NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers, Exams of Occupational therapy

Download NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers and more Exams Occupational therapy in PDF only on Docsity! NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers What does CACREP stand for? - correct answer the Council for the Accreditation and Counseling Related Educational Programs What does CCE stand for? - correct answer Center for Credentialing and Education, inc What does REBT stand for and who is the main theorist associated with it? - correct answer Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy; Ellis. Name Freud's Psychosexual stages of development. - correct answer Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital. (Mnemonic device: Oh, Anthony, Please Let's Go!) Describe Erik Erikson's stages. - correct answer Erik Erikson is an Ego psychologist and a disciple of Freud. His 8 stages focus on social relationships, therefore they are called psychosocial. Each stage has a crisis that must be overcome in order to move on to the next stage. His stages are Trust v. Mistrust; Autonomy v. Shame/doubt; Industry v. Inferiority; Initiative vs. Guilt; Identity v. Role confusion; Intimacy v. Isolation; Generativity vs. Stagnation; NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers Integrity vs. Despair. (Mnemonic device: The Air In Iceland Is Icy, Greenland Isn't.) define psychometric. - correct answer pertaining to mental testing and measurement define psychodiagnostic - correct answer the study of personality through interpretation of behavior and non-verbal cues; or labeling a client in a diagnostic category. define psychopharmacology - correct answer the study of the effects drugs have on psychological functions. What is the id? - correct answer the basic instinct principle in Freudian theory. It is the seat of aggression and sexual impulse. It is devoid of logic and time orientation. It is chaotic and bodily focused. What is the ego? - correct answer this is the reality principle in Freudian theory. It indicates power of reasoning and control over behavior. It helps keep the impulses of the id in check. NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers a given situation. (Memory technique: "What do you THINK about Ed nuking the rug??" Think= cognitive dev, Ed Neukrug.) Robert Kegan - correct answer Yet another adult cognitive developmentalist. SPecifically with interpersonal development. His theory was called the Constructive Model of Development- people construct reality throughout the lifespan. What are Piaget's stages of Cognitive Development in order? - correct answer Sensorimotor; Preoperational; Concrete; Formal. These stages must occur in order, but may be experienced at varying ages. What is the major critique of Jean Piaget's research? - correct answer He spent too much time observing his own kids, and thus drawing his conclusions from a small, specific, population. Who formulated the very first intelligence test? - correct answer Alfred Binet. In France. Oh la la! NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers What is a t test? - correct answer Also known as the Student's t, it is a statistical test used in formal experiments to determine if a statistical significance exists between the means of two normally distributed groups. Define Conservation. - correct answer A substance's mass, weight, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape. It most likely refers to volume and mass, though. A child who has not mastered this concept will not have flexible thinking. (Mastered during Piaget's Concrete Operational stage 7- 11 years) Symbolic Schema - correct answer A schema is a system where the child tests out things in the physical world. An example of a symbolic schema is when a child uses a pie plate as a steering wheel (because it fits into the schema they have created for "Steering Wheel") This occurs in the Preoperational Stage. David Elkind's research supports what Piagetian concept? - correct answer Elkind's statistical research supports Piaget's principle of conservation, with mass being the first and most easily understood concept for children, followed by weight and volume respectively. NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers Lawrence Kohlberg expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of what type of development? - correct answer Moral development. Define Epigenetic - correct answer Epigenetic is the biological term borrowed from embryology. Each stage emerges from the one before it. It is systematic and follows a specific order. Who is the father of American Behaviorism? - correct answer John B. Watson. He coined the term "behaviorism" in 1912. define Reversability. - correct answer the notion that one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape. Lev Vygotsky disagreed with Piaget's theory on what point(s)? - correct answer He did not think that developmental stages take place naturally, rather the stages unfold due to educational intervention. NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers What is Positive Psychology? - correct answer a term coined by Abraham Maslow (humanistic perspective) and popularized by Martin Segliman, refers to