Conflict (easiest to help client work through and least anxiety involved) 2.- Approach-Avoidance Conflict (presents a positive factor with a negative factor) 3.- Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict (two negative alternatives) What did the "Robbers' Cave Experiment" conclude? - correct answers✅✅ That the most effective way to reduce hostility between groups is to give them an alternative goal that requires a joint effort by both groups together. Define acculturation. - correct answers✅✅ Integrating one's own cultural beliefs and behaviors with the dominant culture. What is converion/reparative therapy intended to do? - correct answers✅✅ Convert homosexuals to heterosexuals.

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What did Alfred Adler create? Father of what? - correct answers✅✅ Individual Psychology. What did Carl Jung create? Father of what? - correct answers✅✅ Analytic Psychology. Name Eric Berne's (Father of Transactional Analysis) 3 Ego States of Transactional Analysis (TA). - correct answers✅✅ The Child, the Adult, the Parent. In TA what is the conscience, or ego, state concerned with moral behavior? What is it in Freudian Theory? - correct answers✅✅ Parent in TA Superego in Freudian Theory Define Transference. - correct answers✅✅ When the client displaces emotion felt toward a significant other onto the analyst, counselor, or therapist. What is the Ego refered to as by Freudians? - correct answers✅✅ The executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle. The mediator. In Freudian Theory a client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by who? - correct answers✅✅ Thanatos. What means love of the life in Freudian Theory? - correct answers✅✅ Eros. Define Free Association. - correct answers✅✅ Instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind.

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Dreams have what two forms of content? - correct answers✅✅ Manifest and latent. Manifest is the surface content. Latent is hidden meaning. Describe the little Albert experiment, who did it, and what it showed. - correct answers✅✅ Little Albert was conditioned to have a fear of furry animals. John Watson did this and it proved a behavioristic concept that fears are learned. What type of counseling uses less sessions, no couch, and more face-to-face time then classical psychoanalysis? - correct answers✅✅ Psychodynamic Counseling T or F: Rogerians do not emphasize diagnosis or giving advice. - correct answers✅✅ True What 3 things does Freud's Structural Theory of the personality consist of? - correct answers✅✅ Id, ego, and the superego. What is the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS)? - correct answers✅✅ A concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe's systematic desensitization (a rating system 0-100 to rate the most threatening situation). What is the conscious mind aware of? - correct answers✅✅ The immediate environment.