Family Therapy Techniques and Approaches: A Comparative Study, Exams of Career Counseling

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NCE Counseling Families, Diagnosis, and Advanced

Concepts with Correct Answers.

A married couple brings their two children to counseling for behavioral problems. The 14 year old daughter stays out late and their 17 year old son is using drugs. According to most marriage and family therapists, the identified patient would be a. the 17 year old son b. the 14 year old daughter c. the family d. both children - Correct answer c. the family You are seeing a husband and wife for marriage counseling. During one of the sessions you decide to see them separately. The husband tells you he has seen an attorney because he is filing for divorce. He has not told his wife and indicates that he will not do so. You feel the wife has a right to know this because it will help her plan for the future. You should a. only tell the wife if he gives you permission b. communicate his intent to his wife since ethics guidelines state you may do so when a member of the couple is contemplating divorce c. not tell the wife since research indicates that women respond more positively to divorce when they have less time to think about it d. terminate the husband unless he tells her - Correct answer a. only tell his wife if he gives you permission You are supervising a licensing candidate who is primarily interested in marriage and family counseling. You are very attracted to her and have sex with her. According to ethics guidelines, a. this is perfectly ethical, since she is a student and not a client b. this is unethical c. this is perfectly ethical, since this is a supervisee and not a client d. a and c are both correct - Correct answer b. this is unethical The fastest growing clientele for professional counselors are persons a. experiencing bipolar disorder b. experiencing suicidal ideation c. experiencing marriage and family problems d. who abuse their children - Correct answer c. experiencing marriage and family problems Family counselors generally believe in a. circular/reciprocal causality (e.g. dynamics of family members b. linear causality c. random causality d. dream analysis - Correct answer a. circular/reciprocal causality (e.g. dynamics of family members

Cybernetics is a concept used by family therapists. It is usually associated with the work of a. Freud and Ellis b. Norbert Wiener c. Virginia Satir d. behavioral family therapists and cognitive family therapists - Correct answer b. Norbert Wiener A family that is stable and reaches an equilibrium is in a state of a. adaptability b. enmeshment c. Nonsummativity d. homeostasis - Correct answer d. homeostasis Adaptability is the ability of the family to balance a. ego strength b. stability and change c. morphostasis and morphogenesis d. b and c - Correct answer d. b and c (morphostasis = stability; morphogenesis = change) A family wants to see you for counseling; however, they have a very limited income and can't afford to pay. You therefore agree to see the family for free (i.e. pro bono). The term that best describes your actions would be a. aspirational ethics b. mandatory ethics c. empathy d. all of the above - Correct answer a. aspirational ethics Experiential conjoint family therapy is closely related to the work of a. Virginia Satir b. Albert Ellis c. Jay Haley d. Salvador Minuchin, the father of structural family therapy - Correct answer a. Virginia Satir Virginia Satir felt that a major goal of therapy was to improve intrafamily communication (i.e. communication between family members). According to Satir, four basic patterns prevented good communication under stress. These defensive postures, or stress positions, are placating, blaming, being overly reasonable, and being irrelevant. Placating means a. you disagree with all the other family members b. you pick a favorite family member and agree with him or her c. you ignore the other family members

d. you try to please everybody out of a fear of rejection - Correct answer d. you try to please everybody out of a fear of rejection The placater is a people pleaser under stress while the blamer a. will sacrifice others to feel good about himself b. will often say "if it weren't for you..." c. will point the finger at others to avoid dealing with his or her own issues d. all of the above are typical behaviors of the blamer - Correct answer d. all of the above are typical behaviors of the blamer The person who becomes overly reasonable a. practices excitation b. cries a lot during therapy sessions c. is likely to engage in the defense mechanism of intellectualization d. has a high degree of emotion - Correct answer c. is likely to engage in the defense mechanism of intellectualization According to Satir, the individual displaying an irrelevant style will a. distract the family from the problem via constantly talking about irrelevant topics b. become a people pleaser c. will analyze the situation more than most d. all of the above - Correct answer a. distract the family from the problem via constantly talking about irrelevant topics Virginia Satir is considered a leading figure in experiential family therapy. ______ is sometimes called the dean of experiential family therapy. a. Ludwig von Bertalanffy b. Gregory Bateson c. Carl Whitaker d. Murray Bowen - Correct answer c. Carl Witaker Carl Whitaker's interaction with the family could best be described as a. quiet and empathic b. joining the family and experiencing it as if he were a family member c. a reality therapist d. a cognitive behavior therapist - Correct answer b. joining the family and experiencing it as if he were a family member According to Whitaker, a. a cotherapist is helpful b. a cotherapist should never be used c. a cotherapist should be used only with blended families d. all of the above could be true - Correct answer a. a cotherapist is helpful Psychotherapy of the absurd is primarily related to the work of a. Virginia Satir

