Comprehensive Psychology Key Terms: Definitions and Answers, Exams of Career Counseling

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Questions And Answers

Anima - correct answer Jung: When men deny their feminine side Animus - correct answer Jung: When women deny their masculine side archetypes - correct answer Jung: material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation Eros - correct answer Jung: Intuition Freud: Greek God of Love and Life Thantos - correct answer Freud: Greek word for death Rudolph Dreikurs - correct answer First to discuss the use of group therapy Mandalas - correct answer Jung: drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, is clients, and dreams Logos - correct answer Jung: the logic principle

Questions And Answers

Transference - correct answer Client will relate to the therapist or counselor as he or she has to significant others Countertransference - correct answer Evident when the counselor's strong feelings or attachment to the client are strong enough to hinder the treatment process Freud - correct answer Psychoanalysis is the oldest form of therapy Sublimation - correct answer Client acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way (ex. a very aggressive individual might pursue a career in boxing) Organ Inferiority - correct answer clients born with certain physical defects develop feelings of inferiority and start taking actions to compensate for their weaknes Reaction Formation - correct answer client acts the opposite of the way he or she actually feels

Questions And Answers

Introjection - correct answer When a child takes a parents, care givers, significant others values as his or her own Projection - correct answer client attributes unacceptable qualities of his or her own to others (defense mechanism) Compensation - correct answer Client attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation Sour Grapes Rationalization - correct answer A client makes it appear that something was not desired, even if it was

• Client underrates a reward (ex. "I don't really want it anyway") Sweet Lemons Rationalization - correct answer Client tells you how wonderful a distasteful set of circumstances really is.
• Client overrates a reward Repression - correct answer An automatic or involuntary response to forgetting

Questions And Answers

Suppression - correct answer Client intentionally forgets/does not think about it Rogerian's - correct answer Do not emphasize diagnosis or giving advice Systematic Desensitizations - correct answer Form of behavior therapy based on Pavlov's classical conditioning Little Hans - correct answer Freud, Psychoanalytical explanation of behaviorism

• Fear of going edipus complex and castration anxiety.into the streets and being bit by a horse could be explained with the o Little Albert - correct answer John Broadus Watson, Behaviorism
• 11-month old Albert became afraid of furry objects.
• Proved that fears are a learned behavior Anna O - correct answer 1880- First Psychoanalytical client
• Developed the idea of catharsis and talking through traumatic events as a curative need

Questions And Answers

Theorists in the Analytic Movement - correct answer Freud, Jung, Adler Freud - correct answer Id: Pleasure Principle Ego: Reality Principle Superego: Ego Ideal Eric Berne's: Transactional Analysis - correct answer Child, Adult, and Parent (relates directly to id, ego, superego in Freud's theory) Emic Viewpoint - correct answer An insider's perception of the culture. A researcher or counselor using an emic frame of reference wants to know what somebody participating in the cultures things. The emic viewpoint emphasizes that each client is an individual with individual differences. Etic Viewpoint - correct answer Theory that humans are humans- regardless of background and culture- thus, the same theories and techniques can be applied to any client the counselor helps.

Questions And Answers

Alloplastic Viewpoint - correct answer Client can cop best by changing or altering external factors in the environment Autoplastic Viewpoint - correct answer Client change comes from within the client Multicultural Counseling promotes - correct answer eclecticism Viktor Frankl - correct answer Father of Logotherapy, an existential form of treatment which stresses "healing through meaning" 1954 Supreme Cort decision, Brown vs. the Board of Education (outlawing public school segregation) - correct answer Prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling Monolingual - correct answer counselor only speaks one language Therapeutic Surrender (as it relates to multicultural counseling) - correct answer Client is able to trust the cousnelor and self-discloses

Questions And Answers

Cognitive Dissonance Theory - correct answer Predicts that the person will look for things which are consistent with his or her behavior In the US, middle- and upper-class citizens seem to want a counselor who... - correct answer helps them work it out on their own Counselors are legally required to report - correct answer

• Child Abuse
• Neglect
• Sexual abuse
• Exploitation Social Exchange Theory - correct answer a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs Acculturation - correct answer Ethnic and racial minorities integrate or adopt cultural beliefs and customs from the majority or dominant culture Assimilation - correct answer Individual has such a high level of acculturation that he or she becomes part of the dominant, macro, or majority culture

Questions And Answers

Modal Personality - correct answer A personality which is characteristic or typical of the group in question Balance Theory - correct answer - A move from inconsistency to consistency

• Tendency to achieve a balance cognitive state Dissonance - correct answer Inconsistent thoughts. Counselors agree that the client will try to change these thoughts Ethnocentrism - correct answer Conveys the notion that one's group is superior Mores - correct answer beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness or behavior Frank Parsons - correct answer - Father of Guidance
• First pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues Universal Culture - correct answer We all have similar or universal needs (Maslow's hierarchy of needs) and

Questions And Answers

requirements fro food, water, air and sleep regardless of our cultural affiliation.

