NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions with Answers, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Career Counseling

Download NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions with Answers and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Career Counseling in PDF only on Docsity! 1 / 28 NCE and CPCE Study Guide Questions with Answers 1.What does CACREP stand for?: the Council for the Accreditation and Counsel- ing Related Educational Programs 2.What does CCE stand for?: Center for Credentialing and Education, inc 3.What does REBT stand for and who is the main theorist associated with it?: Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy; Ellis. 4.Name Freud's Psychosexual stages of development.: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital. (Mnemonic device: Oh, Anthony, Please Let's Go!) 5.Describe Erik Erikson's stages.: Erik Erikson is an Ego psychologist and a disciple of Freud. His 8 stages focus on social relationships, therefore they are called psychosocial. Each stage has a crisis that must be overcome in order to move on to the next stage. His stages are Trust v. Mistrust; Autonomy v. Shame/doubt; Industry v. Inferiority; Initiative vs. Guilt; Identity v. Role confusion; Intimacy v. Isolation; Generativity vs. Stagnation; Integrity vs. Despair. (Mnemonic device: The Air In Iceland Is Icy, Greenland Isn't.) 6.define psychometric.: pertaining to mental testing and measurement 7.define psychodiagnostic: the study of personality through interpretation of be- havior and non-verbal cues; or labeling a client in a diagnostic category. 8.define psychopharmacology: the study of the effects drugs have on psycholog- ical functions. 9.What is the id?: the basic instinct principle in Freudian theory. It is the 2 / 28 seat of aggression and sexual impulse. It is devoid of logic and time orientation. It is chaotic and bodily focused. 10.What is the ego?: this is the reality principle in Freudian theory. It indicates power of reasoning and control over behavior. It helps keep the impulses of the id in check. 11.What is the superego?: the superego is the moralistic and idealistic principle in the Freudian theory. 12.Which group of theorists believe "if you can't measure it, it doesn't exist"?- : Behaviorists. They focus on O.O.B. The observable, objective behaviors. (My AP psych teacher in HS called it the O.O.B. tampon. gross, but it helped me remember it!) 13.Who is the only psychoanalyst with a developmental theory that covered the entire lifespan?: Erik Erikson's Psychosocial stages covered the entire lifes- pan. Each stage has a crisis or turning point. 14.What theory is A. A. Brill associated with?: Career theory 15.Milton H. Erickson is associated with...: Brief psychotherapy and hypnosis. 16.What field is Jean Piaget associated with?: Cognitive Child Development 17.Who is Jay Haley and what is the nature of his contribution to counsel- ing?: Haley is most famous for his work on strategic and problem- solving therapy, more specifically with his use of the paradox technique. He also studied with Milton Erickson. 18.Arnold Lazarus: He is a known behavioral therapist who worked 5 / 28 coined the term "behaviorism" in 1912. 32.define Reversability.: the notion that one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape. 33.Lev Vygotsky disagreed with Piaget's theory on what point(s)?: He did not think that developmental stages take place naturally, rather the stages unfold due to educational intervention. 34.What theorists are considered to have epigenetic theories?: Kohlberg, Erik- son, and Maslow. 35.Who is the leading theorist of Moral Development?: Lawrence Kohlberg 36.A 6 year old child in Preoperational thought said, "the rain is following me". This is an example of what characteristic?: Egocentrism: a child cannot view the world from the vantage point of another person. 37.Name Kohlberg's stages of moral development.: Preconventional, Conven- tional, and Post-Conventional 38.The Post-Conventional stage is also called the....: Personal Integrity, or Morality of Self-Accepted Principles level 39.What is the Heinz Story designed to help assess?: It is part of Kohlberg's morality development model and it is designed to help assess the level of morality a person has achieved by their reactions and reasonings based on the Heinz scenario. 40.Who is the father of Analytic Psychology?: Carl Jung 41.Who is the father of Psychoanalysis?: Sigmund Freud 42.What is biofeedback?: Biofeedback is a technique utilized to help individuals learn to control bodily processes more effectively. The most ground-breaking work in this area occurred at the Menninger Clinic in 6 / 28 Kansas, even though it is a traditional psychoanalytic foothold. 