Career Counseling: Questions and Answers on Career Development Theories and Concepts, Exams of Career Counseling

Download Career Counseling: Questions and Answers on Career Development Theories and Concepts and more Exams Career Counseling in PDF only on Docsity! NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers Merrill - correct answer developed curriculum that combined academic with technical and vocational instruction Parsons - correct answer "Father of vocational guidance"; Credited with starting the "guidance movement" His landmark work was "Choosing A Vocation"; He also wrote "History of Vocational Guidance" created Trait and Factor approach; emphasized: -gain of self-understanding understand the world of work (requirements, compensation opportunities) -true reasoning (ability to combine an understanding of self with knowledge about the world to make a career decisions.) Williamson - correct answer -founded the Minnesota Viewpoint -designed a directive counseling approach where counselors share their widsom Super - correct answer Lifespan life-space career theory -life stages and developmental career tasks NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers -life roles have an impact on career choice -emphasizes self-concept (MEMORY DEVICE: self-concept and Super both begin with "s") Crites - correct answer developed the career maturity inventory Holland - correct answer Vocational choice based on personality and work environment types which matches person to environment 6 personality types RIASEC Krumboltz - correct answer developed the social learning theory of career counseling Career decision making is a lifelong process Harris-Bowlsbey - correct answer developed computerized vocational systems NBCC - correct answer National Board of Certified Counselors NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers role overload - correct answer expectations exceed the individual's time and energy and ability to perform the role adequately role conflict - correct answer how demands of the roles conflict with each other, especially with incompatible roles (work and family) role spillover - correct answer carryover of one's role demands into another role career salience - correct answer significance an individual places in the role of career in relationship to other life roles three factors of career salience - correct answer 1-participation-spending time and energy in a work role 2-commitment-an emotional attachment to work role 3-value expectation-the satisfaction gained from the vocational decisions and actions one makes throughout the course of ones lifespan NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers work values - correct answer needs that a work environment must reinforce to ensure satisfaction intrinsic-rewards received from work satisfaction extrinsic-rewards for completing the work (salary) expressed career interests - correct answer verbal: I want to be a counselor manifested career interests - correct answer activities in which people engage (a musician may want to play the piano) tested career interests - correct answer individual's knowledge of a specific topic and measured by objective tests (Individual who wants to be a counselor must pass an exam) Trait & Type Theories Premise Founder Assumptions - correct answer AKA-profile matching NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers Premise: take an individual's traits and matches them with an occupation with similar characteristics Founders: Parsons and Williamson -Classified as a "structural" theory -Is grounded in differential psychology (the study of individual differences) 3 Assumptions: 1-everyone has a unique set of traits 2-every occupation requires that a person have a set of traits to be successful 3-choice of an occupation requires matching traits of a person with the occupation Work Adjustment Theory Premise Founder - correct answer Founder: Dawis and Lofquist Premise: describe the relationship between individuals and their work environment; also looks as core assumptions Holland's Theory Types - correct answer Career choice and satisfaction are a product of personality characteristics NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers 17-20s Realistic Stage Fantasy Stage - correct answer Ginzberg's Career Developmental Theory 0-11 years old careers influenced by play and imagination Tentative Stage - correct answer Ginzberg's Career Developmental Theory 11-17 y/o adolescents go thought 4 sub-stages influencing career decisions: interests-likes and dislikes capacity-assess capabilities related to careers value-personal goals incorporated with decision making process transition Realistic Stage - correct answer Ginzberg's Career Developmental Theory 17-20 years old exploration-narrow down career choices crystallization-commit to a specific career NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers specification-selection of jobs or education and training Lifespan, Life-Space Career Theory founder - correct answer Super Self-Concept-perception of personality, abilities, perferences -life roles-life/career rainbow, roles indivdual play throughout the lifetime (child, student, leisure, citizen, worker, homemaker) -role salience-importance assigned to life roles -career matuirty-indivudals readiness to make good career choices -recycling-Super believed we can go through stages again indicators of salience - correct answer participation-being active, improving performance commitment-desire to be involved values expectations-sense of achievement, economic reward Super's Life Stages - correct answer 0-14-growth NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers 15-24 exploration 25-45 establishment 45-65 maintenance 65+ disengagement (MEMORY DEVICE: GEE MD; for the order of the two E's, common sense states exploration would come before establishment) Social Learning Theory founder premise - correct answer Krumboltz learning processes and emphasizes the role of behavior and cognition in career decision making 4 determinants that influence career decision - correct answer by Krumboltz genetic endowment environmental conditions