the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, ability to love, and happiness. What concept is Martin Segliman known for? - correct answer The concept of Learned Helplessness- in the cases of abuse or maltreatment, humans and animals can be trained to think "there is no way out" even if one is clearly present. What branch of psychology is Alfred Adler known for? - correct answer he is the founder of Individual Psychology, and stresses the inferiority complex. What are the charateristics of Kohlberg's Preconventional stage of moral development? - correct answer child responds to consequences. Reward and punishment influence behavior. What are the charateristics of Kohlberg's Conventional stage? - correct answer individual wants to meet the standards of family, society, and the nation. NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers What are the characteristics of Kohlberg's Postconventional stage? - correct answer (also known as self-accepted stage) individual is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights, where the common good is a key issue. (He did not believe that most people reached this level) Approximately how many middle class urban males did Kohlberg think would reach the Postconventional level? - correct answer under 40%. What are some examples of people believed to have reached the Postconventional stage of moral development? - correct answer Ghandi, Socrates, Martin Luther King, Jr. What is the first stage of Erikson's Psychosocial stages? - correct answer Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year) Harry Stack Sullivan - correct answer postulated the stages of infancy, childhood, juvenile, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence. NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers what is Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations? - correct answer similar to Erikson, biological determination is seen as less important than interpersonal issues and the soci-cultural demands of society A person who has mastered Erikson's first 7 stages would then enter into which stage? - correct answer Integrity vs. Despair (60-death) Integrity implies the individual is mostly satisfied with life and feels it has been worthwhile. What is a Periodic Fugue State? - correct answer an individual experiencing amnesia leaves home, often with the intention of changing jobs and identities. (I have no idea why we would ever need to know this, unless we decided to quit counseling, move to Hollywood, and become screen writers...) Counter-Conditioning - correct answer A behavioristic technique in which the goal is to weaken or eliinate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response. (systematic desensitization by Arnold Lazarus is a good example) Good boy/good girl orientation - correct answer is a sublevel of the conventional stage of NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers Self-Absorption) stage. Occurs between the ages of 35-45 for men and 5 years earlier for women. It begins when they realize their lives are half way over and seek to change the goals and aspirations they have not yet realized. Generativity= productive, happy, looks out for others. Daniel Levinson - correct answer wrote Seasons of a Man's Life and Seasons of a Woman's Life. He viewed midlife crises as positive things, stating that those who do not face a midlife crisis could become stagnant later in life- avoiding the crises could lead to a lack of vitality later. Harry Harlow - correct answer the researcher known for his work with maternal deprivation and rhesus monkeys. He believed that attachment is an innate tendancy. Monkeys in isolation developed abnormal behaviors, and showed signs of dysfunction when placed with normal monkeys. Who continued Harlow's research and provided evidence to support his attachment theories extend to humans? - correct answer Rene Spitz- noted that kids raised in impersonal institutions cried more, had trouble sleeping,had more health-related issues, and developed anaclitic depression. NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers Anaclitic Depression - correct answer term coined by Rene Spitz denoting infants that are raising in an isolating environment have trouble forming close relationships in life. Arnold Gesnell - correct answer maturationist; pioneer in using 1 way mirrors for observing children. He believed that development was determined by genetics, therefore a child must be ready in order to accept a certain level of education. What are Freud's Stages considered? - correct answer Psychosexual (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) What are Erik Erikson's Stages considered? - correct answer Psychosocial (Birth-18 months: Trust vs. Mistrust, 18 months-3 years: Autonomy vs. Shame, 3-5: Initiative vs. Guilt, 6-12: Industry vs. Inferiority, 12-18: Identity vs. Role Confusion, 18-35: Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation, 35-55/65: Generativity vs. Self-absorption or Stagnation, 55/65-Death: Integrity vs. Despair What is emphasized in Freudian Theory? - correct answer Instincts NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers What is emphasized with Ego psychologist (like Erik Erikson)? - correct answer man's powers