Career Counseling Techniques and Group Dynamics, Exams of Ecology and Environment

Download Career Counseling Techniques and Group Dynamics and more Exams Ecology and Environment in PDF only on Docsity! NCE + CPCE 962 Combined Questions and Verified Answers 2024 Update ________ was a university professor in the late 19th and early 20th century who was an advocate for the career guidance movement and wrote several books about the importance of vocational counseling. In 1909, ______ most well-known book, Choosing a Vocation, was published posthumously and outlined the trait-factor theory of career development. - Correct answer Frank Parsons The first stage of ______ consists of developing trust between counselor and client, with the result being a better understanding of the problems the client has in terms of career decisions. - Correct answer Career Counseling Within the career counseling process there are several steps: [6] - Correct answer 1. establishing a relationship. 2. identifying the problem. 3. conducting an assessment. 4. providing information. 5. making a decision. 6. Implementing the plan. Much like in counseling practice, issues of confidentiality arise in research as well. Only ______ gathering data should have access to information obtained on subjects during the study. Information gathered during studies should only be released to others with the written consent of the subjects. - Correct answer Researchers and research assistants ________ was passed in 1972 as part of the educational amendments, and bans sex discrimination in K-12 schools and colleges. While _______ technically applies to both academics and athletics, the focus has mostly been on giving women equal opportunities with men in sports, and giving women the same proportion of participation in athletic opportunities as men have. - Correct answer Title IX Researchers might apply a test after the analysis of variance is calculated (post hoc) if it is unclear as to which mean scores are significantly different from each other. Post hoc tests that may be able to clarify this problem include ___________. [4] - Correct answer 1. Scheffe's method 2. Tukey's HSD 3. Newman-Keuls 4. Duncan's new multiple range test Researchers might apply a test after the analysis of variance is calculated. - Correct answer Post Hoc The ___________ test is a nonparametric measure used when scores collected from two independent samples do not follow normal distributions. - Correct answer Mann- Whitney U A needs assessment is an important element of program planning, as it defines the differences between what currently exists and what is needed or desired to change the situation. When collecting data, random sampling should be used when possible in order to obtain an accurate representation of needs. This ensures that the data is _______ and can be applied to the broader system. - Correct answer Valid There are four levels of measurement: [4] - Correct answer 1. Nominal 2. Ordinal 3. Interval 4. Ratio ________ refers to numbers that represent categories or qualities of the variable, such as race, gender, and age. Nonparametric statistical measures, which are often used with descriptive data, should be used with nominal data. - Correct answer Nominal data ________________ measures, which are often used with descriptive data, should be used with nominal data. - Correct answer Nonparametric statistical Proponents of ____________ believe that career development results from constant interaction between the individual, the environment, and the dynamics between individual and environment. From a __________ standpoint, the goal of career counseling is for the individual to make sense of his or her situation. - Correct answer Contextualism __________ assert that individuals cannot be separated from their environments and that reality is created by individuals' perceptions and ways of organizing information. - Correct answer Contextualists ________ model of consultation in counseling is a mental health consultation model. In ________ model, two professionals discuss issues specific to mental health diagnoses, such as eating disorders, and treatment. The center of discussion can be an individual client or family, the consultee and the client, treatment or a specific program, or the consultee and administration. - Correct answer Caplan's Irvin Yalom is known for his contributions to group counseling theory. He identified four stages: [4] In addition, group norms develop over time, providing members a chance to practice their skills in a subset of the "real" world. - Correct answer 1. The opportunity to experience social support, peer confrontation, and new behaviors. 2. Having a safe place to practice new skills. 3. Getting exposure to an experience that more nearly replicates the participants' everyday world. The _____________ refers to the idea that a collection of restraints in the workplace historically have prevented women from moving up the career ladder in organizations. These restraints include childcare duties, stereotypes of women's cognitive abilities, and other factors. - Correct answer "Glass Ceiling" _______ was a strong proponent of the collective unconscious, which has developed in the human species over time and contains archetypes for humans' intense emotional responses. - Correct answer Carl Jung Goals of Jungian therapy include getting to know oneself, integration of self, and transformation of self. Jung introduced the concepts of introversion and extraversion, both of which are measured on the ___________________. - Correct answer Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. A ____________ uses points or other types of reinforcements to reward individuals who exhibit desired behaviors. These points can then be used to purchase goods and privileges. - Correct answer Token Economy Counseling program management is similar to other management positions in that it requires a specialized set of skills. These include _________ [1], which refers to assessment of the current state of the program and how it might look different in the future; _____________________. [6] - Correct answer 1. Strategic Planning 2. Program Design and Development; 3. Budgeting; 4. Personnel management; 5. Supervision; 6. Evaluation. 