NCE Exam Study Guide, Exams of Career Counseling

Download NCE Exam Study Guide and more Exams Career Counseling in PDF only on Docsity! NCE Exam NCE Complete Study Guide Exam Questions Containing 627 terms with Certified Solutions 2024 Higher-order conditioning - Answer: when a new stimulus is paired with the CS (controlled stimulus or learned stimulus) and the new stimulus takes on the power of the CS In counseling, what is a paradigm? - Answer: A model Who developed reality therapy? - Answer: William Glasser NCE Exam What is the "law of effect" and who developed it? - Answer: Edward Thorndike, it asserts that responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated, and those that produce unpleasantness will be stamped out. Who developed the BASIC-ID? - Answer: Arnold Lazarus Describe the concept of the BASIC-ID - Answer: B=behavior including acts, habits, reactions; A=affective responses, such as emotions, feelings, and moods; S=sensations (hearing, touch, ect); I= images/the way we perceive ourselves, including memories and dreams; C= cognitions, such as thoughts; I= interpersonal relationship; D= drugs including alcohol, legal, illegal Classical conditioning relates to the work of - Answer: Ivan Pavlov What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)? - Answer: An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating when food is presented Skinner's operant conditioning is also referred to as - Answer: Instrumental learning Respondent behavior refers to - Answer: reflexes The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the controlled stimulus (CS) and the uncontrolled stimulus (US) is - Answer: .5 or half a second NCE Exam What is behavioral rehearsal? - Answer: using role-playing combined with a hierarch of situations where the client is usually nonassertive What is fixed role therapy and who created it? - Answer: George A. Kelly, the client is given a sketch of a person or a fixed role, they are instructed to read the script at least 3x a day and to act, think, and verbalize like the person in the script AKA the psychology of personal constructs Sensate focus is... - Answer: Behavioral sex therapy Who developed sensate focus? - Answer: William H. Masters and Virginia Johnson What is one distinction between flooding (deliberate exposure with response prevention) and implosive therapy? - Answer: Implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination What does logotherapy mean and what is it based on? - Answer: healing through meaning, existentialism Who invented Logotherapy? - Answer: Viktor Frankl Which philosophers are existentialists? - Answer: Satre, Buber, Binswanger, Boss, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Tillich, Heidegger, Dostoevsky, Jaspers NCE Exam Existentialists speak of what three words? - Answer: Umwelt (physical), Mitwelt (relationship) Eigenwelt (identity) Glasser felt the responsible person will have a _______ identity. - Answer: success The philosopher most closely related to REBT is - Answer: Epictetus Maxie C. Maultsby Jr. is the father of...? - Answer: rational-behavior therapy (RBT) The cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept of stress inoculation treatment is - Answer: Donald Meichenbaum What are the three phases of self-instructional training? - Answer: 1) educational phase 2) rehearsal phase 3) application phase Who developed self-instructional training? - Answer: Donald Meichenbaum Who created TA (transactional analysis)? - Answer: Eric Berne TA therapists are most likely to incorporate what other type of therapy into the treatment process? - Answer: gestalt therapy TA therapists speak of what two functions n the parent ego state? - Answer: Nurturing parent and Critical parent NCE Exam The Child ego state is like the child within. The child may manifest itself as - Answer: the Natural child, the Adapted child, the little Professor TA (transactional analysis) is a cognitive model of therapy that asserts that healthy communication transactions... - Answer: occur where vectors of communication run parallel In TA what are crossed transcations? - Answer: occurs when vectors from a message sent and a message received don't run parallel (Ex: I send a message from my adult to your Adult and you respond from your Adult to my child). These result in a deadlock of communication or hurt feelings. In TA, unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called - Answer: Rackets According to Eric Berne a life script is - Answer: a life drama or plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work ok - Answer: Carkhuff and Gazda NLP is an abbreviation of - Answer: Bandler and Grinder's neurolinguistic programming NCE Exam Skinner (Behavior Modification) view of clients - Answer: Humans are like other animals: mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bad; no self-determination or freedom Bandura (neobehavioristic) view of clients: - Answer: person produces and is a product of conditioning. Observation and modeling are extremely important Frankl (logotherapy) view of clients - Answer: Existential view is that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice Williamson (trait-factor) view of clients: - Answer: Through education and scientific data, man can become himself. Humans are born with potential for good or evil. Others are needed to help unleash positive potential. Man is mainly rational, not intuitive. Rogers felt that _______ for client change to occur. - Answer: three conditions are needed Counselors who work as consultants - Answer: generally do not adhere to one single theory. Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy - Answer: basic, subtractive, and additive NCE Exam What is subtractive empathy? - Answer: the counselor's behavior does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communicated What 2 people created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy? - Answer: Charles Truax and Robert Carkhuff The human relations core for effective counseling includes - Answer: empathy, positive regard, and genuineness The term 'group therpay' was coined in 1931 by - Answer: Jacob moreno, the father of psychodrama Raymond Corsini once referred to the early 1940s as the modern era of group work. During that time, 2 organizations for group therapy were created and group work became legitimate. The groups are - Answer: ASGPP (American Society for Group Psychotherapy & Psychodrama) & AGPA (American Group Psychotherapy Association) Who's work led to the creation of the AGPA (American Group Psychotherapy Association) - Answer: Samuel Richard Slavson in 1943 What does AAS stand for? - Answer: American Association of Suicidology Which theorist's work has been classified as a preface to the group movement? - Answer: Alfred Adler & Jesse B. Davis NCE Exam Primary groups are - Answer: preventive and attempt to ward off problems. What is the difference between group therapy and group counseling? - Answer: group counselng is longer What is a guidance group (AKA psychoeducational group)? - Answer: originated in the public school system and do not deal with remediation of severe psychological pathology and are preventative and provide instruction about a potential problem, they are time limited and will sometimes use videos and guest speakers One disadvantage of group work is that a counselor can be too focused on group processes and - Answer: individual issues are not properly examined According to the risky shift phenomenon, a group decision will - Answer: be less conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion In the 1930s researchers identified what 3 basic leadership styles? - Answer: autocratic, democratic, and laissez faire Why do some theorists object to the word 'unstructured' in group work? - Answer: a group cannot have structure NCE Exam What is the self-concept and developmental stage theory and who developed it? - Answer: Donald Super, AKA life span