b. Carl Whitaker c. Maxie C. Maultsby Jr d. William Glasse - Correct answer b. Carl Whitaker A behavioristic marriage and family therapist is counseling the entire family together. She turns to the 18-year-old son who is attending community college and says, "You must complete your sociology essay before you can use the family car and go out with your friends." Which theorist is primarily guiding her intervention strategy? a. David Premack's principle or law b. Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson c. BF Skinner d. All of the above - Correct answer a. David Premack's principle or law A behavioristic marriage and family counselor is counseling the entire family together. She turns to the 18-year-old son who is attending community college and says, I know you like to play golf. Therefore, every time you cut the grass your father will take you to play golf. I am going to have you and your dad sign a contract that you agree with this policy." Which principle is primarily guiding her strategy? a. negative reinforcement b. thought stopping c. shaping with successive approximations d. quid pro quo - Correct answer d. quid pro quo A male is supervising a female counselor for state licensing. He tells her that he will continue to supervise her as long as she has sex with him. This is an example of a. quid pro quo b. a legal but not an ethical violation c. a and b d. none of the above - Correct answer a. quid pro quo A behavioristic family counselor suggests that the family chart the number of times that 6-year-old Billy says "no" when he is told to do something. The baseline of the chart would refer to a. the period when positive reinforcement is being implemented b. the period when negative reinforcement is being implemented c. the period when quid pro quo is being implemented d. the period before behavior modification begins - Correct answer d. the period before behavior modification begins The family counselor explains to Mrs. Smith that the next time that 9-year-old Sally hits her little brother she must sit in the family room by herself. The counselor is using a. shaping b. shaping with successive approximations c. reciprocity d. time-out, a procedure that most behaviorists feel is a form of extinction - Correct answer d. time-out, a procedure that most behaviorists feel is a form of extinction

Mrs. Chance tells a family therapist that she pays all the bills, does all the cleaning, and brings in 90% of the family's income. Moreover, Mrs. Chance is convinced that her husband does not appreciate her or show her affection. According to the behavioristic principle of family therapy known as reciprocity, a. there is a good chance that Mrs. Chance will consider leaving the marriage b. it may seem paradoxical, nevertheless Mrs. Chance will be more committed to making the marriage work c. it may seem paradoxical, nevertheless Mrs. Chance may consider leaving the marriage d. this situation will have virtually no impact on this couple's marriage - Correct answer a. there is a good chance that Mrs. Chance will consider leaving the marriage A couple is having sexual problems that stem from anxiety. A marriage counselor who is a strict behaviorist would most likely a. dispute the couple's irrational thinking b. prescribe thought stopping c. rely on systematic desensitization procedures d. rely primarily on paraphrasing and reflecting - Correct answer c. rely on systematic desensitization procedures A family counselor notices that the husband in a blended family is having obsessive sexual thoughts about a woman living down the street. A strict behaviorist would most likely a. analyze the man's dreams b. have him chart the incidence of the behavior, but do little else c. practice thought-stopping d. rely primarily on Joseph Wolpe's systematic desensitization - Correct answer c. practice thought stopping You secure a job as the executive director of a family counseling agency. As you go through your files, you discover that five years before you took the job the agency selected 100 families and counseled them using a strict behaviorist model. The agency took the next group of 100 families and counseled them using Satir's experiential conjoint family therapy model. Each family received 12 sessions of therapy and each family took a before- and after- assessment that accurate depicted how well the family was functioning. You decide to run a t-test to examine whether or not a statistically significant difference is evident between the two approaches. This is a. an ex post facto (i.e. after the fact) correlation study b. causal-comparative or ex post facto (i.e. after the fact) research c. a true experiment d. simple survey research - Correct answer b. causal-comparative or ex post facto (i.e. after the fact) research All of the techniques listed below would be used by a behavioristic family therapist except

a. family sculpting b. a functional analysis of behavior followed by operant conditioning c. modeling d. chaining and extinction - Correct answer a. family sculpting Which statement is true of families? a. The divorce rate has decreased markedly in the last several years b. Remarriage today is uncommon c. Remarriage today is common d. The divorce rate in the United States hovers at about 10% - Correct answer c. Remarriage today is common Which statement is true? a. Single life is short-lived for divorced persons. About 30% of all divorced persons are remarried within 12 months of being divorced b. Most persons who are divorced do not remarry c. Most persons who are divorced wait a minimum of five years to remarry d. Women remarry quickly, however, men do not - Correct answer a. Single life is short- lived for divorced persons. About 30% of all divorce persons are remarried within 12 months of being divorced The theory of psychodynamic family counseling is primarily associated with a. William Glasser b. Sigmund Freud c. Virginia Satir and Carl Whitaker d. Nathan Ackerman - Correct answer d. Nathan Ackerman In psychoanalytic family therapy, the word "object" means a. a dream b. a significant other with whom a child wishes to bond c. transference d. countertransference - Correct answer b. a significant other with whom a child wishes to bond In psychoanalytic family therapy, the term "introjects" really means that the client a. internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of the objects within themselves b. possesses internal verbalizations c. possess a finite number of problem solving options d. possess the internal motivation to solve his or her own difficulties - Correct answer a. internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of the objects within themselves Pick the best example(s) of the psychoanalytic concept of splitting. a. A client who realistically perceives her therapist as a very empathic person b. A client who realistically perceives her therapist as only having good qualities c. A client who sees her therapist as all bad d. b and c - Correct answer d. b and c

A 72-year-old woman you are counseling in a family reminds you of your mother and this is bringing up unresolved childhood issues for you as the counselor. This is an example of a. positive transference b. negative transference c. countertransference d. ambivalent transference - Correct answer c. countertransference A family actually changes the structure of their family system. According to Watzlawick, Weakland, and Fisch, the family has achieved a. second-order change that is more desirable than first-order change b. first-order change that is more desirable than second-order change c. mediation d. a Greek chorus - Correct answer a. second-order change that is more desirable than first-order change A woman sees her husband as all good sometimes and all bad at others. An analytically trained family therapist who believes in object relations would see this as a. ambivalent transference b. splitting c. dysthymia d. psychotic behavior - Correct answer b. splitting Nathan Ackerman is considered a famous psychoanalytic family therapist. So are a. Carl Rogers and Albert Ellis b. Arnold Lazarus and Joseph Wolpe c. William Glasser and Robert Wubbolding d. James Framo and Robin Skynner - Correct answer d. James Framo and Robin Skynner Cloe Mandanes and Jay Haley are associated with the _________ school of family counseling. a. strategic b. behavioral c. psychodynamic d. object relations - Correct answer a. strategic When Haley began investigating psychotherapy, he a. was already trained as a Freudian analyst like so many other pioneers in the field b. was already trained as a behaviorist c. had studied REBT with Ellis d. had a degree in the arts and communication rather than the helping professions - Correct answer d. had a degree in the arts and communication rather than the helping professions