7. Marketing and Public Relations. The National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) grants generic counselor certification as National Certified Counselor (NCC). Individuals who are NCCs can also obtain specialty counselor certification in the areas of school counseling, mental health counseling, and addictions counseling. ___________ is not one of these specialties. - Correct answer Career counseling The American Counseling Association (ACA) is an organization dedicated to the growth and enhancement of the counseling profession. In 2010 the ACA sponsored a task for, __________, which worked to find this mutually agreeable definition of counseling: "Counseling is a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals." - Correct answer 20/20: A Vision for the Future Clients with ____________ are those who experience disruptions in the normal integration of behavior, consciousness, identity, memory, body representation, and motor control. _______________ are common in individuals who have experienced trauma. They are often comorbid with depression, anxiety, and substance use as well as suicidal and self- injurious behavior. - Correct answer Dissociative Disorders ___________ is well known for his contributions to the field of family counseling, as he diligently developed a comprehensive and thoughtful theory that is helpful to many family counselors. - Correct answer Murray Bowen The goal of ____________ is to identify dysfunctional patterns that exist within family systems and then alter and improve these patterns so they are not passed on to the next generation. - Correct answer Bowenian Family Therapy Crisis situations can occur at any time, particularly in the mental health field. Counselors should be aware of how to address these types of situations and how to handle clients in crises. The first step of crisis intervention is to ___________. - Correct answer Conduct a thorough assessment of the client and assess for risk of danger to self or others. The steps of crisis intervention are as follows: [7] - Correct answer 1. Conduct a thorough assessment of the client and assess for risk of danger to self or others. 2. Establish rapport 3. Identify specific problems and cause of the crisis 4. Counsel the client to understand the emotional content of the situation 5. Work on alternative solutions 6. Implement an action plan. 7. Follow up to evaluate effectiveness. In 1976, ______ was the first state to pass the first general practice counselor licensure law. Other states began passing their own counselor licensure laws soon after. - Correct answer Virginia ________ statistics, such as the t-test and analysis of variance, can be used when samples are randomly drawn from the population and results are distributed along a normal curve. - Correct answer Parametric ___________ statistics, such as chi-square and the Mann-Whitney U test, are used when data is not normally distributed and variances are inconsistent. - Correct answer Nonparametric Counselors, like other health professionals, may be taken to court for causing harm to clients for many different reasons such as: [3] - Correct answer 1. Negligence 2. Misrepresentation of Professional Service 3. Sexual Harassment. Counselors are mandated to report suspected or reported child abuse and neglect to the proper authorities, and _______ be taken to court for doing so. - Correct answer Cannot ___________ is under the DSM-5 umbrella category of disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders. These typically appear first in childhood or adolescence and include severe problems with emotional and/or behavioral regulation. ______________ can be diagnosed when individuals meet certain criteria such as aggression toward people or animals, destruction of property, deception or theft, and/or serious violations of rules. - Correct answer Conduct Disorder Autism spectrum disorder is a ______________ disorder typically diagnosed in childhood. Individuals with ________________ disorders usually have contact with several medical professionals before counselors become involved, though counselors in schools and community mental health agencies may be in contact with these individuals. - Correct answer Neurodevelopmental Symptoms of ________ typically have a biological basis and appear very early in childhood, and it is usually a medical professional rather than a counselor who diagnoses it. Medications cannot mask symptoms of _________, such as the lack of ability to understand social cues. Children with ______ can learn social skills with individualized interventions that provide social scripts and models. - Correct answer Autism _________________ is used to determine covariance when an independent variable and its impact on dependent variables is controlled. - Correct answer Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) _______________ is used to find whether significant differences between two variables exist. - Correct answer Factorial ANOVA Researchers who use experimental designs typically want to determine cause-and- effect relationships, like the relationship between test grades and a differently formatted seminar in this example. - Correct answer True Experimental According to Erikson, ________________ is a stage in early adulthood when the young adult seeks intimate relationships and is tasked with either giving up some independence or becoming lonely and isolated. - Correct answer Intimacy versus Isolation _________ validity refers to the consequences of a study on society. - Correct answer Consequential _____________ behaviors are those that the individual considers unacceptable. Individuals with panic disorder, for example, feel uncomfortable with the physiological symptoms of anxiety that accompany the disorder and are therefore more likely to be motivated to change. Individuals with anorexia nervosa, however, often experience ambivalence about receiving treatment for the disorder, since the symptoms are somewhat effective at temporarily relieving anxiety about body shape and control. - Correct answer Ego- Dystonic Early in his career, _________ explanation of career development consisted of vocational development stages and vocational development tasks. In the middle part of his career, however, ______ acknowledged that career development involves not only the career but variables within the individual. - Correct answer Super's __________________ disorders are characterized by a preoccupation with and engagement in repetitive behaviors. Currently, recommended treatment approaches include a combination of psychotropic medication and therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy, particularly CBT that includes exposure and response prevention, has been shown to be particularly effective. - Correct answer Obsessive- Compulsive _________ refers to the degree to which a test or assessment is consistent and can be expected to provide similar results if the same subjects were to participate in the same study again. - Correct answer Reliability Sometimes researchers test a study's _________ by testing the same group twice, then