• Key Name: Clemmont Vontress Frustration-Aggression Theory - correct answer Associated with John Dollard and Neal Miller
• Idea that frustration leads to aggression Albert Ellis - correct answer Father of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) Prognosis - correct answer When a counselor speaks of the probably outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring History of the ACA - correct answer Began as the APGA, then became the AACD, became the ACA in 1992 Freud - correct answer Believed clients are driven by instincts of sex and aggression Multicultural Counseling - correct answer must assess the client's behavior based on the client's own culture- not merely based on the counselor's cultures, The meaning or

Questions And Answers

desirability of a given behavior, trait, or act is based on the culture. Multicultural/ Cultural Pluralism - correct answer Implies that we champion the idea of celebrating diversity Piaget - correct answer A Structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative Konrad Lorenz - correct answer - Believed imprinting is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object

• Believed that aggression is an inborn tendency Harry Harlow - correct answer - Best known for his work with rhesus monkeys Joseph Wolpe - correct answer Pioneered technique of systematic desensitization REBT - correct answer Teaches the client to think in a more scientific and logical manner

Questions And Answers

Phobia vs. Anxiety - correct answer In counseling, a phobia is often distinguished from anxiety. In an anxiety reaction, the client is unaware of the source of the fear. John Bowlby - correct answer Attachment Theory -Secure

• Ambivelent
• Avoidant
• Resistent (clingy)
• Disorganzied (no pattern) Freud's Psychosexual Stages - correct answer Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital Erikson's Psychosocial Stages - correct answer Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority Identity vs. Identity Confusion Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Stagnation Integrity vs. Despair

Questions And Answers

Piaget - correct answer Sensorimotor Preoperational Operational Formal Operational Havighursts Developmental Tasks - correct answer Early Childhood Middle Childhood Adolescense Early Adulthood Middle Adulthood Kohlbergs Model of Moral Development - correct answer Preconventional (behavior governed by consequence)

• Punishment and Obedience (bad if punished, good if rewarded)
• Instrumental-reativist (do something for someone and they will do something for you) Conventional (desire to conform to sociall acceptable rules)
• Good boy- Nice girl (acts are moral if they are approved by others)

Questions And Answers

• Law and Order (acts are judged by rules, social order) Postconventional (self-accepted moral principles guide behavior)
• Social Contract (morality is based on preserving socla contracts, values and respect)
• Universal Ethical Principled (morality is based on inividual conscious and ethical decisions) Zone of Proximal Development - correct answer The task is not too hard or not too easy Rogers (person centered) - correct answer Individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization Berne (Transactional Analysis) - correct answer Messages learned about self in childhood determine whether a person is good or bad, though intervention can change this script. Freud (psychoanalysis) - correct answer Deterministic; people are controlled by biological instincts; are unsocialized, irrational; driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression

Questions And Answers

Ellis (REBT) - correct answer People have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently Perls (Gestalt) - correct answer People are not bad or good. People have the capability to govern life effectively as "whole."People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such. Glasser (Reality Therapy) - correct answer Individuals strive to meet basic physiological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and others. brain as control system tries to meet needs. Adler (individual psychology) - correct answer Man is basically good; much of behavior is determined via birth order Jung (Analytic Psychology - correct answer Man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment Skinner (Behavior Modification) - correct answer Humans are like other animals; mechanisitc ad controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bad' no self-determination or freedom.

Questions And Answers

Bandura (Neobehavioristic) - correct answer Person produces and is a product of conditioning Frankl (logotherapy) - correct answer Existential view is that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice Williamson (Trait-Factor) - correct answer Through education and scientific data, man can become himself. Humans are born with potential for good or evil. Others are needed to help unleash positive p0tential. Man is mainly rational, no intuitive Libido (Freudian Term) - correct answer Drive to live and the sexual instinct that is present even at birth Regression (Freudian Term) - correct answer ability to return to an earlier stage Fixation (Freudian Term) - correct answer client is unable to move beyond a stage Criticism of Fred - correct answer He was too focused on sex and not including the entire lifespan in his theory

Questions And Answers

Ivan Pavlov - correct answer popularized classical conditioning Albert Bandra - correct answer Social Learning Theory- Bobo doll Continuous Reinforcement - correct answer each behavior is reinforced- more effective than intermittent reinformcement Carl Robers: 3 Conditions for effective helping - correct answer 1- Show empathy 2- Be Genuine/Congruent 3- Display unconditional positive regard Albert Ellis's ABCDE Model - correct answer Activating Agent Clients Belief System Emotional Consequence Counselor Disputes New Emotional Consequence occurs when belief becomes reational

Questions And Answers

Fritz Perls (Gestalt Therapy) - correct answer Focuses on the her and now Uses dreams to bring into the present Asks What and How questions Goal is for the client to become aware of the here and now William Glasser (Reality Therapy) - correct answer "Behavior is the control of our perceptions 8-Steps of Reality Therapy