43. From who's work do we get the term "identity crisis"?: Erik Erikson, because his psychosocial stages involve a crisis in order to proceed to the next stage. 44. RS factors: RS stands for Religious and Spiritual. RS factors are often examined by counselors who are attempting to integrate the practice of "positive psychology" into their work. 45.What is Positive Psychology?: a term coined by Abraham Maslow (humanistic perspective) and popularized by Martin Segliman, refers to the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, ability to love, and happiness. 46.What concept is Martin Segliman known for?: The concept of Learned Help- lessness- in the cases of abuse or maltreatment, humans and animals can be trained to think "there is no way out" even if one is clearly present. 47.What branch of psychology is Alfred Adler known for?: he is the founder of Individual Psychology, and stresses the inferiority complex. 48.What are the charateristics of Kohlberg's Preconventional stage of moral development?: child responds to consequences. Reward and punishment influ- ence behavior. 49.What are the charateristics of Kohlberg's Conventional stage?: individual wants to meet the standards of family, society, and the nation. 50.What are the characteristics of Kohlberg's Postconventional stage?: (also known as self-accepted stage) individual is concerned with 7 / 28 universal, ethical princi- ples of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights, where the common good is a key issue. (He did not believe that most people reached this level) 51.Approximately how many middle class urban males did Kohlberg think would reach the Postconventional level?: under 40%. 52.What are some examples of people believed to have reached the Postcon- ventional stage of moral development?: Ghandi, Socrates, Martin Luther King, Jr. 53.What is the first stage of Erikson's Psychosocial stages?: Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year) 54.Harry Stack Sullivan: postulated the stages of infancy, childhood, juvenile, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence. 55.what is Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations?: similar to Erikson, biological determination is seen as less important than interpersonal issues and the soci-cul- tural demands of society 56.A person who has mastered Erikson's first 7 stages would then enter into which stage?: Integrity vs. Despair (60-death) Integrity implies the individual is mostly satisfied with life and feels it has been worthwhile. 57.What is a Periodic Fugue State?: an individual experiencing amnesia leaves home, often with the intention of changing jobs and identities. (I have no idea why we would ever need to know this, unless we decided to quit counseling, move to Hollywood, and become screen writers...) 58.Counter-Conditioning: A behavioristic technique in which the goal is to weaken or eliinate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response. (systematic desensitization by Arnold Lazarus is a 10 / 28 more health-related issues, and developed anaclitic depression. 72.Anaclitic Depression: term coined by Rene Spitz denoting infants that are raising in an isolating environment have trouble forming close relationships in life. 73.Arnold Gesnell: maturationist; pioneer in using 1 way mirrors for observing children. He believed that development was determined by genetics, therefore a child must be ready in order to accept a certain level of education. 74.What are Freud's Stages considered?: Psychosexual (oral, anal, phallic, la- tency, and genital) 75.What are Erik Erikson's Stages considered?: Psychosocial (Birth-18 months: Trust vs. Mistrust, 18 months-3 years: Autonomy vs. Shame, 3- 5: Initiative vs. Guilt, 6-12: Industry vs. Inferiority, 12-18: Identity vs. Role Confusion, 18-35: Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation, 35-55/65: Generativity vs. Self-absorption or Stagnation, 55/65-Death: Integrity vs. Despair 76.What is emphasized in Freudian Theory?: Instincts 77.What is emphasized with Ego psychologist (like Erik Erikson)?: man's powers of reasoning to control behavior 78.Who created a developmental theory that encompasses the entire life span?: Erik Erikson 79.What does Freud also call the pleasure principle and houses the animalis- tic instincts?: The id 80.What is also known as the reality principle?: The Ego 81.What concept does William Perry stress?: Dualistic Thinking 11 / 28 82.What is Dualistic Thinking?: common in teens things are conceptualized as good or bad, right or wrong. Very black or white. 