comparing the results of both _______ and reliability. - Correct answer Stability It is recommended that researchers wait about _________ before re-administering a test to the same group. - Correct answer Two Weeks Super's Life-Career Rainbow helps people think about the work/life balance in their lives and acknowledges the eight life roles that many people hold: [8] - Correct answer 1. Homemaker 2. Spouse 3. Parent 4. Worker 5. Citizen 6. Leisurite 7. Student 8. Child Some researchers believe a test must __________ in order to be considered valid, though not all researchers agree on this point. - Correct answer Benefit Society The ________ consists of a collection of abstract ink blot images onto which the individual projects often unconscious desires, urges, and needs. The _________ is considered an unstructured test, as the individual is given considerable flexibility in how he or she responds. - Correct answer Rorschach According to Erikson, ______________ occurs in middle adulthood when adults desire to contribute to society and produce something valuable. - Correct answer Generativity versus Stagnation According to Erikson, ___________ occurs during later adulthood when older adults view life as either meaningful or full of regrets. - Correct answer Integrity versus Despair According to Erikson, _____________ occurs during latency (ages 6 to 11) when children are tasked with mastering social and academic skills. - Correct answer Industry versus Inferiority _________ therapy was developed by Carl Whitaker, who takes a very active role in the therapeutic process. ___________ counselors attempt to join the family during therapy sessions, using their own personal experiences as family members to initiate change within the family system. In __________ therapy, symbolism is a tool counselors use to explain family members' experiences. - Correct answer Experiential Family At times, ethical dilemmas can arise in family counseling. Before starting therapy with a family, the counselor should explain the limits of ____________ with all family members and address ways that secrets will be handled should they arise - Correct answer Confidentiality ______________ is known for his ecological view of human development and his belief that it is important to examine all systems impacting an individual. A school-aged child is not only affected by his family and school, but also by his neighborhood, peers, and other groups. - Correct answer Urie Bronfenbrenner ___________ developed social learning theory, which combines social and cognitive factors. - Correct answer Albert Bandura ____________ is known for his work in combining intellectual and ethical development. - Correct answer William Perry ___________ is known for his work in defining developmental tasks during major stages of life. - Correct answer Daniel Levinson An important step in the counseling program ___________ is processing information as the planning moves forward. It is best to have a clear structure of individuals who can obtain and relay feedback about goals, objectives, needs, philosophy, and the broader system to the planning team to ensure that the ________ is as relevant and thorough as possible. - Correct answer Planning Process ______________ was a psychotherapist and social scientist known for his contributions of sociometry and psychodrama to group psychotherapy. - Correct answer Jacob Moreno (1889-1974) _________, the study and measurement of social relationships, has been developed even more since Jacob Moreno' death to be culturally and ethnically inclusive - Correct answer Sociometry Achievement tests are often reported in terms of _____________. This means that if a student correctly answers the same number of items that an average 7th grader completes, that student receives a _____________ of 7. - Correct answer Grade-Equivalent Score(s). _____________ work similarly to grade-equivalent scores, in that an individual who earns a score equivalent to 9.0 has correctly answered the same number of items that an average 9-year-old answers. - Correct answer Age-Equivalent Scores 6. When supervision of the counselor is taking place 7. When the counselor's records are subpoenaed by a judge. ______________ are those that are very different than those done on the job; an example might be a history professor who spends his free time rock-climbing and running marathons. - Correct answer Compensatory Activities Career counselors often classify leisure activities as either _________________. - Correct answer Compensatory or Spillover. __________________ are the same types of activities that are done on the job; an example of _________ might be a psychologist who spends her free time reading books about cognitive development. - Correct answer Spillover Activities When there are two groups, and therefore two mean scores, researchers can use the _________. This test compares the t value from the first calculation to the t value in the second calculation to find whether the mean scores of the two groups are significantly different from each other. - Correct answer t-test Career counselors should encourage clients to regularly ____________ to check for possible opportunities. - Correct answer Check the websites of potential employers __________, the process of informally making social connections with others in one's desired field, can also be an effective way of finding employment. - Correct answer Networking ___________ groups are best for those with more serious types of pathology, such as severe depression or psychosis. Many participants in tertiary groups also see an individual therapist on a regular basis. - Correct answer Tertiary _________ groups are more focused on healthy living and coping strategies and include support and psychoeducational groups. - Correct answer Primary ____________ groups aim to reduce or prevent the severity of existing problems. - Correct answer Secondary ___________ refers to the existence of both male and female physical characteristics, and some counselors provide _____________ counseling to help clients uncover both male and female characteristics on emotional and psychological levels. - Correct answer Androgyny; Androgynous Sandra Bem's __________ found that about 30 percent of children and college students are androgynous. - Correct answer Sex-Role Inventory When collecting data, researchers may be _____________. - Correct answer intrusive or unobtrusive. __________ methods refer to times when clients know that they are the subject of observation and/or data collection. - Correct answer Intrusive ___________ methods refer to times when the individuals are unaware that data is being collected, such