• Build a relationship
• Focus on here and now
• Help the client to evaluate his or her current behavior
• Develop a contract with an action plan
• Have the client commit to the plan
• Accept no excuses
• Do not use punishment
• Refuse to give up on your client Existentialism - correct answer authenticity is the basic goal of psychotherapy
• clients must find a purpose to their being

Questions And Answers

• to be truly human, clients must be aware of their own being-in-the-world Four ways of being - correct answer 1- umwelt (biological world, environment) 2- Mitwelt (human relationships) 3- Eigenwelt (relationships with ourselves) 4- Uberwelt (spiritual or religious) Existentialism goal - correct answer authenticity fo the client and coming to this realization Standardized Tests - correct answer Uniform procedures for scoring and administrations. Valid and reliable, highly tested Raw Score - correct answer Same as a percentage score an unaltered score. Can be converted to a t, z, percentile rank, SD or stanine so that they can be graphed with the normal bell curve Percentile Rank - correct answer Tells the counselor the percent of scores equal to or below the score you are investigating

Questions And Answers

IV - correct answer Independent Variable ("I" change/manipulate the IV) DV - correct answer Dependent Variable ("D"ata) Variable - correct answer The factor that varies or changes Cause and Effect Research - correct answer Experimental Research, Most valuable, eliminates extraneous variables Validity - correct answer Does the test actually test what it is supposed to be testing MOST IMPORTANT A test can be valid but not reliable Reliability - correct answer Does the test produce consistent results time and again Internal Validity - correct answer Was the DV truly influenced by the IV

Questions And Answers

External Validity - correct answer Can the results be generalized to larger populations Parsimony - correct answer Occam's Razor Interpreting the results in the simplest way (ex. easiest explanation is the best) Chi-Sqaure - correct answer Helps to determine if the distribution differs significantly from what was expected. Confounded - correct answer Flaws in the research Basic Research - correct answer Enhances understanding of theory Applied Researc - correct answer Advance knowledge of how theories, skills, and techniques can be used ANOVA - correct answer Also called a t-test test of a significance Research Ethics - correct answer Informed Consent

Questions And Answers

Negative after effects are removed Subjects can withdraw at any time Confidentiality Reports are accurate and not misleading Use only techniques you are trained to administer Hypothesis Testing - correct answer R.A. Fisher Meta-Analysis - correct answer Looks at numerous studies P (probability) - correct answer Typically .05 or less (means experimenter will get 95 of 100 accurate) The lower the number the MORE STRINGENT Parameter - correct answer a description of the studies population and their characteristics Ethnographic Research - correct answer Research collected (Ex. interviews, observations and documentation) Type 1 Error - correct answer Alpha

Questions And Answers

Experimenter rejects the null hypothesis when it was in fact true Type 2 Error - correct answer Beta Experimenter accepts the null hypothesis when it was in fact false Central Tendence - correct answer Mean: sum of all scores Median: Line up lowest to highest, find the middle number Mode: Result that is most frequent Mean - correct answer Most useful of all the central tendencies Mode - correct answer Will always be the highest in the curve Bi-modal - correct answer when conducting two studies within the same (ex. men and women's height and weight comparisons) curve will look like a camels back Range - correct answer Calculated

Questions And Answers

=(highest score - lowest score) +1 note: Increases with increased sample size Abscissa - correct answer X-axis- HORIZONTAL Ordinate - correct answer Y-axis- VERTICLE Platykurtic - correct answer Flat bell curve Leptokurtic - correct answer Super high/tall bell curve Deductive Reasoning - correct answer Moves from general to more specific Inductive Reasoning - correct answer Most from more specific to general Hawthorne Effect - correct answer If people who are being researched are given more attention performance will naturally increase

Questions And Answers

Rosenthal Effect - correct answer If the experimenter is expecting a given result they may begin to see it, whether it is there or not Halo Effect - correct answer A trait not being evaluated (prettiness of applicants) impacts the trait being evaluated (job readiness) T-Scores - correct answer Have a mean of 50 and a SD of 10 Ex. SD=2 then Tscore=70 (add 10x2) Area Under the Normal Curve - correct answer 68%= SD 1 95%= SD 2 99.7%= SD 3 (means that 99.7% of ll scores fall between 3+/- standard deviations Interrator Reliability - correct answer Means that if 2 people were reading the same test report they would come up with the same responses Aptitude Tests - correct answer Predict potential

Questions And Answers

Achievement tests - correct answer Knowledge of what is currently known or learned IQ test and the Weschsler - correct answer attempt to measure mental abilities Power Tests - correct answer Time is not a factor Projective Tests - correct answer There is no correct answer ex. Inkblot tests Regression to the Mean - correct answer if the client scores remarkably low or high their next score will most likely move them closer to the mean Correlation - correct answer NOT THE SAME AS CAUSALITY!!!!!! Simply an association -1 to 0 to +1 - correct answer Correlations -1= perfect correlation 0= No correlation