model. Self-concept and career/vocational maturity, influences one's career throughout the life span. His rainbow helps clients conceptualize their riles as a child, student, leisurite, citizen, worker, spouse, homemaker, parent, and pensioner. What is early childhood needs-theory approach and who developed it? - Answer: Anne Roe, Vocational choice s related to personality development at a young age. Is the client person-oriented (teacher) or nonperson-oriented (computer programmer)? Influenced by Freud (importance of parent-child relationship) and Maslow. The Vocational Interest Inventory (VII) and the Career Occupational Preference System make use of Roe's fields and levels taxonomy What is the learning theory of career counseling (LTCC) and who developed it? - Answer: John Krumboltz, initially dubbed as a social learning theory. Four factors can be used to simplify the career development process: 1) genetic endowment & unique abilities 2) environmental conditions and life events 3) learning experiences (Pavlovian, social learning theory, or Skinnerian) 4) task approach skills (problem solving and emotional patterns). What is the Ginzberg group known for? - Answer: It's the first developmental group to career choice, created by an economist, psychiatrist, sociologist, and psychologist. The developmental stages are 11 and under (fantasy); early adolescence ages 11-17 (tentative) and age 17 into early adulthood (realistic). Original hypothesis was that career choice was irreversible was later dropped. NCE Exam What is career construction postmodern theory and who developed it? - Answer: Mark Savickas, heavily rooted in narrative therapy in which the client's life is viewed as a story he or she has constructed, intervention focuses on recurring theme to re-author the story. Social cognitive counseling theory (SCCT) focuses on... - Answer: how one's belief system impacts career choice What is the theory of cicumscription and who created it? - Answer: Linda Gottfredson, Phase 1: rule out certain jobs not acceptable for gender stereotypes & social class) & compromise. Phase 2: change mind, major, if career path is not truly realistic. This approach takes childhood into account. Social space refers to the zone of territory of jobs where one fits into society. What is the eight career anchors theory and who created it? - Answer: Edgar H. Schein, career anchors manifest about 5 or 10 years after a person begins work and guide future career choices. Career anchors are based on the self-concept, abilities, and what the person is good at. Originally, Schein identified 5 anchors, but now 8 are used: 1) autonomy/independence, 2) security/stability, 3) technical/functional competence, 4) general managerial competence, 5) entrepreneurial creativity, 6) service/dedication to a cause, 7) pure challenge, 8) lifestyle NCE Exam The trait and factor career counseling or matching approach is associated with who? - Answer: Parsons and Williamson Frank Parsons has been called.... and what book did her write? - Answer: the father of vocational guidance; Choosing a Vocation Edmund Griffith Williamson's work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the - Answer: Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing - Answer: fields and levels Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child - Answer: will develop a personality that gravitates toward people or away from people Some support for Roe's theory comes from - Answer: the Rorschach and the TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) In terms of genetics, Roe's theory would assert that - Answer: genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice. NCE Exam Super's life-span theory includes - Answer: the life career rainbow Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of - Answer: John Crites The decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was propsed by - Answer: David Tiedman and Robert O'Hara The model Krumboltz suggested is - Answer: a behavioristic model of career development The Gelatt model asserts that information can be organized into what 3 systems? - Answer: predictive, value, decision Who created that Gelatt Decision Model and what does it refer to? - Answer: Harry B. Gelatt, refers to information as the fuel of the decision In the Gelatt Model, the predictive system deals with - Answer: alternatives and the probability of outcomes In the Dictionary of Occupational Titles each job was given a (blank) digit code - Answer: nine NCE Exam A counselor who is interested in trends in the job market should consult the - Answer: OOH (occupational outlook handbook) What is the SOC - Answer: Standard Occupational Classification manual, codes job clusters via similar worker function What is the SIC - Answer: Standard Industrial Classification, classified businesses in regard to the type of activity they are engaged in A client who likes her flower-arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time. This phenomenon is best described as - Answer: spillover The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded in 1913. It was fused with other organizations in 1952 to become the - Answer: APGA (American Personnel and Guidance Association) Self-Directed Search (SDS) is - Answer: based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types self-administered self-score and self-interpreted Sedentary work is classified as - Answer: the client will lift no more than 10 lbs. The maximum weight that a client will have to lift with light work is - Answer: 20 lbs NCE Exam The maximum weight that a client will have to lift with medium work is - Answer: 50 lbs The maximum weight that a client will have to lift with heavy work is - Answer: 100 lbs The maximum weight that a client will have to lift with very heavy work is - Answer: over 100 lbs The SDS score will reveal - Answer: the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types. The Kuder Career Planning System (KCPS) is appropriate for - Answer: k-12, postsecondary, adults The term reentry woman would best describe - Answer: a 29 year old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast-food restaurant (aka a women who goes from working within the home to working outside the home) The career anchor theory was espoused by - Answer: Edgar Schein The in-basket technique would be best... - Answer: when you are on a hiring committee and assessing candidates for a managerial position (this technique is a job simulation in which the candidate is given materials (memos, emails, phone NCE Exam The most critical factors in test selection are - Answer: validity and reliability What is more important, validity or reliability? - Answer: validity In the field of testing, validity refers to - Answer: whether the test really measures what it purports to measure Construct validity refers to - Answer: the extent that a test measures an abstract trait or psychological trait, essentially, any trait you cannot directly measure or observe, ex: ego strength Face validity refers to - Answer: a test that looks or appears to measure the intended attribute What is incremental validity? - Answer: the process by which a test is refined and becomes more valid as contradictory items are dropped, also refers to a test's ability to improve predictions when compared to existing measures that purport to facilitate selection in business or educational settings. Essentially, the test provides you with additional valid info that was not attainable by other procedures. What is synthetic validity - Answer: How valid psychological tests are in combination. The researcher looks for tests that have been shown to be predict each job element NCE Exam An IQ test which yields results almost identical to other standardized measure would have... - Answer: good concurrent validity Concurrent validity answers... - Answer: the question of how well your test stacks up against a well-established instrument the measures