as when you review a client's existing records. - Correct answer Unobtrusive Counselors should be knowledgeable in assessing for suicide risk. There are several warning signs of suicide, including: [6] Counselors who determine that clients are an imminent danger to themselves (or others) are obligated to protect the client. - Correct answer 1. Previous attempts, 2. Verbal threats of suicide, 3. Having a plan in place and access to fatal means, 4. Depression and hopelessness, 5. Giving belongings away, and 6. A history of drug or alcohol abuse. Counselors may frequently conduct clinical interviews and can use a _________________ to gather information about the client's overall functioning. - Correct answer Formal Mental Status Exam Components of the Formal Mental Status Exam include: [5] - Correct answer 1. Appearance and behavior, 2. Mood and Affect, 3. Thought processes, 4. Intellectual functioning, and 5. Sensorium. _________ include the client's facial expressions and other nonverbal expressions of emotion along with statements that reflect their feelings. - Correct answer Mood and Affect The __________ Act was passed as an attempt at providing the same level of coverage to individuals with mental health issues as to those with medical issues. This legislation applies only to private sector health plans that cover 50 or more employees, along with state and local government plans. - Correct answer Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity When a research study is funded partly or fully by federal sources, it must be approved by an _______________, sometimes known as a Human Subjects Committee. The duty of the __________ is to review the study's methods to ensure they are ethical. - Correct answer Institutional Review Board (IRB) ________ theory posits that career success depends on how much an individual believes he or she can be successful. - Correct answer Self-Efficacy This Self-Efficacy Theory states that whether a behavior will be: 1. Initiated, 2. How much energy will go into this behavior, and 3. How persistent the individual will be are dependent on the individual's ____________. - Correct answer Expectations. Researchers must use ____________ statistics when it is uncertain whether the distribution of scores falls along a normal curve or whether the variance of the test sample represents the variance within the general population. - Correct answer Nonparametric Examples of nonparametric statistical measures are the: [3] - Correct answer 1. Mann- Whitney U test 2. The Wilcoxen signed-rank test, and the 3. Kruskal-Wallis test. The __________ test is used when the researcher has more than two mean scores on a single variable, also known as a nonparametric one-way analysis of variance. - Correct answer Kruskal-Wallis Charles ___________ is known for his development of _________ rank correlation coefficient, or Spearman's rho, the first statistical measure for intelligence tests. It determines how well the relationship between two variables can be described. - Correct answer Spearman; Spearman's A _______ ratio schedule reinforces a certain response after a fixed number of responses. - Correct answer Fixed A ______ interval schedule reinforces the responses after a certain period of time. - Correct answer Fixed A ______ interval reinforces after an average number of minutes. - Correct answer Variable A _______ ratio reinforces after an average number of responses. - Correct answer Variable ___________ groups aim to gain conscious awareness of unconscious conflicts and are strongly rooted in Freudian principles. In contrast to individual counseling, which traditionally explores issues that contribute to ________________ and therefore is longer in duration than family counseling. - Correct answer Long-standing problems and barriers. ______________ is known for her claim that life stages are marked by transitional periods that are likely to be different for each individual. - Correct answer Gail Sheehy Gail Sheehy saw ____________ stages as opportunities for growth, because crises challenge individuals to make positive changes. - Correct answer Transitional ___________ refers to any preconceived judgments or opinions without sufficient knowledge, such as assuming that an individual is disrespectful and unmotivated based simply on his race and criminal background. ___________ can be positive, but most often it is thought of as a negative phenomenon. - Correct answer Prejudice When clinicians refer to a client's ___________, they are referring to the likelihood that the individual will recover, stabilize, or otherwise be able to function in the future. This requires a counselor or other clinician to be familiar with the course of specific disorders and collections of behaviors along with the factors that help or hinder a person to deal with a disorder. - Correct answer Prognosis ___________ refers to the cause of a disorder. - Correct answer Etiology ____________ is what proportion of the population has a disorder. - Correct answer Prevalence ___________ is how many new cases occur within a given time frame. - Correct answer Incidence Systematic change in an individual typically is categorized into 3 areas: - Correct answer 1. Physical Development 2. Cognitive Development 3. Psychosocial development. Family counselors often see families as systems that aim to maintain ____________, or balance. When one change in the system takes place, it is typical for another change to take place as a way of balancing out the changed dynamics. - Correct answer Homeostasis In order to correctly predict the relationship between two sets of numbers, researchers often calculate the ____________. The value of ______________ ranges from -1.00 (a perfect negative correlation) to 1.00 (a perfect positive correlation). This means that if the value of the first set of numbers is known and the value of r is 1.00, then researchers can accurately predict the second set of numbers 100% of the time. - Correct answer Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r). ___________ disorders tend to appear later in life, while _____________ disorders begin in childhood. - Correct answer Neurocognitive; Neurodevelopmental Neurocognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, and neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism and intellectual disabilities, most likely have a ________ basis. - Correct answer Biological _________________ disorders are caused by being involved in, witnessing, or otherwise being exposed to one or more traumatic events. Reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, and adjustment disorders all fall into this category. This category of disorders is