Jay Haley believes in giving clients directives. You are counseling a family and during the session the 14 year old daughter exclaims that she is suicidal. The best example of a directive would be a. You turn to the 14 year old daughter and say "You seem to be saying that living is too painful" b. You turn to the 14 year old daughter and say "Could it be that you want to hurt yourself because your boyfriend no longer wishes to see you?" c. You turn to the family and say "If your daughter threatens suicide this week, I was the entire family - including your daughter - to stay home and nobody leaves for the day." d. You turn to the family and say "Could this be a family problem rather than a difficulty for your daughter?" - Correct answer c. You turn to the family and say "If your daughter threatens suicide this week, I was the entire family - including your daughter - to stay home and nobody leaves for the day." Which of these responses is the best example of the double-bind concept used in Jay Haley's strategic therapy? You are trying to help a client stop smoking: a. You hypnotize her and tell her she will never smoke another cigarette again. After you awaken her you admonish her to smoke as many cigarettes as she can for the first three days b. You recommend that the client chart the number of cigarettes she smokes c. You tell her to mentally visualize herself as a nonsmoker whenever she has the desire to smoke d. all of the above - Correct answer a. You hypnotize her and tell her she will never smoke another cigarette again. After you awaken her, you admonish her to smoke as many cigarettes as she can for the first 3 days The directive or prescription given to the smoker in the previous question could best be described as a. a paradoxical intervention b. a cognitive intervention c. an object relations intervention d. a behavioristic intervention - Correct answer a. a paradoxical intervention A couple tells a therapist using strategic family therapy that they have a quarrel at least once every evening. The therapist says, "Between now and the next time I see you, I want you to have a serious quarrel at least twice every evening." This is an example of a. relabeling, which is commonly used in this form of therapy b. reframing, which is commonly used in this form of therapy c. prescribing the symptom d. a directive that is not paradoxical or a double bind - Correct answer c. prescribing the symptom Strategic family counselors often rely on relabeling or reframing. A client says his girlfriend yells at him every time he engages in a certain behavior. The best example of reframing or relabeling would be

a. a counselor who remarks, "Research seems to show that when she yells at you it is because she loves you so much. A woman often feels foolish if she hugs or kisses you in a situation like that. "b. a counselor who remarks, "Can you tell me about it in the present moment, as if she is yelling at you this very moment? "c. a counselor who remarks, "You are upset by her verbal assaults" d. a counselor who remarks, "Are you really hurt by your girlfriend's remarks, or is it the fact that you are telling yourself how catastrophic it is that she said these things?" - Correct answer a. a counselor who remarks, "Research seems to show that when she yells at you it is because she loves you so much. A woman often feels foolish if she hugs or kisses you in a situation like that." In strategic family counseling, the person with the power in the family a. has the authority to make rules and enforce them b. is usually extremely aggressive c. is usually not willing to follow a family therapist's prescriptions or directives d. is the one who talks the most - Correct answer a. has the authority to make rules and enforce them Psychoanalytic practitioners do not attack symptoms directly. Strategic therapy a. does not attack the symptoms directly either b. is pragmatic and often focuses on abating symptoms c. does not take a position on whether a counselor should attempt to ameliorate symptoms or not d. takes the position that if you can change each family member's unconscious then symptoms will gradually disappear - Correct answer b. is pragmatic and often focuses on abating symptoms Cloe Madanes insists that symptoms serve a function. A child, for example, sees that her mother is depressed. The daughter throws a glass cup to the floor to break it. This brings the mother out of the depressed state and makes her mother angry and powerful. This is known as a. symptom substitution b. the perverse triangle c. incongruous hierarchy d. latency - Correct answer c. incongruous hierarchy Madanes advocates pretend techniques that are somewhat paradoxical. An example might be a. a child who has panic attacks pretends he has a mental bullhorn in his head and shouts, "stop" b. a child who has panic attacks pretends in his mind that a therapist is counseling him c. a child who has panic attacks pretends his dad is a therapist during the actual family therapy session

d. a child who has panic attacks pretends to have one during the session and the parents pretend to help him - Correct answer d. a child who has panic attacks pretends to have one during the session and the parents pretend to help him A strategic family therapist says to a family, "I don't know what else you can do to stop the bickering and fighting in your house." This is an example of a. restraining b. quid pro quo c. pretending d. interpretation - Correct answer a. restraining A client remarks that her depression is extremely intense. Her strategic counselor remarks, "It is very possible your depression is hopeless. It is possible you will never get over it." Her comment is an example of a. a blatant ethical violation b. positioning c. cohesion d. behavioral disputation - Correct answer b. positioning A family counselor treats an Asian-American family exactly like he treats the Hispanic families in his caseload. He also imposes values from his own culture on them. This counselor has been described in the literature as a. culturally sensitive b. lacking cultural sensitivity c. culturally encapsulated, a term suggested by counseling pioneer Gilbert Wrenn d. b and c - Correct answer d. b and c Which statement is true of African -American families? a. They are the largest minority in the US b. Fewer African-Americans are getting married than at any time in history and out of wedlock births account for two out of three births to African-American women under the age of 35 c. African -Americans are less likely to be concerned about gender roles (e.g. men and women can cook meals or work outside of the home) d. b and c - Correct answer d. b and c When working with an African-American family, the best approach would probably be a. Bowen's family therapy; Minuchin's structural family therapy, or Jay Haley's strategic family therapy b. cognitive family therapy c. Ackerman's psychoanalytic approach to family therapy d. a strict reality therapy approached based on the work of psychiatrist William Glasser - Correct answer a. Bowen's family therapy, Minuchin's structural family therapy, or Jay Haley's strategic family therapy When counseling Asian-American families the best approach would most likely be