the same behavior, construct or trait What is convergent validity? - Answer: a method used to assess a test's construct/criterion validity by correlating test scores with an outside source What is predictive validity? - Answer: the accuracy to with which a test predicts future performance on a related task. GRE. Is a reliable test always valid? - Answer: No What is test-retest reliability? - Answer: the consistency of measures when the same test is administered to the same person (or group of people) twice. In the field of testing, validity refers to - Answer: whether the test really measures what it purports to measure A counselor doing research decided to split a standardized test in half by using the even items as one test and the odd items as a second test and then correlating NCE Exam them. The counselor - Answer: was testing reliability via the split-half correlation method Which method of reliability testing would be useful with an essay test but not with a test of algebra problems? - Answer: Inter-rater/inter-observer (AKA Scorer reliability) What is an inter-rater/inter-observer tested utilized with? - Answer: subjective tests such as projectives to ascertain whether the scoring criteria are such that 2 people who grade or assess the responses will produce roughly the same score. A reliability coefficient of 1.00 indicates - Answer: a perfect score which has no error. A test that has a reliability coefficient of .70 indicates that - Answer: 70% of the score is accurate, 30% is inaccurate Who did research and conclude that intelligence was normally distributed light height or weight and that it was primarily genetic? - Answer: Francis Galton Francis Galton felt intelligence was - Answer: a unitary factor Fluid intelligence is - Answer: flexible, culture-free, and adjusts to the situation Crystallized intelligence is - Answer: rigid and does not change or adapt NCE Exam The mean of the Wechsler and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scales (SB5) is _______ and the standard deviation is___________ - Answer: 100; 15 Wechsler, 16 Stanford-Binet The group IQ test movement began - Answer: with the Army Alpha and Army Beta in World War I. In a culture-fair test - Answer: Items are known to the subject regardless of their culture The Black versus White IQ controversy was sparked mainly by a 1969 article written by _______. - Answer: Arthur Jensen John Ertl claimed... - Answer: that he invented an electronic machine to analyze neural efficiency and take the place of the paper and pencil IQ test. The device relies on a computer, an EEG, a strobe light, and an electrode helmet. The theory is, the faster one processes the perception, the more intelligence they have. Raymond B. Cattell is known for - Answer: the fluid (inherited neurological that decreases with age and is not dependent on culture) and crystallized intelligence (from experiential, cultural, and educational interaction). Robert Williams created... - Answer: the Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity (BITCH) to demonstrate that African Americans often excelled when given a test with questions whose answers would be familiar to members of the NCE Exam African American community. He argues that tests like the Binet were part of "scientific racism." The MMPI-2 (The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) is - Answer: a standardized personality test, suitable for people over 18 years old, takes 60-90 minutes. Psychometric means - Answer: any form of mental testing In a projective test the client is shown - Answer: neutral stimuli. The idea here is that the client will "project" his/her personality if given an unstructured task. More specifically, there are several acceptable formats for projective tests: 1st, Association - such as "What comes to mind when you look at this inkblot?" 2nd, Completion - "complete these sentences with real feelings;" 3rd, Construction - such as drawing a person. The theory is that self-report inventories like the MMPI do not reveal hidden unconscious impulses. In order to accomplish this the client is shown vague, ambiguous stimuli such as a picture or an ink blot. Some counselors believe that by using projective measures a client will have more difficulty faking his/her responses and that s/he will be able to expand on answers. It should be noted that examiner bias is common when using projectives and a therapist using projectives needs more training than one who merely works with self-report tests. The 16 PF reflects the work of - Answer: Raymond B. Cattell. The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire is suitable for persons 16 and above and has been the NCE Exam subject of over 2000 papers or other communications. The test measures key personality factors such as assertiveness, emotional maturity, and shrewdness. A couple can even decide that each party will take the 16 PF, and an individual as well as a joint profile will be compiled which can be utilized for marital counseling. NOTE: Tests and inventories like the 16 PF that analyze data outside of a given theory are called factor-analytic tests or inventories rather than theory-based test. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator reflects the work of - Answer: Carl Jung The counselor who favors projective measures would most likely be a - Answer: psychodynamic clinician What is an aptitude test? - Answer: a test designed to predict a person's future performance What is Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)? - Answer: It consists of 31 cards, for ages 4 and up. The pictures on each card are intentionally ambiguous and the client is asked to make up a story for each of them. Test bias primarily results from - Answer: a test being normed solely on White middle-class clients A counselor who fears the client has an organic, neurological, or motoric difficulty would most likely use the - Answer: Bender Gestalt II (AKA) the Bender Visual NCE Exam A client is keeping a journal of irrational thoughts. This would be...? - Answer: an informal assessment technique What are examples of an informal assessment? - Answer: self-reports, case notes, checklists, sociograms of groups, interviews, professional staffings. One major testing trend is - Answer: computer-assisted testing and computer interpretations One future trend which seems contradictory is that some experts are pushing for - Answer: a greater reliance on tests while others want to rely on them less. Most counselors would agree that - Answer: more public education is needed in the area of testing. What would be an informal method of appraisal? - Answer: A checklist The WAIS-IV is given to 100,000 people in the U.S. who are picked at random. A counselor would expect that - Answer: about 68% would score between 85 and 115 A word association test is an example of - Answer: projective test Infant IQ tests are - Answer: more unreliable than those given later in life. NCE Exam You want to admit only 25% of all counselors to an advanced training program in psychodynamic group therapy. The item difficulty on the entrance exam for applicants would be best set at - Answer: .25 which would allow you to ferret out the lower 75% you do not want to admit. The higher the number, the easier the question is to answer. According to Public Law 93-380, also known as the Buckley Amendment, a 19- year-old college student attending college - Answer: could view her record, view her daughter's infant IQ test, demand a correction she discovered when reading her file What did Lewis Terman do? - Answer: Americanized the Binet In constructing a test you notice that all 75 people answered number 12. This gives you an item difficulty of - Answer: 1.0 The most valuable type of research is - Answer: the experiment, used to discover cause-and-effect relationships experimental research is - Answer: the process of gathering data in order to make evaluative comparisons regarding