83.What is relativistic thinking?: Happens in adulthood where an individual now has the ability to understand not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist for a specific situation. There is more then one way to view the world. 84.What does Robert Kegan stress?: A model on Interpersonal Development 85.What is Interpersonal Development?: A "Constructive Model of Development" meaning individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan. 86.List Jean Piaget's stages in order.: Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, and formal operations. 87.What does conservation mean in Piaget's theory?: the notion that a sub- stance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape. 88.According to Piaget when does a child master conservation?: During Con- crete Operations Stage (7-11 years old). This occurs during the time they are able to count mentally as well. 89.Who is the leading theorist in Moral Development?: Lawrence Kohlberg 90.Who expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of Moral Development?: - Lawrence Kohlberg 91.According to Lev Vygotsky why do stages unfold?: Due to educational intervention 92.Define Epigenetic.: Each developmental stage emerges from the one 12 / 28 before it. 93.Who is the father of American Behaviorism?: John B. Watson (he coined Behaviorism in 1912). 94.Define the concept of reversibility and when does it occur according to Piaget?: Occurs in the 3rd Stage, Concrete Operations. Says one can undo an action, hence an object can return to it's initial shape. 95.How are kids generally in Piaget's Preoperational Thought Stage?: Egocen- tric (the rain is following me). The child can not view the world from the vantage point of someone else. 96.How many levels of moral development does Kohlberg's Theory have and name them?: Three Levels. Preconventional, Convential, and Postconventional. (Each level is then broken down into two stages). 97.What does the Heinz Story do for Kohlberg?: It is a way to assess the level and stage of moral development one is at. 98.Where does the term "Identity Crisis" come from?: Erik Erikcon 99.What is Alfred Adler the founder of?: Individual Psychology, which stresses the inferiority complex. 100. Describe each of Kohlberg's Level of Morality.: Preconvential- child re- sponds to consequences, reward and punishment play a big role here. Conventional- individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and even the nation. Postconvential- hard to reach. Individual is concerned with universal, ethical princi- ples of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights. A key issue is the common good of society. 101. What is Harry Stack Sullivan's Theory?: Psychiatry of 15 / 28 permanence" is emphasized. 122. What does Ethology refer to and whose work is it associated with?: It means the study of animals behavior in their natural environment. It's associated with Konrad Lorenz. 123. Define centration and what stage of Piaget's does it occur in?: Occurs in the preoperational stage. Characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object without noticing the rest of it. 124. Who is the Father of Reality Theory?: William Glasser 125. During what Piaget Stage do children acquire a symbolic schema?: Pre- operational Stage (2-7 years old). 126. Define Negative Reinforcement.: When the removal of a stimulus increases the probability that an antecedent behavior will occur. 127. Define Positive Reinforcement.: The addition of a stimulus strengthens or increases a behavior. 128. What does BASIC-ID stand for and who thought up this acronym?: Behav- ior Affective Responses Sensations Imagery Cognitions Interpersonal Relationships Drugs By behaviorist Arnold Lazarus 129. Define Animism as it pertains to Piaget's developmental stages in chil- dren.: Occurs when a child acts as if nonliving objects have lifelike 16 / 28 abilities or tendencies. It occurs in the Preoperational Period (2-7 years old). A rock or car can talk to them. 130. Who is the Father of Analytic Psychology?: C.G. Jung 131. Define Ego Identity as associated with Erik Erikson.: Associated with is fifth stage, identity vs. role confusion. When an adolescent is able to integrate all his or her previous roles into a single self-concept this is achieved. 132. Which theorist was most concerned with Maternal deprivation?: Harry Harlow (worked with the monkeys) 133. Who developed REBT?: Albert Ellis (teacher clients to think in a more scien- tific and logical manner) 134. Who pioneered the technique of systematic desensitization?: Joseph Wolpe (a behavioristic technique used to ameliorate phobic reactions) 135. Where did Freud believe morality developed from?: The Superego. (com- posed of the shoulds, oughts, and musts aka The Parent Ego) 136. Who is the Father of Guidance?: Frank Parsons 137. Define imprinting as believed by Konrad Lorenz.: An instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. 