of reasoning to control behavior Who created a developmental theory that encompasses the entire life span? - correct answer Erik Erikson What does Freud also call the pleasure principle and houses the animalistic instincts? - correct answer The id What is also known as the reality principle? - correct answer The Ego What concept does William Perry stress? - correct answer Dualistic Thinking What is Dualistic Thinking? - correct answer common in teens things are conceptualized as good or bad, right or wrong. Very black or white. NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers Operations. Says one can undo an action, hence an object can return to it's initial shape. How are kids generally in Piaget's Preoperational Thought Stage? - correct answer Egocentric (the rain is following me). The child can not view the world from the vantage point of someone else. How many levels of moral development does Kohlberg's Theory have and name them? - correct answer Three Levels. Preconventional, Convential, and Postconventional. (Each level is then broken down into two stages). What does the Heinz Story do for Kohlberg? - correct answer It is a way to assess the level and stage of moral development one is at. Where does the term "Identity Crisis" come from? - correct answer Erik Erikcon What is Alfred Adler the founder of? - correct answer Individual Psychology, which stresses the inferiority complex. NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers Describe each of Kohlberg's Level of Morality. - correct answer Preconvential- child responds to consequences, reward and punishment play a big role here. Conventional- individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and even the nation. Postconvential- hard to reach. Individual is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights. A key issue is the common good of society. What is Harry Stack Sullivan's Theory? - correct answer Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations. Biological determination is seen as less important then interpersonal issues and the sociocultural demands of society. (similar to Erik Erikson's) In Kohlberg's first or preconvential level what is the individual's moral behavior guided by? - correct answer Consequences What did Lev Vygotsky pioneer? - correct answer The Zone of Proximal Development (it describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher vs. that which he or she is capable of with an instructor). NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers What can Frued and Erikson be classified as? - correct answer Maturationists. The client's childhood and past are seen as important therapeutic topics. John Bowlby's name is most closely associated with what? - correct answer Bonding and attachment. He believes a child must have a bond with an adult by age 3 and if this bond is lost at an early age it is called "object loss." In which Erikson stage does the midlife crisis occur? - correct answer Generativity vs. Stagnation What is Harry Harlow known for? - correct answer His work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys. He believed that attachment was an innate tendency and not one which is learned. What was Freud's structural Theory of the mind? - correct answer Id, Ego, and Superego What does Manifest mean? - correct answer Describes the dream material as it is presented to the dreamer. NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers What does Ethology refer to and whose work is it associated with? - correct answer It means the study of animals behavior in their natural environment. It's associated with Konrad Lorenz. Define centration and what stage of Piaget's does it occur in? - correct answer Occurs in the preoperational stage. Characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object without noticing the rest of it. Who is the Father of Reality Theory? - correct answer William Glasser During what Piaget Stage do children acquire a symbolic schema? - correct answer Preoperational Stage (2-7 years old). Define Negative Reinforcement. - correct answer When the removal of a stimulus increases the probability that an antecedent behavior will occur. Define Positive Reinforcement. - correct answer The addition of a stimulus strengthens or increases a behavior. NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers What does BASIC-ID stand for and who thought up this acronym? - correct answer Behavior Affective Responses Sensations Imagery Cognitions Interpersonal Relationships Drugs By behaviorist Arnold Lazarus Define Animism as it pertains to Piaget's developmental stages in children. - correct answer Occurs when a child acts as if nonliving objects have lifelike abilities or tendencies. It occurs in the Preoperational Period (2-7 years old). A rock or car can talk to them. Who is the Father of Analytic Psychology? - correct answer C.G. Jung Define Ego Identity as associated with Erik Erikson. - correct answer Associated with is fifth stage, identity vs. role confusion. When an adolescent is able to integrate all NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers his or her previous roles into a single self-concept this is achieved. Which theorist was most concerned with Maternal deprivation? - correct