different situations. What is a quasi-experiment? - Answer: The researcher uses preexisting groups and the IV (Independent variable) cannot be altered. You cannot state with any degree of confidence that the IV caused the DV (dependent variable) NCE Exam What is internal validity? - Answer: This type of validity is focused on determining whether a study's findings are accurate, or are more the result of the influence of extraneous variables. Whether the DVs were truly influenced by the experimental IVs or whether other factors had an empact. What does External validity refer to? - Answer: Whether the experimental research results can be generalized to larger populations. What is chi-square? - Answer: a statistical test commonly used to determine if there is a significant association between two variables Experiments emphasize parsimony, which means - Answer: Interpreting the results in the simplest way Occam's Razor suggests that experimenters - Answer: interpret the results in the simplest manner A counselor educator is running an experiment to test a new form of counseling. Unbeknownst to the experimenter one of the clients in the study is secretly seeing a gestalt therapist. This experiment - Answer: is confounded/flawed Nondirective is to person-centered as - Answer: parsimony is to Occam's Razor NCE Exam What is a t test? - Answer: used to ascertain whether two sample means are significantly different. It is often used in hypothesis testing to determine whether a process or treatment actually has an effect on the population of interest, or whether two groups are different from one another. What is ANCOVA? - Answer: analysis of covariance which tests two or more groups while controlling for extraneous variables often called "covariates" What is the Kruskal-Wallis test? - Answer: The non-parametric equivalent to the one-way ANOVA. What is the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test? - Answer: used in place of the t test when the data are nonparametric and you want to test whether two correlated means differ significantly What is the Mann-Whitney U test? - Answer: used to determine if two uncorrelated means differ significantly when data are nonparametric What is the Spearman correlation - Answer: used in place of the Pearson r when parametric assumptions cannot be utilized What is the chi-square nonparametric test? - Answer: examines if obtained frequencies differ significantly from expected frequencies. NCE Exam What is MANOVA? - Answer: multivariate analysis of variance and is used when a study has more than one DV To complete a t test you would consult a tabled value of t. In order to see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA you would consult - Answer: a table for F values Which level of significance would best rule out chance factors? - Answer: .001 When a researcher uses correlation, then there is no direct manipulation of the IV. A research might ask how IQ correlates with the incidence of panic disorder. Nothing is manipulated, just measured. In this case, a correlation coefficient will reveal... - Answer: the relationship between IQ and panic disorder. If data indicate that students who study a lot get very high scores on state counselor licensing exams, then the correlation between study time and LPC exam scores would be - Answer: positive What is a biserial correlation? - Answer: indicates that one variable is continuous while the other is dichotomous (EX: if you correlate state licensing exams scores to NCC status). What is the caplan model - Answer: Client-Centered Case Consultation. (Expert 2nd Opinion) Consultant functions as a specialist who assesses the client, arrives NCE Exam at a diagnosis, and makes recommendations concerning how the consultee might modify his or her dealing with the client. Who is Roger Gould? - Answer: Suggested that adulthood is marked by replacing childhood behaviors with newer and more mature ones What is an example of something that would yield a perfect correlation of 1.00? - Answer: Length in inches and length in centimeters A good guess would be that if you would correlate the length of CACREP graduates' baby toes with their NCE scores the result would be - Answer: close to 0.00 (because the absence of association here, one variable changes the other variable varies randomly) Correlational research is - Answer: the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables, quasi-experimental, does not yield cause and effect What does bivariate mean? - Answer: two variables What does multivariate mean? - Answer: when more than two variables are under scrutiny Behaviorists often utilize N=1, which is called intensive experimental design. The first step in this approach would be to - Answer: take a baseline measure NCE Exam What is the Solomon four-group design? - Answer: half the participants receive only the posttest, and the other half receive both the pretest and the posttest, created by Richard L. Solomon What will always be the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically? - Answer: The mode, because it is the point where the most frequently occurring score falls A group of students took a counseling exam that was more difficult than the NCE. All scored vary low. A distribution of their scores would - Answer: be positively skewed (the tail indicated if the distribution is positively or negatively skewed) When a group of people score high on an exam, the distribution scores would be - Answer: negatively skewed What is a raw score? - Answer: score based solely on the number or point value of correctly answered items. What is a histogram? - Answer: a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution When a horizontal line is drawn under a frequency distribution it is known as - Answer: the x axis (aka abscissa) What is another term for the x axis - Answer: abscissa NCE Exam What is another term for the y axis? - Answer: ordinate (plots the DV) If a distribution is bimodal, then... - Answer: the research is working with two distinct populations How is the range calculated? - Answer: subtracting the lowest score from the highest score What is a scattergram? - Answer: A type of graph that represents the strength and direction of a relationship between co-variables in a correlational analysis (AKA a scatterplot) a pictorial design or graph of 2 variables being correlated. What is the John Henry effect? - Answer: a form of reactivity, in which members of the control group who are aware of their status, strive to overcome the 'disadvantage' (AKA compensatory rivalry of a comparison group) What causes the range regarding testing to increase? - Answer: a larger sample size An IQ test has a standard deviation of 15. Therefore, if the mean IQ score is 100, then... - Answer: 65% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115. What are Z scores? - Answer: They are the same as a standard deviation, often called standard scores NCE Exam A Z score of -2.5 means - Answer: 2.5 SD (standard deviation) below the mean. An IQ score on an IQ test which has 3 SDs above the mean would be - Answer: very superior What does kurtosis mean? - Answer: the peakedness of a frequency distribution Platykurtic distribution - Answer: Flatter and more spread out than a normal curve. (Memory: 'Plat' sounds like 'flat') like a hot dog lying on its side What is a stanine score? - Answer: a measure used to report a student's performance compared to that of other students. Stanine is a statistical term that is a combination of the words standard and nine. A stanine is a point on a nine- point scale with the points 1, 2, and 3 being below average, 4, 5, and 6 being average, and 7, 8, and 9 being above average performance. The air force used these scores during WWII What is a nominal scale? - Answer: A scale organized by names, and that can't be put in any sort of numerical order, has no true zero point. It can classify names or labels. NCE Exam Graham