a. Nathan Ackerman's psychoanalytic approach b. behavioral family therapy c. solution-focused/problem focused modalities d. all of the above - Correct answer c. solution-focused/problem focused modalities Which statement is true of Hispanic families? a. They have a high unemployment rate, often live in poverty, and rarely earn high school diplomas or college degrees b. They have higher than average incomes but usually don't finish high school or college c. They have college degrees, but still generally live in poverty d. They prefer long-term treatment in therapy - Correct answer a. They have a high unemployment rate, often live in poverty, and rarely earn high school diplomas or college degrees A model by Olson, Sprenkle, and Russell suggests that family functioning can be described in two dimensions - cohesion and adaptability. The family therapy term "cohesion" refers to the level of emotional bonding between family members. Adaptability refers to a. a family's level of enmeshment or disengagement b. a family's ability to adapt to the therapist's personality c. a family's ability to adapt to the theoretical persuasion of the therapist d. how rigid, structured, flexible, or chaotic the family is - Correct answer d. how rigid, structured, flexible, or chaotic the family is Which statement is true regarding Native-American families? a. They are a very diverse group as they belong to over 500 state-recognized tribes b. Extended family and the tribe are very important c. A high percentage of children have been placed in foster care homes, residential facilities, or adoption homes that are non-Native American d. all of the above are true - Correct answer d. all of the above are true The statement, "Native Americans have a problem with alcoholism and suicide" is a. false b. true as far as alcoholism is concern, however, false where suicide is concerned c. true d. true regarding the suicide rate, however, false regarding their use of alcoholic beverages - Correct answer c. true Murray Bowen is known for his work in intergenerational family therapy. When Bowen refers to triangulation, he means a. that most people have three ego states (i.e. the Parent, the Adult, and the Child) in their personality b. that most people have a personality structure composed of the id, ego, and superego c. when a dyad (i.e. two individuals) is under stress, a third person is recruited to help stabilize the difficulty between the original dyad. This could even be a child placed in the middle of the conflict

d. therapy has three distinct phases - Correct answer c. when a dyad (i.e. two individuals) is under stress, a third person is recruited to help stabilize the difficulty between the original dyad. This could even be a child placed in the middle of the conflict One of the primary goals of Bowen's intergenerational family therapy is differentiation. Differentiation is a. the extent that one can separate one's intellect from one's emotional self b. the extent that one is different from one's peers c. the extent that one is different from one's childhood d. the same as fusion - Correct answer a. the extent that one can separate one's intellect from one's emotional self Bowen popularized a three-generational pictorial diagram as a therapy tool. This is known as a. an histogram b. a sociogram c. a genogram d. family sculpting - Correct answer c. a genogram An intergenerational family therapist says she is concerned with the nuclear family emotional system. She is referring to a. the fact that although the current family in therapy has an emotional system, this emotional system is influenced by previous generations whether they are alive or dead b. the fact that a venogram should depict a single generation c. the fact that emotional discord is a function of the unconscious mind d. the miracle question - Correct answer a. the fact that although the current family in therapy has an emotional system, this emotional system is influenced by previous generations whether they are alive or dead Albert Ellis is to REBT as Salvador Minuchin is to a. the MRI model b. structural family therapy c. intergenerational family counseling d. behavioral family counseling - Correct answer b. structural family therapy An important technique in structural family therapy is joining. Which statement most accurately depicts this intervention? a. The therapist meets, greets, and attempts to bond with the family. The therapist will use language similar to that of the family and mimesis which means that he or she will mimic communication patterns b. the therapist is professional but distant c. the therapist joins the family and sympathizes with their difficulties d. Joining is used during the final session of therapy - Correct answer a. The therapist meets, greets, and attempts to bond with the family. The therapist will use language similar to that of the family and mimesis which means that he or she will mimic communication patterns

A family is seeing a structural family therapist because there is a huge argument every time the subject of the 16-year-old daughter's boyfriend comes up. The therapist says, "Okay, I want you to play like you are at home and act out precisely what transpires when the subject of your daughter's boyfriend is mentioned." The structural family therapist is using a technique called a. joining b. reframing (defined as an alternative way of describing or perceiving an event) c. enactment d. cognitive disputation - Correct answer c. enactment When a structural therapist uses the term "boundaries" he or she really means a. the limits of the human mind b. the limits of behavior in the family c. the separation of the family members from their family of origin d. the physical and psychological entities that separate individuals and subsystems from others in the family - Correct answer d. the physical and psychological entities that separate individuals and subsystems from others in the family In Minuchin's structural approach, clear boundaries are a. pathological b. rigid c. also called diffuse boundaries d. ideal - firm yet flexible - Correct answer d. ideal - firm yet flexible A woman is having difficulties at her place of employment. Her husband turns to her in a session and says, "You're on your own, I've got my own problems." A structural family therapist would assert that the boundaries between this couple are a. rigid b. clear c. diffuse d. a combination of a and c - Correct answer a. rigid A mother insists on accompanying her 20-year-old daughter on a date. A structural therapist would assume that a. the family has clear boundaries b. the family has rigid boundaries c. the family has diffuse boundaries d. the family supports individuation - Correct answer c. the family has diffuse boundaries Minuchin would often mimic the family's style. This is known as a. cognitive disputation b. the structural map c. permeable boundaries d. none of the above - Correct answer d. none of the above (the correct term is "mimesis" where the therapist mimes the family)