very broad, so a wide variety of psychotherapeutic approaches may be recommended. - Correct answer Trauma-and Stressor-Related _____________ refers to the discord individuals feel when they hold inconsistent beliefs or attitudes, or when their behaviors are inconsistent with their beliefs or values. Typically, _____________ is a source of motivation for seeking to reduce the stress. - Correct answer Cognitive Dissonance ______________ refers to behavior that is driven by internal rewards (such as feelings about ourselves) rather than external rewards (such as praise from others). - Correct answer Intrinsic Motivation ____________ theories are models that attempt to explain the causes of behavior and events. - Correct answer Attribution _________ refers to the value held by many cultures that prioritizes the role of families in individuals' lives. - Correct answer Familism ___________ developed reality therapy, which asserts that individuals are in charge of their own lives and therefore determine their own fate. - Correct answer William Glasser According to Reality Therapy (William Glasser), people have 5 genetically based needs: - Correct answer 1. Survival. 2. Love and belonging. 3. Power or achievement. 4. Freedom or independence. 5. Fun. Taking responsibility is a key concept of ________ therapy. - Correct answer Reality __________ refers to the process of going beyond quantitative measurements to make judgments about human attributes and behaviors. _________ is also known as evaluation. - Correct answer Appraisal __________ counseling aims to pay close attention to (and provide interventions that are in accordance with) the client's cultural beliefs, norms, and values. - Correct answer Multicultural In order to be most effective with multicultural clients, counselors may need to be __________ about forming a positive rapport with the client by engaging in more small talk and sharing more personal information than they might with white clients. - Correct answer More Deliberate The American Counseling Association (ACA) consists of ___ divisions. In many cases, counselors may join a division but are not required to join ACA. These divisions include the Association for Child and Adolescent Counseling, the National Employment Counseling Association, and Counselors for Social Justice. - Correct answer 18 The 18 Divisions of The American Counseling Association (ACA) - Correct answer 1. Association for Adult Development and Aging (AADA) 2. Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling (AARC) 3. Association for Child and Adolescent Counseling (ACAC) 4. Association for Creativity in Counseling (ACC) 5. American College Counseling Association (ACCA) 6. Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES) 7. Association for Humanistic Counseling (AHC) 8. Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD) 9. American Rehabilitation Counseling Association (ARCA) 10. Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling (ASERVIC) 11. Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW) 12. Counselors for Social Justice (CSJ) 13. International Association of Addictions and Offender Counselors (IAAOC) 14. International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors (IAMFC) 15. Military and Government Counseling Association (MGCA) formerly ACEG 16. National Career Development Association (NCDA) 17. National Employment Counseling Association (NECA) 18. Society for Sexual, Affectional, Intersex, and Gender Expansive Identities (SAIGE) By critically examining their own beliefs and limitations, counselors can better serve LGBT clients and can help them reach their goals. Counselors should always let clients know they are _______ and should directly encourage clients to talk openly about their concerns. - Correct answer Accepting of all sexual orientations The basic principle behind ____________ counseling is that behavior, including ways of thinking, is learned and therefore can be unlearned. Goals of ____________ counseling are to identify triggers and causes for a specific behavior and the reinforcements that help continue the behavior. The counselor then helps the client think critically about his or her behaviors and finds ways to change them using alternate reinforcements and other types of conditioning. - Correct answer Cognitive Behavioral ________ is an area of counseling that requires counselors to have specific skills and training to appropriately address disasters, trauma, and crises. In 2010, the ACA developed a category of programs titled ___________, and CACREP now includes standards for disaster, trauma, and crisis counseling. - Correct answer Disaster Mental Health ______________ groups focus on a combination of action and affect, and the leader is regarded as the diagnostician and teacher. This role of the leader as the instructor creates a structure that many multicultural group members like. One technique commonly used in __________ groups is the contract, which can be adjusted for all types of beliefs and values. _______________ gives a narrow (rather than broad) understanding of human nature, is both action and affect-oriented, and does contain some concepts that may be difficult for multicultural clients to understand. - Correct answer Transactional Analysis _________ counseling is a unique intervention that is designed for children and adults. This type of counseling consists of an experiential set of outdoor activities such as challenge courses, hiking, camping, and other activities designed for individuals or groups. The goals of __________ counseling include increased self-awareness and self- confidence, improved communication skills, and camaraderie. Diversity sensitivity and multicultural skills may also be developed through __________ counseling. - Correct answer Adventure-Based The career-related definition of _______ refers to an individual's general preference in regard to career, living space, family, leisure, and other factors. - Correct answer "Lifestyle" The career-related definition of _________ is a definable work activity. - Correct answer "Occupation" The career-related definition of _____ is one person in one position doing certain tasks. - Correct answer "job" The career-related definition of _______ has several different definitions, but ranges from the series of occupations one has to all of the work roles someone engages in. - Correct answer "Career" Society generally expects _____ to be emotionally stoic, competitive, and physically active. ______ are less likely than women to seek out counseling, and those in counseling are more likely to address their problems using cognitive rather than emotional processes. In counseling, ____ are typically more goal-oriented than women, though they can work with counselors to develop affective skills and improved communication. - Correct answer Men Aaron Beck is the main contributor to the field of ______ therapy. - Correct answer Cognitive ________ identified the concept of automatic thoughts in clients and their contribution to negative cognitive shifts. - Correct answer Aaron Beck Aaron Beck believed that _________ was caused by biological, genetic, personality, and stress factors. - Correct answer Depression Mark Savickas is known for his postmodern approach to career counseling that is based on ________ theory, which posits that individuals construct their own reality. - Correct answer Construction ________ construction theory in career counseling considers the changing nature of the workplace and the move toward flexible work schedules and more freelance employment. - Correct answer Mark Savickas' Assessments are often scored using measures of ________, including mean, median, range and mode. - Correct answer Central Tendency, When a distribution of scores has a ______ skew, the mode (the most frequently occurring score) and the median (the middle score) are higher than the mean (the average of all scores). - Correct answer Negative _____________ family therapy refers to an approach that views the family as a system that aims to maintain balance. - Correct answer Milan Systemic Systemic family therapists often use a variety of techniques, including _______________- which is the process of asking different family members the same questions about relationships. The family counselor can then use the ways that members differ in how they interpret events and interactions to suggest new ways of thinking about things, thereby hopefully changing family rules and relationships. - Correct answer Circular Questioning, The content and process are often organized into three distinct group sections: In well-functioning groups there is a smooth transition from one section to the next, and there is a balance between content and process in each section. - Correct answer 1. Warm-up, 2. Action 3. Closure. _______ occurs when a group makes decisions that are riskier and less conservative due to group discussions. This is a common occurrence in groups, as shared risk makes the individual risk less. Studies also show that extensive discussion about a particularly risky course of action tends to lessen perceived risk. - Correct answer Risky Shift Phenomenon Counselors may seek __________ voluntarily to problem-solve and learn how to function more effectively with groups, individuals, or organizations. The goal of __________ is preventative in nature, as it aims to increase competence so the counselor can avoid future problems. _________ can focus on content, such as knowledge about a particular area, or it can focus on process. - Correct answer Consultation ________ groups are often long-term and can be intense, but are aimed at making deep and lasting changes in group members. Erik Erikson identified eight stages of psychosocial development; during each stage, a psychosocial task must be mastered. During the ________ stage, which occurs in children ages three to six, children initiate activities with others, plan activities, and make up games. - Correct answer Initiative versus guilt (ages 3 to 6) During ____________, the child begins to assert himself and develop independence. - Correct answer Autonomy versus shame and doubt (ages 1 1/2 to 3) During ________, children are tasked with mastering social and academic skills. - Correct answer Industry versus inferiority (ages 6 to 11) During ____________, the individual establishes social and career identities. - Correct answer Identity versus role confusion (adolescence) The ___________ is an organization that assists licensed counselors moving from one state to another. Because states have different laws about licensure of professional counselors, the ________ helps counselors navigate the different educational requirements, titles, exams, and scopes of practice among states. - Correct answer American Association of State Counseling Boards (AASCB) ________ validity is the degree to which study results can be applied to populations outside of the study. - Correct answer External There are many threats to external validity, including the ______. This is the influence on performance that can occur when subjects know they are being observed, and it can greatly affect their responses. Researchers should pay attention to the reactivity of subjects to determine how greatly results are being affected. - Correct answer Hawthorne effect The American Counseling Association (ACA) is an organization dedicated to the growth and enhancement of the counseling profession. In 2010 the ACA initiated a task force to define counseling as a profession that empowers clients to accomplish 4 types of goals: - Correct answer 1. Mental health 2. Wellness 3. Education 4. Career goals Typically it is not recommended that a counselor agree to engage in a professional therapeutic relationship with a client the counselor knows in another role. However, sometimes these relationships cannot be avoided due to logistics such as: [4] - Correct answer 1. Location 2. Accessibility 3. Insurance requirements, and 4. Other factors. _______ validity refers to the degree to which external influences have been controlled. - Correct answer Internal A common threat to Internal validity is the: [2] - Correct answer 1. Selection of subjects 2. The individual differences between the subjects. William Perry's scheme was used to explain __________ journeys through intellectual and moral development, and has evolved to apply to other groups of people as well. - Correct answer College students' William Perry explains that there are 3 categories and 9 positions spread across these 3 categories: - Correct answer 1. Dualism 2. Discovery of relativism 3. Commitment to relativism William Perry's final position, commitment to relativism, is sometimes called ___________, when individuals realize that commitments are evolving and can sometimes be contradictory. - Correct answer Post-commitment Strategic family therapy focuses on the _______ expressed through family communication patterns, and techniques are frequently direct suggestions or assignments. - Correct answer power and control Some strategic family counselors will ______ or ________ as a way of forcing them to either give up the problematic behavior or acknowledge control over it. - Correct answer Prescribe a symptom; Put clients in a therapeutic double bind ____________ is used by counselors who can reframe the meaning of a situation. - Correct answer