Wallace described the four stages of insight as... - Answer: preparation, incubation, flash of illumination, and verification What is an eclectic approach? - Answer: an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy What is the holistic approach? - Answer: the counselor would consider the person as a whole (body, mind, emotions, spirit) rather than the separate parts when meeting with a client. What is the analysis of covariance AKA the ANCOVA/ANACOVA? - Answer: ANCOVA is similar to the ANOVA yet more powerful because it can eliminate differences between groups which otherwise could not be attributed to the experimental IVs. The ANCOVA tests a null hypothesis regarding the means of two or more groups after the random samples are adjusted to eliminate average differences. What is a cohort study? - Answer: preplanned following subset of population over a lifetime Standardized tests always have - Answer: formal procedures for test administration and scoring NCE Exam What is a demand characteristic? - Answer: any aspect of a study that communicates to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave, they can confound and experiment. What is a two-tailed test? - Answer: non-directional hypothesis Switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study is known as - Answer: counterbalancing What is ahistoric therapy - Answer: any psychotherapeutic model that focuses on the here and now What does ERIC stand for? - Answer: Education Resources Information Center What does SPSS stand for? - Answer: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences When is a cluster sample utilized? - Answer: When it is nearly impossible to find a list of the entire population What is horizontal sampling? - Answer: When a researcher selects subjects from a single SES group What is snowball sampling? - Answer: a method for acquiring a sample of people, in which existing participants suggest names of future participants to be recruited NCE Exam What is vertical sampling? - Answer: occurs when people from two or more SES classes are used. What does an operational definition do? - Answer: outlines a procedure What is axiom? - Answer: a universally accepted idea needing no additional proof (e.g. gravity) What is a nonparametric test? - Answer: does not depend on a normal distribution aka distribution free What is a matched design in testing? - Answer: the subjects are literally matched in regard to any variable that could be correlated with the DV What is inductive reasoning? - Answer: specific to general What is deductive reasoning? - Answer: general to specific What is the standard error of measurement (SEM)? - Answer: tells the counselor what would most likely occur if the same person took the same test again. What is Joseph Pratt known for - Answer: Creating one of the first formal therapeutic groups in 1905, he was medical doctor from Boston, gathered a group of patients with tuberculosis in order to educate them. NCE Exam What is countertransference? - Answer: the therapist's reaction to projections of the client onto the therapist. It has been defined as the redirection of a therapist's feelings toward a patient and the emotional entanglement that can occur with a patient What does CAC stand for? - Answer: Computer Assisted Counseling. CAC software offers assistance in helping counselors with their work. Ex: assistance in administration of career development inventory, creating an activity sheet, and going through a virtual learning experience. What is CMC - Answer: computer managed counseling Dr. X recommends to his clients at the agency where he practices that he would rather counsel them in his private practice. Ethically speaking: - Answer: He is diverting agency clients to his practice and is unethical Traditionally, (insert) counseling has caused the most ethical concerns - Answer: behavioral A counselor educator is giving a seminar and gives the students a handout which lists hoarding disorder and OCD as both having the same 300.3 code. The explanation for this is.... - Answer: this could be correct since 2 diagnoses can share a single code. NCE Exam You refer a client to Dr. Smith. Ethically, Dr. Smith - Answer: may not pay you a referral fee for sending her the client. You have written a very popular book on reality therapy. Now you are teaching a graduate course on counseling at a local university. Ethically, you - Answer: may use the book as a textbook in your class. An elementary school counselor is giving a standardized test. The child said they don't understand what the counselor said. You should... - Answer: repeat the question, talk more slowly The most popular paradigm of mental health consultation has been proposed by___ - Answer: Caplan What are the 4 basic mental health consultations proposed by Gerald Caplan? - Answer: Consultee-centered administrative consultation; consultee-centered, client-centered, program-centered administrative What do consultants do? - Answer: Focus on process (what is happening from a communications standpoint) or content (knowledge imparted from the consultant to consultee) Excessive self-discolure on the part of the help can be considered...? - Answer: Malpractice NCE Exam What do ethical guidelines state regarding client testimonials? - Answer: Helpers should not solicit testimonials from clients. You have attempted to help a client for over two years with little or no success. You should - Answer: terminate the relationship and initiate an appropriate referral The first counselors in the U.S. were called...? - Answer: deans and advisors employed after the Civil War in college settings to watch over young women The first psych lab was set up by - Answer: Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 Leipzig Germany Counseling became popular after the 1931 publication of - Answer: Workbook in Vocations by William Proctor, Glidden Ross Benefield and Gilbret Wrenn PL 94-142 Education for All Handicapped Children Act states that - Answer: all children between 5 & 21 are assured free education, handicapped people are placed in the least-restrictive environment (LRE), an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) is developed for each child The major trend that impacted the counseling movement in the 1980s - Answer: included an emphasis on professionalism, certification and licensing NCE Exam What is Sociometry - Answer: the science and art of measuring relationships between social configurations or structures and psychological well-being. Before giving an assignment, behavioral therapists should watch clients for - Answer: Signs that they are hesitant to change Native Americans maintain a cultural value of harmony and balance in both one's environment and one's interpersonal relationships. What did Garrett and Garrett call this traditional value? - Answer: Harmony ethic, historically guides the Native American population in their values of communal contribution and cooperation as a way of keeping balance both within themselves and in the world around them. What is standard deviation? - Answer: the average of the squared differences between the units in a set of data and the mean of the data set. What is cyclothymic disorder? - Answer: characteristic of alternating depressive and hypomanic symptoms over time According to Adler's theory, an only child generally likes - Answer: being the center of adult attention, often has difficulty sharing with peers, and prefers adult company and uses adult language. What is stressed the most in the trait and factor model of vocational counseling? - Answer: Matching aptitude and interest profiles with the requirements of jobs, engineered by Frank Parsons and Edmund Griffith Williamson. NCE Exam In Kohlberg's earliest stage of pre-conventional morality, what motivates a person to act according to society's moral code? - Answer: Fear of punishment The concept of maturity in one's life vocation is expressed by - Answer: Super