instrumental and associative learning task approach skills NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers Tiedeman & O'Hara - correct answer developed stages a person goes through to integrate with one's career Gottfredson - correct answer Circumscription and compromise Ginzberg - correct answer Occupational choice is a lifelong process Genetic endowment and special abilities - correct answer Krumboltz's Behavioral Theory includes: gender, physical limitations, ethnicity, aptitudes, and intelligence Environmental conditions and events - correct answer Krumboltz's Behavioral Theory social and economic factors such as job and training opportunities, technological change and stage of the market learning experience - correct answer Krumboltz's Behavioral Theory instrumental (educational, formal training) and/or associative (observational) experiences NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers Task approach skills - correct answer Krumboltz's Behavioral Theory work habits, values and preferences, perceptions and understanding, adapting to new circumstances Self-Observational generalizations - correct answer Krumboltz's Behavioral Theory recognizing differences between self and others Worldview generalizations - correct answer Krumboltz's Behavioral Theory imaginatively casting oneself in disparate social, psychological, and physical situations Work Adjustment Theory founder premise - correct answer Dawis & Lofquist a worker goes though in adapting and interacting with their work environment over the worker's entire vocational life spand. Sometimes called the Minnesota Theory, the Theory of Work Adjustment revolves around three main elements: individual, work envorinmnet, correspondence NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers satisfactoriness - correct answer Work Adjustment Theory employer's point of view includes productivity, efficiency, turnover, tenure, absenteeism, disciplinary issues Satisfaction - correct answer Work Adjustment Theory Employee's point of view of overall satisfaction of the job, what they like about the environment, coworkers, work conditions, work hours, earnings, nature of the work Career Anchors founder premise - correct answer Edgar Schein a combination of perceived areas of competence, motives and values related to professional work choices It is a self assessment 8 Career Anchors - correct answer 1-Technical/Functional Competence-skilled, hard worker, likes to be challenged NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers Middle-Decision Making Skills-CASVE Cycle, generic info processing skills Base-Knowledge-self-knowledge, occupational knowledge CASVE Cycle - correct answer Cognitive Information Processing Communication-recognizes the need Analysis-investigates the issues Synthesis-generating alternative options to deal with the issue Valuing-rating those options to find the best fit for all concerned Execution-Forming means-end to layout and achieve the steps to attaining the goals Client Centered Model Founder Premise - correct answer Rogers all clients suffer from the same problem: lack of congruence between the self and experience three variables important to the decision making process are - NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers correct answer 1-risk taking style-determines how a person relates to chance and uncertainty 2-investment-evaluates the money, time and psychological commitment that powers the decision and its perceived outcome 3-personal values-an individual's definition of personal worth expectancy theory - correct answer for any decision, the "motivational force" equals expectancy (perceived personal abilities) multiplied by value (perceived worth of successful outcome) Self-Efficacy Theory - correct answer people are more likely to try things they think they can do; the effort expended depends on how much they think they can do them Decision Theory Founder Premise - correct answer Gelatt NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers a continuous process that occurs in immediate, intermediate and future stages; value systems form a significant part of the process key terms: prediction system, value system, decision system prediction system - correct answer Decision Theory involving choices, possibilities, and outcomes value system - correct answer Decision Theory accurately rating preferences decision system - correct answer Decision Theory method of making choces positive uncertainty - correct answer Decision Theory tentative decisions 4 factors: What you want What you know NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers Tolerable-effect boundary - correct answer Circumscription and Compromise realizing a job is beyond their academic abilities which will lead to failure Social Space - correct answer Circumscription and Compromise the occupational options left after the individual crosses off those they deem below them, not gender acceptable, or too difficult for them to ever achieve DOT - correct answer Dictionary of Occupational Titles -first 3 digits describe an occupational category -next 3 digits describe tasks along a data-people-things (Data, peOple, Things: DOT) -Last 3 digits alphabetize the order of titles within the 6- digit code group -published by the US Department of Labor -Most comprehensive source and more used than any other printed resource in the field -Replaced by the Occupational Information Network O*NET NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers Roe - correct answer -sometimes called the "person- environment" theory -Based on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Psychoanalysis -focuses on the ways early home life and parental relationship contribute to career choice -was the first theorist to categorize occupations into two groups: person oriented and non-person oriented Classified occupations into 8 groups -needs which are satisfied do not become unconscious motivators -higher order needs will disappear even if they are rarely satisfied, but lower order needs (safety) will be the major concern -needs which are satisfied after a long delay will become