Relabeling ___________ tests, such as the National Counselor Examination, have no (or generous) time limits. - Correct answer Power-Based __________ tests, such as intelligence and aptitude tests, are timed, and scores are based on accuracy and speed. - Correct answer Speed-Based Salvador Minuchin is best known for his development of structural family therapy, which is concerned with the ______________ between family members. The structure of these ___________ is the focus of family therapy, as the therapist attempts to change the patterns in order to redefine boundaries and restructure the family system. - Correct answer Transactional patterns When leading groups, counselors should be aware of various group dynamics taking place and ways to handle __________ behaviors within the group. - Correct answer Negative and destructive All research studies must have a ________, which is the research question that is to be answered. - Correct answer Hypothesis A hypothesis can be: [3] - Correct answer 1. Null 2. Directional 3. Nondirectional. The ______ hypothesis states that there are no effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable and therefore no differences in the control and test groups. - Correct answer Null __________ hypotheses state that the scores of one particular group will be significantly different than scores in another identified group. - Correct answer Directional ___________ hypotheses state that there will be statistical differences between groups, but it is unclear which group's scores will be higher or lower. - Correct answer Nondirectional When developing a counseling program, counselors should define _______ and objectives. _______ refer to broad statements about the program's intent, whereas objectives are more specific and measurable. - Correct answer Goals An ___________ research design, also known as a causal-comparative design, is a non-experimental quantitative design that examines variables after the fact. The researcher can then draw several conclusions about why these relationships occur. The analysis of variance and the t-test are frequently used in ______________ designs. - Correct answer Ex post facto Because there are so many assessments and inventories, career counselors should be careful to recommend only those that are appropriate for individuals' specific needs. The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is an example of an ___________ (not an aptitude test) and is often required for application to graduate school. - Correct answer Achievement test The __________ is a top-of-the-line computer-assisted career guidance system that can supplement the assessments and guidance of career counselors. - Correct answer System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI 3) In research studies, there are independent and dependent variables. The independent variable is the one that is ________ in order to observe the effects on the dependent variable, which is ________. - Correct answer Manipulated; Unchanging External validity is the degree to which study results can be applied to populations outside of the study. There are many threats to external validity, including the _________. This occurs when control subjects expect to be influenced by the intervention and unintentionally respond to the control treatment (the placebo). - Correct answer Placebo effect. Counselors working with clients from other races and/or cultures should not ___________ about the clients' beliefs, values, norms, or opinions. - Correct answer Make assumptions The counselor should make sure to ask questions about the family in the ____________ in order to begin to understand how to best effect change. - Correct answer Initial part of the assessment It is not impossible for a White counselor to have a therapeutic relationship with a Hispanic family as long as the counselor is ____________ to learning more about the family's values and beliefs. - Correct answer Culturally sensitive and open Internal validity refers to the degree to which external influences have been controlled. There are many threats to internal validity, including: [6] - Correct answer 1. Differences between subjects 2. Unreliable instruments 3. Maturation 4. Attrition 5. Experimenter bias 6. Statistical regression. _______ validity refers to the extent to which study results can be generalized to another setting and is an example of external, not internal, validity. - Correct answer Ecological ________ theories include behavioral theories, social learning theories, and information-processing theories. All of these concepts attempt to explain how humans grow and develop by observing and learning behaviors and responses from others. - Correct answer Learning _________ theories include cognitive behavior therapy and other approaches that aim to change the individual's thoughts. - Correct answer Cognitive ___________ theories are client-centered and emphasize an individual's potential for self-growth. - Correct answer Humanistic __________ theories, such as ideas developed by Freud, are those that focus on the unconscious drives and feelings of individuals as the source of problematic behavior. - Correct answer Psychoanalytic All research studies must have a hypothesis, which is the research question that is to be answered. The _______ hypothesis states that there are no effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable and therefore no differences in the control and test groups. Statistical measures are then calculated based on how confident the researcher is to reject the ______ hypothesis. - Correct answer Null Internal validity refers to the degree to which external influences have been controlled. There are many threats to internal validity, however, including ____________. This can occur when subjects are recruited for scoring very high or very low on certain measures. Due to ________, researchers would expect these subjects' scores to be closer to the mean even without intervention, so this should be carefully controlled to ensure results are not attributed completely to the intervention. - Correct answer Statistical regression __________ theory is based on psychoanalytic concepts, as it asserts that relationships that we form early in life affect our interpersonal interactions with others in the present. - Correct answer Object Relations There are 4 stages of development in Object Relations Theory that should be navigated in the first three years of life: - Correct answer 1. Fusion with mother (first three to four weeks) 2. Symbiosis (third to eighth month) 3. Separation/individuation (begins the fourth or fifth month) 4. Constancy of self and object (occurs by the 36th month). __________ is the national counselor accreditation agency and significantly influences the roles and values of counselor education programs. ________ was established in 1981 (not 2010). Academic programs, licensing boards, and employers are moving to require that potential professional counselors graduate from a ________ program. - Correct answer CACREP (Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs) The American Counseling Association has recently been focusing on CACREP as a ________ as a way to unify the profession of counseling as a whole. - Correct answer Unifying force Content validity - Correct answer Type of validity in which the test material comes from a certain domain. 