What does the Tennessee Self-concept Scale do? - Answer: provides 15 scores, including an Academic/Work Score that tells the clinician how respondents see themselves in school and job settings. Ratio scales are known for their - Answer: absolute zero point According to Peterson, Sampson, Reardon, and Lenz's Cognitive Information Processing model, the purpose of career counseling is to - Answer: improve the client's problem-solving and decision-making skills in relation to career choices. Roe conceptualized personality by focusing on parent/child interactions, categorizing them into what three categories? - Answer: 1) emotional concentration on the child (overprotection), 2) avoidance of the child (neglect), and 3) acceptance of the child (loving). What is concurrent validity? - Answer: where a test correlates well with a measure that has previously been validated. When you compare the outcome of a test with outcomes of other tests that have been around for a period of time, you are looking for the outcomes of your test to correlate with the ones of the past tests. NCE Exam Yalom has a list of what he termed "curative factors" or "therapeutic factors" in group psychotherapy. He refers to the environment provided by groups which fosters effective and adaptive communication leading to increased interpersonal skills as the therapeutic factor of - Answer: The development of socializing techniques is the environment provided by groups, which fosters effective and adaptive communication leading to increased interpersonal skills. Barbara's little brother, Bobby, has started to recognize that when Barbara hides behind a couch, she is simply out of sight and is still there behind the couch. What is Bobby demonstrating and which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is Bobby in? - Answer: Object permanence in the Sensorimotor Stage. By recognizing that an object out of sight still exists, Bobby shows object permanence, which is a key feature of the Sensorimotor Stage. What is a null hypothesis? - Answer: null means zero. so a null hypothesis states that two variables are not related. The hypothesis that says there is NO difference between the variables being tested what is Paradoxical intention and who developed it? - Answer: Victor Frankl, and used it with clients who had severe anxiety. An example is: A counselor intensifies a client's emotional state to show the client the irrationality of her emotional reaction. NCE Exam 7-general culture 8-arts/entertainment (MEMORY DEVICE: Should Brian order toast or some generic apples?) What are Roe's 6 occupational levels? - Answer: professional and managerial, levels 1 and 2; semiprofessional and small business, level 3; skilled, level 4; semiskilled, level 5; and unskilled, level 6 What traits originate in the cerebral cortex? - Answer: Thought language reason What is a fixed ratio schedule? - Answer: reinforcement is given based on a fixed number of responses What is a fixed interval schedule? - Answer: reinforce the response only after a certain amount of time has passed What is a variable interval schedule? - Answer: reinforce the response after an unpredictable amount of time has gone by What is transactional analysis? - Answer: developed by Berne, focuses on interactions between people and communication is very important. In this theory, it is believed that within each person, there are 3 altered ego stages- the parent, the adult, and the child. NCE Exam What does the parietal lobe do? - Answer: interprets sensory perception, temperature, taste, touch, and movement What does the frontal lobe do? - Answer: controls thinking reasoning planning and memory, voluntary movement What does the Temporal lobe do? - Answer: processes memory and connects them with our senses. Who has most extensively researched and described the concept of career maturity? - Answer: Crites What are examples of Computer Assisted Career Guidance System (CACGS)? - Answer: SIGI Plus, Choices, and Discover Which word did Maslow use as an alternative to self-actualizing needs? - Answer: Metaneeds Throughout history, mental illness has been blamed on a variety of causes. What doctor argued that mental illness was not caused by witchcraft in the 16th century? - Answer: Johann Weyer NCE Exam What is negative punishment? - Answer: removing a desired stimulus to decrease a behavior, such as forbidding television so a child will stop refusing to do their homework. What is a criterion-referenced test? - Answer: designed to measure student performance against a fixed set of predetermined criteria What is Roger Gould known for? - Answer: his theory involves the replacement of childhood behavioral responses with more mature responses. What did Daniel Levinson believe? - Answer: believed in stages of adult development and that the greatest leaps in development occurred as we passed between stages. What is the ACA four-step method - Answer: allows for a systemized plan for counselors to gather data. This method is the most effective because it is inclusive of gathering information, determining possible services, and analyzing if the services are beneficial. What is a Laboratory observation? - Answer: occurs when the researcher creates a precipitating condition and then observes the subject's behaviors or responses in a natural environment. The researcher influences or manipulates the subject or situation, then observes the response. NCE Exam development look at the sequential steps that take place in children's intellectual development. According to Piaget, a child displays their first signs of inquisitiveness and pretend play during what stage? - Answer: The stage in which a child begins to exhibit more curiosity and pretend play is the Preoperational Stage. Childhood, Youth, Middle Life, and Older Adulthood come from what theory and theorist? - Answer: Jung's Stages of Life divides one's life into phases that each contain their own characteristics and milestones. These phases include: Childhood, Youth, Middle Life, and Older Adulthood. An elderly adult who feels content about her life is experiencing - Answer: ego integrity. The conflict between trust and mistrust, from Erik Ericksons stages of development defines the - Answer: oral-sensory stage. The struggle between intimacy and isolation is most common during the - Answer: young adulthood stage According to Erik Erikson, psychosocial identities involve the interplay between our - Answer: emotional lives and social circumstances NCE Exam What are the 3 levels of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? - Answer: Pre- conventional, conventional, post-conventional (each level has 2 stages) Carl Jung explained that development in adulthood is displayed through these actions: - Answer: believed adults develop through their tendency to reflect on their lives, forgive their families, master their talents, and make peace with what they've done in younger years. William Perry described complete young adult development as moving from a place of authorities having all answers to: - Answer: described young adult development to occur as they change their beliefs that authorities have all answers, to an understanding that they can learn for themselves and from others. Daniel Levinson explained that development occurs as adults: - Answer: Pass through different life stages How are learning theories different from cognitive developmental theories? - Answer: Their focus on the way individuals learn new behaviors makes learning theories different. How did Piaget's theory of development differ from that of Freud? - Answer: Freud focused on factors that motivate behavior; Piaget focused on intellectual development. NCE Exam Bruner's three stages of cognitive representation follow which order, from earliest to latest? - Answer: enactive, iconic and symbolic. According to Bruner, a child between the age of one and six exists in the: - Answer: iconic stage what is fixed