unconscious motivators According to Barbara Okun's developmental model, what are the three life cycles? - correct answer individuality, family, career Achievement Tests - correct answer measure present levels of developed abilities NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers In Holland's hexagon, adjacent sections have ____ correlation and diagonal sections have ____ correlation - correct answer high, low Aptitude Tests - correct answer measure proficiency or specific skills OOH - correct answer Occupational Outlook Handbook -published by BLS (Bureau of Labor Statistics) of the US Department of Labor -first used to aid war veterans -still used by 90% of high schools because it is easy to understand -revised every two years -tells about factors of the job, necessary training, earnings, potential growth, and advancement opportunities -is the most popular source used y career counselors Cormier and Hackney's stages of counseling - correct answer building a relationship assessing reason for counseling NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers Motivation and Management Expectancy Theory - correct answer -Founded by Victor Vroom An employee's performance is influenced by: -valence-will the work provide rewards such as money, promotion, or satisfaction? -expectancy-what does the person feel he is capable of doing? -instrumentality-will the manager actually give the employee the promised rewards such as a raise? Compared to a single-worker family's income, a dual- worker family's income is _____. (Higher, lower, comparable) - correct answer Higher ___% of all marriages are dual-earner marriages. - correct answer 54% ___% of all married couples with kids are dual-earners. - correct answer 60% In a dual-career household, when does the woman typically have children? - correct answer She typically is secure in her career before she has children. NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers In a traditional family, when does the woman typically have children? - correct answer She generally has children before entering the workforce. What is the difference between career counseling and vocational guidance? - correct answer Guidance-developmental and education processes within a school system Career counseling-a therapeutic service for adults performed outside an educational setting Statistics reveal that on average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $_______ a year more than a worker with a high school diploma. - correct answer $10,000 The average salary of a worker with a bachelor's degree is: - correct answer $51,000 The average salary of a worker with a high school diploma is: - correct answer $28,000 NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers Which ethnic backgrounds have the highest rates of obtaining a bachelor's degree? - correct answer Asian Americans Caucasians African Americans Hispanics (rank from highest % to lower %) What does this phrase mean, "changing view of work" - correct answer In the past, work was seen as drudgery, while today it is seen as a vehicle to express our identity, self-esteem, and status. According to Kaplan's study on lottery winners, - correct answer those who quit their jobs felt dissatisfied avocation - correct answer a leisure activity that one engages in for pleasure rather than money Research shows that in most cases, dual-career households spend ______ time with their children than households with a single wage earner. (more, less, or the same) - correct answer The same NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers (MEMORY DEVICE: Paul can eat many salads.) Minnesota Occupational Rating Scale - correct answer helps to match individuals to their most desirable career (MEMORY DEVICE: Minnesota and matching both begin with "m") What are Roe's 8 occupational fields? - correct answer 1-service 2-business contact 3-organizations 4-technology 5-outdoor 6-science 7-general culture 8-arts/entertainment (MEMORY DEVICE: Should Brian order toast or some generic apples?) What are Roe's 6 levels of occupational skills? - correct answer 1-professional and managerial (1) NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers 2-professional and managerial (2) 3-semiprofessional/small business 4-skilled 5-semi-skilled 6-unskilled (Yes, number 1 and 2 are different levels of professional/managerial jobs) According to Roe, how does parenting style effect career choice? - correct answer It effects the personality which gravitates towards or away from people depending on the parenting style Roe's theory relies on Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the sense that - correct answer lower order needs take precedence over higher order needs Some support for Roe's theory comes from what tests? - correct answer Rorschach and TAT (remember, Roe's theory was based in psychoanalysis) (MEMORY DEVICE: Roe and Rorschach both begin with "r") NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers Roe believed that career choice is influenced by what factors? - correct answer genetics, parent-child interaction, unconscious motivators, career needs, interests, education, and intelligence List the following terms from most specific to lease specific: career, job, occupation - correct answer job, occupation, career (MEMORY DEVICE: JOE) Bordin - correct answer Career choices could be used to solve unconscious conflicts Sublimation - correct answer An individual expresses an unacceptable need in a socially acceptable way. (When someone who used to cut them self becomes a butcher or surgeon) Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects the work of which theorist? - correct answer John Holland NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers All decision making theories agree that the individual has the power to - correct answer choose from the various career options Mitchell, Jones, and Krumboltz all utilized the work of _______ to explain career choice. - correct answer Bandura vicarious learning - correct answer learning which takes place by watching others Occupational indecisiveness is an indication of what? - correct answer an information