Ackerman is psychodynamic. Haley is strategic. Minuchin is structural. Bowen is intergenerational. Another well-known intergenerational family therapist would be a. Alfred Adler b. the Hungarian analytically trained psychiatrist Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy c. Andrew Salter d. Mara Selvini-Palazzoli - Correct answer b. the Hungarian analytically trained psychiatrist Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy A family member who is emotionally distant is a. disengaged b. enmeshed c. an example of equifinality d. a placater - Correct answer a. disengaged During the course of a family session you discover that a man and his 14-year-old boy are putting pressure on mom to quit her job. Mom very much likes her work. In Haley's theory this set of dynamics would be called a. reframing b. equifinality c. the perverse triangle d. paradox - Correct answer c. the perverse triangle __________ was a pioneer in the early history of family therapy. a. Carl Jung b. David Wechsler c. Alfred Adler d. Franz Anton Mesmer - Correct answer c. Alfred Adler Which therapist could be best described as atheoretical? a. Jay Haley b. Carl Whitaker c. Alfred Adler d. Nathan Ackerman - Correct answer b. Carl Whitaker Solution-Oriented therapy, as practiced by William O'Hanlon, Insoo Kim Berg, Steve de Shazer, and Michelle Weiner Davis focuses primarily on a. the past b. the present c. the future d. dream analysis - Correct answer c. the future Narrative Therapy (NT), which highlights stories in counseling, is associated with the work of a. William O'Hanlon b. William Glasser

c. Milton H. Erickson d. Michael White, his wife Cheryl White, and David Epston - Correct answer d. Michael White, his wife Cheryl White, and David Epston Postmodernist Tom Anderson, a psychiatrist from Norway, became disenchanted with traditional family therapy. He began using a radical approach based primarily on a. a one-way mirror and a reflecting treatment team b. three therapists c. the gestalt empty chair technique d. homework assignments - Correct answer a. a one-way mirror and a reflecting treatment team Feminist therapy criticizes traditional therapies a. because they are androcentric (i.e. they use male views to analyze the personality) b. because they are gender centric (i.e. they assume that there are two separate psychological development patterns - one for men and one for women) c. because they emphasize heterosexism and debase same-sex relationships d. all of the above - Correct answer d. all of the above The term "skeleton keys" as used in Steve de Shazer's brief solution focused therapy (BSFT) indicates a. a standard or stock intervention that will work for numerous problems b. a technique where the client goes home to see his or her family of origin c. a technique that works for one specific problem but usually will not work with other difficulties d. a technique in which the therapist hands the client or clients a sheet of paper with a compliment on it - Correct answer a. a standard or stock intervention that will work for numerous problems One criticism of using cognitive-behavioral methods like REBT with families or individuals in multicultural counseling would be a. that the theory is not intended to be used with diverse populations b. the theory suggests that the therapist must have ethnic or racial ties to the client in order for efficacious treatment to occur c. that it ignores present moment problems d. that the cognitive disputation could go against cultural messages - Correct answer d. that the cognitive disputation could go against cultural messages Most experts predict that in the 21st century, theories of counseling and psychotherapy will a. become more integrative, since about 30 to 50% of all therapists say they are eclectic b. become more behavioristic, since this is the approach that uses statistical outcomes c. become more Rogerian, since the world as a whole is becoming more humanistic d. not tolerate eclecticism since it is not scientific - Correct answer a. become more integrative, since about 30 to 50% of all therapists say they are eclectic

Pick the most accurate statement. a. Brief solution-oriented therapy requires the use of a one way mirror with a treatment team behind the mirror b. Brief solution-oriented therapy does not utilize a treatment team behind a one-way mirror c. Brief solution-oriented therapy sometimes uses a treatment team behind a one-way mirror, nevertheless, it is not required d. Brief solution-oriented therapy does not utilize paradoxical interventions - Correct answer c. Brief solution-oriented therapy sometimes uses a treatment team behind a one-way mirror, nevertheless, it is not required A researcher takes a group of clients and gives them a depression inventory. He then provides each client with two sessions of brief solution-oriented therapy and gives them the same depression inventory. A t test is used to compare the two sets of scores on the same people (i.e. the before and after measures of depression). This would be a. a between-groups design b. a correlation coefficient c. a related measures within-subject design d. survey research - Correct answer c. a related measures within-subject design A question on the NCE or CPCE regarding a pre experimental design uses the letters XO. The letters stand for a. X stands for treatment and O stands for observation, measurement or score b. X is the mean while O implies that no treatment was given c. X is the media while O stands for other group d. X stands for treatment while O is the number of observations taken - Correct answer a. X stands for treatment and O stands for observation, measurement, or score Another type of pre experimental design is the one-group only posttest design. This is best depicted by a. OXO b. XO c. OX d. XX - Correct answer b. XO A time-series design is a quasi-experimental design a. that utilizes two randomly chosen groups; a control group and an experimental group b. that relies on multiple observations of the dependent variable (ie. the thing you are measuring) before and after the treatment occurs c. a and b d. is not depicted by any of the answers above - Correct answer b. that relies on multiple observations of the dependent variable before and after the treatment occurs The Solomon four-group is considered a true experimental design since each group is chosen via a random sample. When using this design, a. all groups receive a pretest