interval? - Answer: a schedule of reinforcement where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed (ex: a weekly allowance) What is a fixed ratio? - Answer: reinforcement after a set number of responses What is a variable interval? - Answer: reward given after varying amounts of time Bandura's reciprocal causation model focuses on continuous interaction between the following three factors: - Answer: behavior, environment, person Lifespan development disorders include - Answer: autism, ADHD, conduct disorder, learning disabilities, and intellectual disability. Schizophrenia is NOT a lifespan development disorder. Psychogenic theory says that - Answer: abnormality stems from psychological problems, such having an outburst due to an internal conflict between ego and superego. NCE Exam The basic foundational tools involved in developing effective counseling relationships and a positive environment for change are: - Answer: microskills How does a behavioral consultation occur? - Answer: The client is observed by a behavioral specialist How does a counseling consultant perform their role? - Answer: The counselor either observes or acts as an expert to provide advice Which type of model is the Caplan model? - Answer: a mental health model that can either be used in a client-supervisor relationship or when one counselor asks for the expertise of another counselor regarding something with which the consultee counselor is unfamiliar. What percentage of information is communicated using nonverbal communication? - Answer: 60-65 percent Section {Blank} of the ACA Code of Ethics addresses how counselors should distinguish their professional social media usage from their personal use. - Answer: section H.6.a. of the ACA Code of Ethics, counselors should have separate personal and professional social media pages or profiles to distinguish between the two virtual presences (professional and personal). Section H.6.d. of the ACA Code of Ethics addresses _____ and social media. - Answer: client confidentiality NCE Exam How many questions are in the Cultural Formulation Interview? - Answer: 16 To create the Cultural Formulation Interview the American Psychiatric Association partnered with which organization? - Answer: DSM-5 Cross-Cultural Issues Subgroup (DCCIS) Which of these is a misnaming of a section in the DSM? - Answer: sociopathic disorders is not a 'section' in the DSM, even though behaviors associated with being a sociaopath may fall under one of the sections. Who created the DART approach to progress notes for mental health counselors? - Answer: Brian N. Baird How many domains are included in the Cultural Formulation Interview? - Answer: 4 What does pathology mean? - Answer: study of disease What is the existential vacuum? - Answer: the condition of meaningless that leads to emptiness What are the 6 propositions of existential awareness? - Answer: 1) capacity for self-awareness 2) Freedom & Responsibilities NCE Exam 3) Establishing an identity & meaningful relationships 4) Finding meaning 5) Anxiety in unavoidable 6) Awareness of mortality What are the 3 phases of existential therapy? - Answer: 1) identification & clarification 2) self-exploration & self-examination 3) application According to existential therpay, what is a restricted existence? - Answer: a limited awarness of themselves and the nature of their problems. According to Freud, people who get into fights tend to be motivated by - Answer: death instincts Freud maintained that the psychosexual development of a person's personality occurs mostly during which three key stages? - Answer: The oral, anal, and phallic stages of development occur before a person turns 6 and help to form the foundations of one's personality. What does the ego do? - Answer: mediates between the impulses of the id and the demands of the superego NCE Exam Morphogenesis refers to - Answer: the family's ability to change What are aspirational ethics? - Answer: describe ideal or optimal practice, such as Pro Bono services Experiential conjoint family therapy is related to the work of - Answer: Virginia Satir, she began seeing families in 1951 and felt the family could be healed with love. Who is the father of structural family therapy? - Answer: Salvador Minuchin, felt that family therapy was a science requiring therapeutic interventions beyond warmth The person who becomes overly reasonable - Answer: is likely to engage in the defense mechanism of intellectualization (aka responsible analyzer) Who is sometimes called the dean of experiential family therapy? - Answer: Carl Whitaker, believed that experience not education changes families, experience goes beyond consciousnees and the best way to access this it symbolically, his approach is sometimes called experiential symbolic family therapy Janet is a highly respected member of the group because the group members trust her decision making. This group dynamic refers to - Answer: member power NCE Exam Scott hates to hear members of his support group cry. When one begins to share a sad story, he begins to crack jokes to lighten the mood and cheer them up. This group dynamic refers to - Answer: caretaking roles Barbara is best friends with Carla outside of their PTSD support group. Carla often comes off as being angry and aggressive. Barbara can't be honest with Carla about her anger because she fears it will ruin their friendship. This group dynamic refers to: - Answer: coalitions Group Leaders who are dominantly expressive tend to - Answer: Focus on group relationships Carl Whitaker's interaction with the family could best be described as - Answer: joining the family and experiencing it as if he were a family member Psycotherapy of the absurd is related to the work of - Answer: Carl Whitaker Which occupational choice factor deals with personality, attitudes, and lifestyle? - Answer: Social factors, such as an individual's personality, personal habits or the presence of a mentor during formative years, can all impact occupational selection. What is the etic perspective? - Answer: minorities should be counseled the same as the majority NCE Exam What is the emic perspective? - Answer: offerring career development specific to a client's culture or gender How did Henry Goddard misappropriate the Binet-Simon mental test? - Answer: He took the test of Binet and Simon from France to America, translated and modified it, and used it to support ethnocentrist and racist ideas. Using his version of the Binet-Simon test, he made purportedly ''evidence-based'' claims that certain groups of immigrants were more feeble-minded than others. In particular, he created a pseudo-scientific basis for claims that Eastern European immigrants were significantly less intelligent than Western European immigrants and mainstream Americans. Goddard's version of the Binet-Simon test used extremely subjective methods. What was the main contribution of Wilhelm Wundt to the conception of assessment in psychology? - Answer: regarded by many individuals as the father of psychology. He was instrumental in establishing the validity of psychology as a respectable science. Before his time, many people had considered psychology to be a subjective, unreliable form of study. He instituted the expectation that evaluation and assessment of the human mind should be structured and objective. To facilitate this type of research, Wundt created the first laboratory. While modern counseling does not take place in a laboratory, it does take place in a closed, controlled environment. What was Binet's conception of intelligence? - Answer: was one of the first psychologists to suggest that intelligence and mental capacities were fluid NCE Exam A nominal scale of measurement deals with - Answer: variables that are non- numeric or where the numbers have no value. In other words, we can put them in any order and it wouldn't matter. Inferential statistics can be used to - Answer: draw conclusions from the data that descriptive statistics describe. What is the mean? - Answer: most commonly associated with average; it's when you add up a set of numbers and then divide by how many are in the set. For the results of a study to be thought to support a hypothesis, researchers must prove that the results have - Answer: statistical significance that support the hypothesis. When psychologists look at data, they perform a variety of statistical tests to confirm that their correlations aren't just a result of chance. 