deficit rather than a lack of career maturity What is realistic job preview? - correct answer the student (usually in college) would contact a worker in the field and then interview the worker. Human Capital Theory - correct answer indivudals secure training and education to get the best possible income NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers Accident Theory - correct answer chance factors influence one's career (a student who really enjoyed their history teacher then becomes a history teacher) Status Attainment Theory - correct answer the child will eventually secure a job commensurate (in proportion) with his or her family status Job Club - correct answer -a behavioristic strategy -developed by Nathan Azrin to help returning Vietnam Vets -It operates like a behaviorist group in which members share job leads and discuss or role-play specific behaviors necessary for job acquisition -the club helps members learn from each other The leading method adults use to find available jobs in the USA is - correct answer via newspaper (only 5.5% of jobs are found online) NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers Job Netting - correct answer -Finding a job through the internet -typically used by younger, lower paid workers O*NET - correct answer -Occupational Information Network -replaced the DOT -lists far fewer occupations than the DOT did What are the first digit categories of the DOT? - correct answer 0/1-Professional, technical, and Managerial Careers 2-Clerical and Sales 3-Service Careers 4-Agricultural, Fishery, Forestry, and Related Careers 5-Processing Careers 6-Machine Trade Careers 7-Bench Work Careers 8-Structural Work Careers 9-Miscellaneous (MEMORY DEVICE: Polly claims some artistic people memorize bouncy, saucy movements.) NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers (ie-a librarian may go out after work and get wild, crazy, and loud) Spillover - correct answer the individuals' work spills over into his time off the job recency effect - correct answer occurs when a rater's judgment of an employee reflects primarily his most recent performance leniency/strictness bias - correct answer when a rater tends to give employees very high/lenient or very low/strict ratings while avoiding the middle/average range Central Tendency Bias - correct answer when a rater rate almost everybody in the average range In 1952, the National Vocational Guidance Association fused with other organizations to become what? - correct answer APGA; in 1983, APGA changed its name to AACD (American Association for Counseling and Development" who then changed its name in 1992 to ACA NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers Lifestyle - correct answer broad term to describe the overall balance of work, leisure, family, and social activities Strong Vocational Interest Blank - correct answer -developed by Strong -originally created for men (a woman's version was made later) -test indicated how an examinee's likes and dislikes were similar to the likes and dislikes of workers in various occupations SII - correct answer measures interests (NOT abilities) SDS - correct answer Self Directed Search -developed by Holland -designed to help those who did not have access (or $$) for professional career counseling -NOT suitable for non-educated, illiterate persons or those who have difficulty making decisions -Form E is available for those with limited reading skills or those who lack a HS diploma; requires a 4th grade reading level NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers Sedentary - correct answer maximum lifting required is 10 pounds Light Work - correct answer Maximum lifting requirement is up to 20 pounds Medium Work - correct answer Maximum lifting required is up to 50 pounds Heavy Work - correct answer Maximum lifting required is up to 100 pounds Very heavy work - correct answer Maximum lifts exceed 100 pounds "hidden job market" implies - correct answer most jobs are not advertised (over 75% of jobs are not advertised) NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers -usually requires additional training -precipitation factors: divorce, baby, disabled child, empty nest syndrome, and most commonly: job dissatisfaction How does music effect productivity of workers? - correct answer It doesn't. Workers get used to it (called habituation or adaptation) and tune it out. Hoppock - correct answer Theorists who believes to make an accurate career decision you must know you personal needs and then find an occupation that meets a high percentage of the needs. As your personal needs change, you might need to secure a different occupation. According to Crites, what are the three possible reasons for indecision? - correct answer 1-The uninterested individual who is uncertain about a choice because of a lack of an appropriate interest plan 2-The multi-potential individual who is unable to designate one goal from among many choices 3-The undecided individual who cannot make a choice from among the available alternatives. NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers Factors that tend to have a positive correlation with stressful retirement include: - correct answer health and financial status What theoretical constructs are brought together by Super's life span, life space approach to career development? - correct answer Role theory and life stages Double Track Career Pattern - correct answer Term from Super -ongoing combination of career and homemaking roles Stable Homemaking Pattern - correct answer Term from Super -women who married early into full time homemaking Conventional Career Pattern - correct answer Term from Super -work until marriage and then homemaking Stable Working Pattern - correct answer Term from Super -work in the paid workforce for life NCE: Career Counseling Questions And Answers Interrupted Career Pattern - correct answer Term from Super -A return to work, usually followed by children leaving home Unstable Career Pattern - correct answer Term from Super -movement in and out of the workforce Multiple Trial Career Pattern - correct answer Term from Super -multiple change worklife