b. there is no pretest c. one control group receives a pretest and one experimental group receives a pretest; the other control and experimental groups do not d. there is no posttest - Correct answer c. one control group receives a pretest and one experimental group receives a pretest; the other control group and experimental group do not Which group would most likely avoid eye contact with the counselor and benefit from assertiveness training? a. African/Black Americans b. Asian Americans c. European Americans d. all of the above - Correct answer b. Asian Americans The newest career theory would be a. constructivist and cognitive approaches b. the trait-and-factor approach c. the developmental and psychoanalytic approaches d. the transactional analysis approach - Correct answer a. constructivist and cognitive approaches A popular TWA career counseling model by Renee V. Davis and Lloyd Lofquist uses the abbreviation PEC. This stands for a. Person Emotion Consequence b. Person Education Consequence c. Person Environment Correspondence d. Person Environment Consequence - Correct answer c. Person Environment Correspondence Most experts believe that the number of multigenerational families with a child, a parent, and a grandparent will a. decrease b. increase c. remain static d. continue to go up and down on a fairly regular basis - Correct answer b. increase A researcher wants to prove that structural family therapy is the most effective modality. She conducted a study a year ago using a significance level of .05. Several colleagues felt her significance level needed to come down. She thus ran the same basic experiment again with new people using a significance level of .01. Her chances of making a Type I error or so-called alpha error went down. Now assume you compare her new research with her old research. What could you say about the possibility that her results will indicate that structural family therapy was not significantly different when in reality it truly is significant? a. Statistically, nothing b. the chance of this occurring will go down when compared to the first experiment

c. The chance of this occurring increases when compared to the first experiment d. it would totally depend on the sample size - Correct answer c. the chance of this occurring increases when compared to the first experiment A question on the NCE asks you to compute the coefficient of determination. You are given a correlation coefficient of .70. How would you mathematically accomplish this task? a. You would subtract .70 from a perfect correlation of 1. b. You would multiply the mean of the population by. c. You would dad d .70 to a perfect correlation of 1.00d. You would square the .70 - Correct answer d. You would square the. A correlation coefficient between variables X and Y is .60. If we square this figure we now have the coefficient of determination or true common variance of 36%. What is the coefficient of non determination that shows unique rather than common variance? a. There is no such concept b. You would subtract 36 from 100 c. It would still be 36% d. It would be 64% - Correct answer d. It would be 64% Krumboltz proposes a _______ model of career development. a. social learning b. trait-and-factor c. developmental d. psychoanalytic - Correct answer a. social learning Krumboltz's social learning theory is sometimes referred to as a cognitive theory because it emphasizes beliefs that clients have about themselves as well as the world of work. When Krumboltz speaks of self-observation generalizations, he really means a. generalizations regarding a given occupation and how successful the client would be in the occupation b. Pavlov's principle of stimulus generalization c. Skinner's principle of operant conditioning d. that in career counseling, your primary concern is the manner in which people view themselves and their ability to perform in an occupation - Correct answer d. that in career counseling, your primary concern is the manner in which people view themselves and their ability to perform in an occupation SCCT stands for a. social-cognitive career theory b. social-cognitive family therapy c. self-control career theory d. self-contained career therapy - Correct answer a. social-cognitive career theory

Career counselors refer to job shadowing and volunteering as ______ activities, while reading the job hunting book "What Color Is Your Parachute?" would be ________. a. non interactive; interactive b. interactive; non interactive c. interactive; interactive d. non interactive; non interactive - Correct answer b. interactive; non interactive Urie Bronfenbrenner is one of the codevelopers of the National Head Start program. He proposed a theory of development that is a. essentially the same as Piaget's constructivism b. almost identical to Watson's behaviorism c. an ecological systems theory that stresses the microsystem (any immediate or close relationships or organizations the child interacts with); the mesosystem (the way microsystems work together such as family and school); the exosystem (i.e. the school, church, neighborhood, parent's places of employment, in essence other places the child interacts with but not as often); and the macro system (i.e. the largest and most remote system which includes culture, wars, the federal government, and customs) d. based on 12 discrete stages - Correct answer c. an ecological systems theory that stresses the microsystem (any immediate or close relationships or organizations the child interacts with); the mesosystem (the way microsystems work together such as family and school); the exosystem (i.e. the school, church, neighborhood, parent's places of employment, in essence other places the child interacts with but not as often); and the macro system (i.e. the largest and most remote system which includes culture, wars, the federal government, and customs) Before __________ child psychologists studied the child, sociologists studied the family, anthropologists studied society, economists analyzed the economic framework, and political scientists investigated the political structure. a. James W. Fowler b. Daniel Levinson c. Urie Bronfenbrenner d. Nancy Chodorow - Correct answer c. Urie Bronfenbrenner The school psychometrician refers Katie to you for individual counseling. She indicates that Katie's IQ is at the 50th percentile. Katie's IQ a. is in the mentally retarded range b. cannot be estimated based on this statistic c. is approximately 100 d. is well above the norm for children her age - Correct answer c. is approximately 100 The psychometrician calls you to tell you that she has another student who's IQ falls near the 84th percentile. This student's IQ a. is somewhere in the gifted range, say 140 b. is most likely near 105 c. is approximately 115 d. is between 75 and 80 - Correct answer c. is approximately 115