answer Harry Harlow (worked with the monkeys) Who developed REBT? - correct answer Albert Ellis (teacher clients to think in a more scientific and logical manner) Who pioneered the technique of systematic desensitization? - correct answer Joseph Wolpe (a behavioristic technique used to ameliorate phobic reactions) Where did Freud believe morality developed from? - correct answer The Superego. (composed of the shoulds, oughts, and musts aka The Parent Ego) Who is the Father of Guidance? - correct answer Frank Parsons NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers Explain the difference between Mores and Folkways. - correct answer If you break a Mos (mores is plural form) then you are causing harm to others or threatening the existence of the group (robbing a bank). If you break a Folkway generally it results only in embarrassment (drinking soup out of a communal bowl). Define Folkways. - correct answer Correct, normal, or habitual behavior. Who is considered the first social reformer (along with their associates) concerned with guidance in the United States? - correct answer Frank Parsons (wrote Choosing a Vocation) What does Emory Bogardus' social distance scale evaluate? - correct answer How an individual feels about other ethnic groups. Name the two steps of the foot-in-the-door technique. - correct answer Step 1: Get the person to first agree to a less repugnant request Step 2: He or she will be more likely to comply with a request which is even more distasteful. NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers How is a culture defined? - correct answer Primarily via norms and values. How does a society differ from a culture? - correct answer A society is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory. Define Ethnocentrism. - correct answer when one uses their own culture as a yardstick to measure all others. Conveys the notion that one's own group is superior. Define Modal Personality. - correct answer the personality which is characteristic or typical of the group in question. What does the Cognitive Dissonance Theory predict? - correct answer The person will look for things which are consistent with his or her behavior. What type of model works best with persons who respond well to an authority figure? - correct answer An Active-Directive Model. NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers What does Cognitive Dissonance Research deal mainly with? - correct answer Cognition and Attitude formation. What type of counseling has been used more then other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races? - correct answer Rogerian Person-Centered counseling. What are three major barriers to intercultural counseling? - correct answer 1.- Culture-Bond Values 2.- Class-Bound Values 3.- Language Differences Define Emic (multicultural counseling). - correct answer This viewpoint emphasizes that each client is an individual with individual differences. Very culture-specific on how you work with each client. Define Etic (multicultural counseling). - correct answer This viewpoint adheres to the theory that humans are humans, regardless of background and culture-thus the same theories and techniques can be applied to any client the counselor helps. NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers Define acculturation. - correct answer Integrating one's own cultural beliefs and behaviors with the dominant culture. What is converion/reparative therapy intended to do? - correct answer Convert homosexuals to heterosexuals. What did Alfred Adler create? Father of what? - correct answer Individual Psychology. What did Carl Jung create? Father of what? - correct answer Analytic Psychology. Name Eric Berne's (Father of Transactional Analysis) 3 Ego States of Transactional Analysis (TA). - correct answer The Child, the Adult, the Parent. In TA what is the conscience, or ego, state concerned with moral behavior? What is it in Freudian Theory? - correct answer Parent in TA Superego in Freudian Theory Define Transference. - correct answer When the client displaces emotion felt NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers toward a significant other onto the analyst, counselor, or therapist. What is the Ego refered to as by Freudians? - correct answer The executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle. The mediator. In Freudian Theory a client who threatens a self- destructive act is being ruled primarily by who? - correct answer Thanatos. What means love of the life in Freudian Theory? - correct answer Eros. Define Free Association. - correct answer Instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind. Dreams have what two forms of content? - correct answer Manifest and latent. Manifest is the surface content. Latent is hidden meaning. Describe the little Albert experiment, who did it, and what it showed. - NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers correct answer Little Albert was conditioned to have a fear of furry animals. John Watson did this and it proved a behavioristic concept that fears are learned. What type of counseling uses less sessions, no couch, and more face-to-face time then classical psychoanalysis? - correct answer Psychodynamic Counseling T or F: Rogerians do not emphasize