138. Define Equilibration.: The balance between assimilation and accommoda- tion. (Piaget) 139. As defined by Robert Kegan, what does a "holding environment" mean?- : A place where the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and 17 / 28 can find new direction. 140. Name Robert Kegan's 6 Stages of Life Span Development.: Incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual. 141. Name 6 things Culture Refers to.: Customs, Values, Attitudes, belief, art, and language. 142. What two theorists believe in the "Innate aggression theory?": Freud and Lorenz ("Instinct Theorist") 143. Who wrote Seasons of a Man's Life and Season's of a Women's Life?: - Daniel Levinson 144. Why was Carol Gilligan critical of Kohlberg's Theory?: She felt it was more applicable to males then females. 145. Define Prognosis: What a counselor means when they speak of the probable outcome in a case. It refers to the probability that one can recover from a condition. 146. Who is the frustration-aggression theory associated with?: John Dollard and Neal Miller (believe frustration leads to aggression). 147. What theory did Festinger come up with?: Cognitive Dissonance Theory (a popular balance theory in social psychology) 148. Define Mores (Social and Cultural Foundations Chapter).: Beliefs regard- ing the rightness or wrongness of behavior. 149. Explain the difference between Mores and Folkways.: If you break a Mos (mores is plural form) then you are causing harm to others or threatening the existence of the group (robbing a bank). If you break a 20 / 28 after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message. The communication may have more impact after some times has passed. 169. What two authors helped to introduce social psychology in America?: - McDougall and Ross. 170. Who coined the term Group Therapy?: Jacob Moreno. 171. What noted psychologist is associated with obedience and authority?: - Stanley Milgram (disturbing shock therapy example in book). 172. Define Dysthymia as in the DSM.: A longstanding depressed mood (1 year for children/adolescents and 2 years for adults). AKA neurotic depression or depressive neurosis. 173. Name the three basic categories of conflict.: 1.- Approach- Approach Con- flict (easiest to help client work through and least anxiety involved) 2.- Approach-Avoidance Conflict (presents a positive factor with a negative factor) 3.- Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict (two negative alternatives) 174. What did the "Robbers' Cave Experiment" conclude?: That the most effec- tive way to reduce hostility between groups is to give them an alternative goal that requires a joint effort by both groups together. 175. Define acculturation.: Integrating one's own cultural beliefs and behaviors with the dominant culture. 176. What is converion/reparative therapy intended to do?: Convert 21 / 28 homosex- uals to heterosexuals. 177. What did Alfred Adler create? Father of what?: Individual Psychology. 178. What did Carl Jung create? Father of what?: Analytic Psychology. 179. Name Eric Berne's (Father of Transactional Analysis) 3 Ego States of Transactional Analysis (TA).: The Child, the Adult, the Parent. 180. In TA what is the conscience, or ego, state concerned with moral behav- ior? What is it in Freudian Theory?: Parent in TA Superego in Freudian Theory 181. Define Transference.: When the client displaces emotion felt toward a signifi- cant other onto the analyst, counselor, or therapist. 182. What is the Ego refered to as by Freudians?: The executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle. The mediator. 183. In Freudian Theory a client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by who?: Thanatos. 184. What means love of the life in Freudian Theory?: Eros. 185. Define Free Association.: Instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind. 186. Dreams have what two forms of content?: Manifest and latent. Manifest is the surface content. Latent is hidden meaning. 187. Describe the little Albert experiment, who did it, and what it showed.: Little Albert was conditioned to have a fear of furry animals. John Watson did this and it proved a behavioristic concept that fears are 22 / 28 learned. 188. What type of counseling uses less sessions, no couch, and more face-to-face time then classical psychoanalysis?: Psychodynamic Counseling 189. T or F: Rogerians do not emphasize diagnosis or giving advice.: True 190. What 3 things does Freud's Structural Theory of the personality consist of?: Id, ego, and the superego. 