An exam has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 20. Phil has a score of 90. His score would fall a. at the 40th percentile b. at the 5th stanine c. near the 98th percentile and the 9th stanine d. in the 6th stanine - Correct answer c. near the 98th percentile and the 9th stanine Mrs. Kim wanted her daughter to attend a private school for gifted children who have very high intelligence. Mrs. Kim's daughter took the Otis Lennon IQ test. Her T score was 80. Kim's counselor knew that a. Mrs. Kim would be very upset because her daughter's low score would not allow her to be admitted b. Mrs. Kim would be elated because her daughter scored exceptionally high and would be admitted c. she could not give Kim's mother any feedback since a T-score tells you nothing about one's actual IQ score d. a T-score of 80 is actually very average - Correct answer b. Mrs. Kim would be elated because her daughter scored exceptionally high and would be admitted The mean score on a new counseling exam is 65. The standard deviation is 15. Tanja scored a 35. This tells us that a. she had a z score of + b. she had a z score of - c. she had a t score of 40 d. she had a z score of -2 - Correct answer d. she had a z score of -2. Kia was given a new client with a morbid fear of heights. Her supervisor emphasized that he wanted her to use the most hi-tech form of treatment available. Kia should use a. VRT b. William Glasser's new reality therapy with choice theory c. Joseph Wolpe's systematic desensitization (also known as reciprocal inhibition) a form of behavior therapy that works well with fears d. REBT created by Albert Ellis, which was once called RET - Correct answer a. VRT (virtual reality therapy) The DSM provides diagnostic criteria for mental retardation. It states that a. the client must have an IQ score of 70 or below on an individually administered IQ test and the onset of the condition must be prior to age 18 b. the client must have an IQ score of 70 or below on any IQ test c. The client must have an IQ score on an individually administered IQ test and the onset of the condition must be prior to age 21 d. The client must have an IQ score of 85 or below on an individual or group IQ test - Correct answer a. the client must have an IQ score of 70 or below on an individually administered IQ test and the onset of the condition must be prior to age 18

Measures of central tendency are used to summarize data. A counseling researcher wants to use a measure of central tendency which reacts to every score in the distribution. He will thus use a. the median, or middle score b. the mode, which is the most frequently occurring score or category c. the mean, which has been termed the arithmetic average d. the median or the mode - Correct answer c. the mean, which has been termed the arithmetic average Which theorist would most likely assert that EQ is more important than IQ? a. David Wechsler b. Alfred Binet c. Charles Spearman d. Daniel Goleman - Correct answer d. Daniel Goleman A counseling agency decides to pay their employees once a week. The agency is using a a. fixed interval schedule of reinforcement b. variable interval schedule of reinforcement c. fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement d. variable ratio schedule of reinforcement - Correct answer a. fixed interval schedule of reinforcement As a gambling addiction counselor, Laura is well aware that slot machines operate on a a. variable ratio schedule of reinforcement b. variable interval schedule of reinforcement c. fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement d. reinforcement system that counselors truly cannot explain - Correct answer a. variable ratio schedule of reinforcement Pick the most accurate statement. a. Behavior therapies based on classical conditioning are used primarily with clients who have bipolar disorder. Lithium is no longer used. b. Behavior therapies based on classical conditioning are much more effective than CBT when treating mood disorders. c. Behavior therapies based on classical conditioning are commonly used to treat phobias, but are also utilized for clients with obsessive-compulsive disorders or OCD d. Behavior therapy is never based on classical conditioning. - Correct answer c. Behavior therapies based on classical conditioning are commonly used to treat phobias, but are also utilized for clients with obsessive-compulsive disorders or OCD Ken's supervisor told Ken to do a meta-analysis related to treating children with sleep disorders. a. Ken can use a correlation coefficient b. Ken can set up a true experiment with a control group and an experimental group c. Ken can use a single subject N=1 intensive design

d. Ken will use statistics based on numerous studies to investigate the issue - Correct answer d. Ken will use statistics based on numerous studies to investigate the issue You gave your client Ester a personality test and then shared your interpretation of the test with her. Your client was amazed at how accurate the test results were in terms of depicting her personality. She readily accepted the interpretation. The next day, you discovered that you had interpreted the wrong test! The test you were analyzing was not Ester's but rather belonged to another client. Ester's behavior could best be explained by a. the obvious fact that she is psychotic which means that she is not in touch with reality b. the Barnum effect c. negative transference d. the placebo effect - Correct answer b. the Barnum effect (aka the Former effect) Approximately 40% of all elementary schools have shortened recess or student playtime. Counselors a. are excited about this change because US children are behind other countries academically and thus need more study time b. believe the change will actually have little or no impact on the children. c. are concerned because some research indicates that recess can have a positive impact since children are less fidgety on days when they have recess; especially if they are hyperactive d. are not concerned, as boys have better concentration on days when they do not have recess - Correct answer c. are concerned because some research indicates that recess can have a positive impact since children are less fidgety on days when they have recess; especially if they are hyperactive In 2005, the American Counseling Association released the first revision of the ACA Code of Ethics. One major change was that a. the code eliminated the concept of confidentiality b. the code bans internet counseling c. the code bans telephone counseling d. the code eliminated the phrase "dual relationships" - Correct answer d. the code eliminated the phrase "dual relationships" The new ACA 2005 Code of Ethics forbids sexual or romantic counselor-client interactions or relationships with current clients, as did the old code. The old 1995 code stipulated that a counselor would need to wait two years after terminating before entering into a romantic relationship with a former client. The new regulations a. are virtually identical in this area b. changed 2 years to 10 years c. changed 2 years to 5 years d. changed 2 years to 1 year - Correct answer c. changed 2 years to 5 years You are counseling a well-known celebrity who dies. According to the new 2005 ACA Ethical Code,