diagnosis or giving advice. - correct answer True What 3 things does Freud's Structural Theory of the personality consist of? - correct answer Id, ego, and the superego. What is the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS)? - correct answer A concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe's systematic desensitization (a rating system 0-100 to rate the most threatening situation). What is the conscious mind aware of? - correct answer The immediate environment. NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers Name some Neo-Freudian Counselors. - correct answer Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan, Erich Fromm. What did Neo-Freudians emphasize that contrasted with Freud? - correct answer Social Factors. (Cultural issues, interpersonal relations. Define Archetypes. - correct answer The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation. Jung spoke of this. What is an Eclectic Counselor? - correct answer One who attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation. Define Associationism and who are the pioneers? - correct answer This asserts that ideas are held together by associations. John Locke, David Hume, James Mill, David Hartley. NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers B.F. Skinner's Reinforcement Theory elaborated on what other theory? - correct answer Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect. What is the "law of effect?" - correct answer That responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated, while those which produce unpleasantness or discomfort will be stamped out. What are the 7 Key Modalities of Lazarus' BASICID? - correct answer B=behavior including acts, habits. and reactions. A=affective responses such as emotions, feelings, and mood S=sensations, including hearing, touch, sight, smell, and taste I=images/the way we perceive ourselves, including memories and dreams C=Cognitions, such as our thoughts, insights, and even our philosophy of life I=interpersonal relationships (the way we interact with others) D=Drugs, that would include alcohol, legal, illegal, and prescription drug usage, diet and nutritional supplementation. NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers Who did Classical Conditioning? - correct answer Ivan Pavlov An association that Naturally exists is called what? - correct answer Unconditioned. What else is Skinner's operant conditioning referred to as? - correct answer Instrumental Learning. What is Pavlovian Conditioning referred to as? - correct answer Respondent (reflexes). What is Skinner's conditioning referred to as? - correct answer Instrumental/operant. A professional counselor determines fees for monthly consultation services on a job-by-job basis. This is an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules? - correct answer Variable Ratio When persons who are characteristically shy and withdrawn participate in "assertiveness training," initially they experience uncertainty and self-doubt. Counselors NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers Any behavior that is not elicited by an obvious stimulus is what? - correct answer An operant. What does an EEG do? - correct answer Secure feedback related to brain wave rhythms. What is the most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish? - correct answer The Variable Ratio. What is a back-up reinforcer? - correct answer An item or an activity which can be purchased using tokens. Logotherapy means healing through what? - correct answer Meaning. What is logotherapy based off of? - correct answer Existentialism. Define Existentialism. - correct answer A humanistic form of helping in which the counselor helps the client discover meaning in their life NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers by doing a deed (an accomplishment), experiencing a value (love), or suffering. Stresses growth and self- actualization. What three worlds do Existentialists speak of? - correct answer Umwelt-Phyiscal Mitwelt- Relationship Eigenwelt- Identity Define Phenomenology? - correct answer The client's internal personal experience of events. (existential). Define Ontology? - correct answer The philosophy of being and existing. (existential). What is William Glasser the Father of? - correct answer Reality Therapy. What does choice theory assert? - correct answer The only behavior we can control is our own. NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions And Answers Does Glasser and Reality therapist agree with mental illness labels? - correct answer No, they believe it gives clients permission to act sick or irresponsible. Who is the Father of REBT and what is it? - correct answer Albert Ellis. It assumes that the client's emotional disturbance is the result of irrational thoughts and ideas and that the cure is a high dose of rational thinking. What is the ABC theory of personality as suggested by REBT? - correct answer A- Activating event B- Belief system C- Emotional consequence Who is the Father of RBT? - correct answer Maxie C. Maultsby. RBT is similar to REBT but emphasizes a written self- analysis. TA therapists are most likely to incorporate what other type of therapy into the treatment process? - correct answer Gestalt Therapy.