191. What is the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS)?: A concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe's systematic desensitization (a rating system 0-100 to rate the most threatening situation). 192. What is the conscious mind aware of?: The immediate environment. 193. What is the preconscious mind capable of?: Bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty. It can access information from the conscious and unconscious mind. 194. What is the unconscious mind composed of?: Material which is normally unknown or hidden from the client. 195. Define Reaction Formation.: When a person can't accept a given impulse and thus behaves in the opposite manner. when the person acts the opposite of the way he or she actually feels. (porn example in book). 196. Define Sublimation.: When a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way. For example.: an aggressive 25 / 28 (reflexes). 216. What is Skinner's conditioning referred to as?: Instrumental/operant. 217. A professional counselor determines fees for monthly consultation ser- vices on a job-by-job basis. This is an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules?: Variable Ratio 218. When persons who are characteristically shy and withdrawn partici- pate in "assertiveness training," initially they experience uncertainty and self-doubt. Counselors refer to this social psychological concept as:: cognitive dissonance 219. Which type of group is more product than process oriented?: Behavioral 220. A counselor who structures a career counseling group to help group members understand a "fields and levels" approach to careers is following the theory of:: Roe 221. The concept of "career maturity" has been described and researched most extensively by:: Crites 222. What is the most effective time interval between the CS and US?: .5 or 1/2 of a second. 223. When does Stimulus Generalization, also called "second order condition- ing," occur?: When a stimulus similar to the CS produces the same reaction. 224. T or F.: Behavior Modification is more Skinnerian?: True 225. T of F.: Behavior Therapy is more Pavlovian?: True. 226. A counselor who says they practice depth psychology technically 26 / 28 bases their treatment on what hypothesis?: Freud's topographic hypothesis. 227. What is a paradigm?: A model. 228. What is Concreteness also known as and what is the counselors reason for using this?: Specificity. In an attempt to eliminate vague language. 229. What does biofeedback provide the client and helper with?: Biological Information. These devices teach clients to relax or to control autonomic nervous system func- tions such as blood pressure, pulse rate, or hand temperature. 230. Any behavior that is not elicited by an obvious stimulus is what?: An operant. 231. What does an EEG do?: Secure feedback related to brain wave rhythms. 232. What is the most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish?: The Vari- able Ratio. 233. What is a back-up reinforcer?: An item or an activity which can be purchased using tokens. 234. Logotherapy means healing through what?: Meaning. 235. What is logotherapy based off of?: Existentialism. 236. Define Existentialism.: A humanistic form of helping in which the counselor helps the client discover meaning in their life by doing a deed (an accomplishment), experiencing a value (love), or suffering. Stresses growth and self-actualization. 27 / 28 237. What three worlds do Existentialists speak of?: Umwelt- Phyiscal Mitwelt- Relationship Eigenwelt- Identity 238. Define Phenomenology?: The client's internal personal experience of events. (existential). 239. Define Ontology?: The philosophy of being and existing. (existential). 240. What is William Glasser the Father of?: Reality Therapy. 241. What does choice theory assert?: The only behavior we can control is our own. 242. Does Glasser and Reality therapist agree with mental illness labels?: No, they believe it gives clients permission to act sick or irresponsible. 243. Who is the Father of REBT and what is it?: Albert Ellis. It assumes that the client's emotional disturbance is the result of irrational thoughts and ideas and that the cure is a high dose of rational thinking. 244. What is the ABC theory of personality as suggested by REBT?: A- Activat- ing event B- Belief system C- Emotional consequence 245. Who is the Father of RBT?: Maxie C. Maultsby. RBT is similar to REBT but emphasizes a written self-analysis. 246. TA therapists are most likely to incorporate what other type of therapy into the treatment process?: Gestalt Therapy.