a. Confidentiality exists even after she dies b. Confidentiality does not exist after death for any professional helper. Princess Diana's therapist was on television talking about Princess Di's eating disorder immediately after her death c. The ethics state "a counselor has no obligation to uphold confidentiality after a client's death" d. The counselor is given no direction, since this issue is not address in the guidelines - Correct answer a. Confidentiality exists even after she dies Over 7,000 ACA members are now in private practice. The consensus among experts is that a. most private practitioners will not need to deal with managed care b. managed care companies are becoming increasingly difficult to deal with c. managed care companies are becoming easier to work with d. ACA ethics now prohibit practitioners from being on managed care panels - Correct answer c. managed care companies are now becoming easier to work with Each year, approximately 31,000 US citizens commit suicide with an alarming 2,000 individuals attempting suicide each day in the US. Suicide often checks in as the second or third leading cause of death in teens. Men commit suicide more frequently than women, however, women attempt suicide far more often than men. It is accurate to say that a. 10 to 15% of all claims handled by the ACA liability insurance programs are related to suicide b. nearly 100% of the claims handled by the ACA liability insurance programs are related to suicide c. ACA liability insurance will not cover you if a client commits suicided. d. African-American females have an extremely high rate of suicide - Correct answer a. 10 to 15% of all claims handled by the ACA liability insurance programs are related to suicide The 2005 ACA code addresses end of life issues since these issues are getting a high degree of social attention (e.g. the Oregon assisted suicide law and the Terri Schiavo right-to-die case). The new code a. finally takes a moral stance on abortion and gives counselors a road map for dealing with this issue b. suggests that counselors who are helping terminally ill clients who are thinking of hastening their own death must break confidentiality c. suggests that counselors who are helping terminally ill clients who are thinking of hastening their own death would have the option of breaking or not breaking confidentiality d. suggests that a counselor who morally refuses to assist a terminally ill client who wants to hasten her death (and hence, wishes to explore end-of-life options) is acting in an unethical manner - Correct answer c. suggests that counselors who are helping terminally ill clients who are thinking of hastening their own death would have the option of breaking or not breaking confidentiality

A client suffers from bipolar disorder and takes lithium. According to the DSM, she has a. a mood disorder b. an anxiety disorder c. schizophrenia, a term coined by Eugen Bleuler in 1911 (a psychotic disorder) d. a somatoform disorder such as pain disorder - Correct answer a. a mood disorder Matt was diagnosed with somatization disorder which falls under the category of somatoform disorders. It is safe to say that a. Matt is under 21 b. Matt has never has a physical exam c. His symptoms have lasted over six months and his condition manifested itself prior to age 30 d. Matt's only complaint is back pain - Correct answer c. His symptoms have lasted over six months and his condition manifested itself prior to age 30 Millie has a panic attack whenever she drives across a bridge. She has a. situationally bound panic attacks b. cued panic attacks c. a and b d. predisposed panic attacks - Correct answer c. a and b Sybil refers to a famous client who had 15 personalities. At the time Sybil was said to suffer from multiple personality disorder (MPD). Today her diagnosis would be a. dissociative identity disorder b. a mood disorder c. related to RS issues d. a personality disorder - Correct answer a. dissociative identity disorder Bulimia is classified as a. an eating disorder which occurs equally in both men and women b. an eating disorder that occurs primarily in women c. an adjustment disorder d. a narcissistic personality disorder - Correct answer b. an eating disorder that occurs primarily in women You are seeing a client who is extremely concerned about her body weight and shape. She vomits to keep her weight down, nevertheless she does not engage in binge eating. The most appropriate diagnosis would be a. anorexia b. bulimia c. gender identity disorder d. eating disorder NOS - Correct answer d. eating disorder NOS When counseling women, a counselor can assume that a. a woman generally makes less money than a man for the same job

b. most complaints against counselors for exploitation come from women complaining about male counselors c. women are not as comfortable as men when they are involved in competitive situations d. all of the above - Correct answer d. all of the above A hermaphrodite is a. now referred to as an intersex person b. always gay c. always homosexual d. also called a cross-dresser - Correct answer a. now referred to as an intersex person Gay men and women a. primarily live the gay or lesbian lifestyle b. basically have the same range of gender role behaviors as do male and female heterosexuals c. cannot be characterized in terms of lifestyle due to a distinct lack of research d. are always transgendered - Correct answer b. basically have the same range of gender role behaviors as do male and female heterosexuals Warren needs to conduct a study. His supervisor wants him to use a parametric inferential statistic. This means that a. he will need to use random sampling and the distribution is normal b. he will need to use a convenience sample or a volunteer sample c. his distribution will be positively skewed d. his distribution will be bimodal - Correct answer a. he will need to use random sampling and the distribution is normal A counselor has an answering machine in her office. Which statement most accurately depicts the ethical guidelines related to this situation. a. Ethical guidelines forbid the use of answering machines b. Ethical guidelines allow answering machines, but forbid speaking with clients via a cell phone c. Ethical guidelines allow answering machines, but experts insist that unauthorized staff should not be allowed to listen or retrieve such messages d. Ethical guidelines are clear that a pager should be used rather than an answering machine - Correct answer c. Ethical guidelines allow answering machines, but experts insist that unauthorized staff should not be allowed to listen or retrieve such messages The law requires clinicians to a. keep process notes b. keep progress notes c. keep process and progress notes d. keep the client's name and address, but no other information - Correct answer b. keep progress notes