'Variance' attempts to estimate - Answer: a parameter, which allows for predictions to be made about the variability of a population by looking at the variability of the sample that was studied. What is the difference between variance and standard deviation? - Answer: he only difference is in the last step. With variance, you do not calculate the square root of standard deviation. Martin has a large dataset and is doing some calculations. He displays his data in a graph and it is very unusual because many of the data points fall below the mean. NCE Exam This is a - Answer: When a large number of scores fall below the mean, the distribution is positively skewed. This means that the tail of the distribution is very small in the area above the mean. When a distribution is negatively skewed, many values fall above the mean and the tail points to the small area below the mean. Skewed distributions are probability distributions but they aren't normal distributions. What is a A frequency distribution? - Answer: the representation of a small amount of data we collect. It's not based on statistics. A normal distribution is a...? - Answer: a distribution that can be modeled by a bell-shaped curve, with the mean, median, and mode all the same value and the proportion for any range of values defined in a table of normal curve areas (or probabilities). José wants to calculate a correlation; which graph should he use? - Answer: A scatter plot is the correct choice because Jose will be able to put the two variables on the X and Y axis, then plot each data point. Finally he will be able to look for the general pattern, or trend to discover the correlation. What is construct validity? - Answer: the degree to which a test measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring What is face validity? - Answer: does this test actually measure what it claims to? NCE Exam In Piaget's theory, what does the term, conservation mean? - Answer: That a substance's weight, mass, and volume stays the same even if it changes shape What is the Premack Principle? - Answer: A high probability behavior (HPB) may serve as a reinforcer for a low probability behavior (LPB), basically a family member must complete an unpleasant task (e.g. washing the dishes), before they can do a pleasant task (watching TV). What is the concept of reciprocity in marriage? - Answer: in most cases two people will reinforce each other at about the same level over time, when this doesn't happen marital discord may result. Who are the pioneers of Behavioral family therapy and when did it first appear? - Answer: In the late 1960s, Gerald Patterson, Robert Liberman, Richard Stuart What is Family sculpting and who developed it? - Answer: Virginia Satir, an experiential/expressive technique where a family member places other family members in positions that symbolize their relationships with other members of the family. What are some techniques used by behavioristic family therapists? - Answer: A functional analysis of behavior followed by operant conditioning, modeling, chaining and extinction NCE Exam The concept that different elements of a person grow and shrink at different points in life is called - Answer: multidirectional, which means dimensions and specific components of dimensions grow and shrink during different points in a person's development. The concept that development occurs biologically, intellectually, and emotionally is called - Answer: multidimensional, or change happens across many different aspects (biologically, intellectually and emotionally) of a human life. According to Piaget, a child displays their first signs of inquisitiveness and pretend play during what stage? - Answer: Preoperational What is Kohlberg's first level of moral development? - Answer: Pre-conventional: Stage 1. Obedience and Punishment Orientation. The child/individual is good to avoid being punished. If a person is punished, they must have done wrong. Stage 2. Individualism and Exchange. At this stage, children recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by the authorities. Different individuals have different viewpoints. What is Kohlberg's second level of moral development? - Answer: Conventional Stage 3. Good Interpersonal Relationships. The child/individual is good in order to be seen as being a good person by others. Therefore, answers relate to the approval of others. NCE Exam Stage 4. Maintaining the Social Order. The child/individual becomes aware of the wider rules of society, so judgments concern obeying the rules to uphold the law and avoid guilt. What is Kohlberg's third level of moral development? - Answer: Post-conventional Stage 5. Social Contract and Individual Rights. The child/individual becomes aware that while rules/laws might exist for the good of the greatest number, there are times when they will work against the interest of particular individuals. The issues are not always clear-cut. For example, in Heinz's dilemma, the protection of life is more important than breaking the law against stealing. Stage 6. Universal Principles. People at this stage have developed their own set of moral guidelines, which may or may not fit the law. The principles apply to everyone. Why is scheduling useful in reinforcement? - Answer: Rewarding or punishing behavior every time is less effective than if done selectively. According to Vygotsky, which of the following is true about the acquisition of meaning and understanding? - Answer: Meaning is acquired as people interact. Your young daughter had never feared spiders. But after seeing you screech and react in fear a few times when a spider appeared in the house, she now cries whenever she sees a spider. This is an example o - Answer: In classical conditioning, learning refers to involuntary responses that result from experiences that occur before a response. In the case of the young daughter, she has learned NCE Exam from observing her parent screech at the sight of a spider that spiders are scary, therefore she responds with crying when she sees one. A child's weekly allowance is an example of a - Answer: A fixed interval is where the response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed. A real world example of fixed interval schedules is a child's weekly allowance. Which psychologist did the Bobo doll experiment in 1961? - Answer: Albert Bandura. Bandura advanced his theory of social learning which posits that we observe and model the behavior of others. In the Bobo doll experiment, children were more likely to behave aggressively toward the Bobo doll if they had observed an adult previously doing so. Which of the following best demonstrates the symbolic stage proposed by Jerome Bruner? - Answer: The symbolic stage develops around age 7 and up and refers to a complex understanding of symbolic representations of complex ideas and associations, such as = or + sign in math. A psychologist believes humans are not simply sponges that absorb information; instead, they believe that humans actively and creatively work with the information we receive based upon our past experiences. Which of the following branches of educational psychology best represents this psychologist's view? - Answer: constructivism, which affords more control to the learner, and argues humans innovate and use the information they receive to ascribe new meaning to their experiences. The other three branches of educational psychology focus on