3 types of Validity - Correct answer 1. Content 2. Face 3. Predictive Face validity - Correct answer Type of validity in which the test looks to be valid. Predictive validity - Correct answer Type of validity in which the test makes predictions that are confirmed later. _________ and related disorders include some aspect of mania and/or hypomania, such as changes in energy and activity. Clinicians agree that a combination of mood-stabilizing medication, such as Depakote, and psychotherapy are recommended for individuals with ________ disorder. Psychoeducation, cognitive behavioral therapy, family therapy, and interpersonal therapy are the best therapeutic options for clients with _______ disorder. - Correct answer Bipolar There may be _________ present in counseling groups with multicultural clients. For example, some cultures discourage sharing personal information with others and individuals may not want to defy family customs. - Correct answer Special issues The __________ was passed in 1958 and provided additional funding for public schools for a variety of purposes. His theory is based on the belief that children learn best through interactions with others, and it breaks down development into sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. - Correct answer Jean Piaget During the __________ stage [Jean Piaget] which typically occurs between ages two and seven, the child begins to speak in multi-word sentences, expands his or her imagination, engages in symbolic play, and begins to possess a relative sense of time. - Correct answer Preoperational The ___________ stage [Jean Piaget] occurs during the first two years of life when children experience the world through crawling and beginning to walk, as well as with their five senses. - Correct answer Sensorimotor The ___________ stage [Jean Piaget] occurs from age seven to eleven and is marked by an increased ability to think logically and about others' perspectives. - Correct answer Concrete Operational The ___________ stage [Jean Piaget] is the fourth and final stage and occurs from age eleven through adulthood. During this stage, children develop abstract thought and complex problem-solving skills. - Correct answer Formal Operational ________ development is the belief that the individual (or other organism) is involved in the development. This can lead to change or discontinuity depending on the individual. - Correct answer Organismic _________ development and ________ development are both regarded as organismic development. - Correct answer Ethical; Moral Reflexive behavior is ________ development, the reduction of behavior to common elements. - Correct answer Mechanistic Language development is ___________ development. - Correct answer Discontinuous Sexual development is __________ development. - Correct answer Qualitative With _________ data, the numbers on a scale have the same amount of the variable throughout the scale; for instance, degrees on the Fahrenheit temperature scale. ________ scales provide a constant and consistent unit of measurement. - Correct answer Interval Counselors learn how to pay attention not only to the content discussed in sessions and the process used to discuss this content, but ________ and ________. - Correct answer Kinesics; Proxemics _________ refers to the spatial features of the environment such as where individuals choose to sit and how furniture is positioned. - Correct answer Proxemics __________ refers to facial expressions, body movements, and other nonverbal communication. - Correct answer Kinesics _________ counseling groups are based on Albert Ellis' cognitive behavioral theories focused on improving overall functioning. These groups are meant to help group members identify and correct faulty thought patterns while accepting self and others. - Correct answer Rational Emotive Behavior __________ refers to the phenomenon of a person with a particular cultural background losing his or her own original values and behaviors due to being absorbed into the dominant group. ____________ occurs often in families with children, because the children are more readily exposed to and influenced by the majority culture than their parents; this can create conflict within the family system. - Correct answer Assimilation __________ is the extent to which a person with a particular cultural background incorporates the values and beliefs of the dominant culture (rather than becoming completely absorbed by the dominant culture). - Correct answer Acculturation The ____________ can grant generic counselor certification by making an applicant a National Certified Counselor (NCC). This certification is valid wherever the counselor moves. - Correct answer National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) Requirements to become an NCC (National Certified Counselor) include: - Correct answer 1. A master's degree in counseling 2. Completion of required coursework & field placements 3. 3,000 hours of post-graduate work experience 4. Completion of the National Counselor Exam. The ________ counseling approach focuses on the here and now rather than past experiences, and uses experiential techniques that encourage group members to take responsibility for their moment-to-moment experiences. - Correct answer Gestalt Techniques used in Gestalt counseling include __________ and _________, both of which help integrate affect into the present moment and help group members work through unfinished business. - Correct answer The Empty Chair; Guided Fantasy Techniques __________ groups emphasize preventing problems and developing healthy behaviors, for example, educational groups about the causes and symptoms of depression. - Correct answer Primary ________ groups focus on reducing the severity of a specific problem and include preventative and remedial elements, such as adjusting to a loss. - Correct answer Secondary _________ groups involve rehabilitation and focus on returning individuals to healthy functioning. - Correct answer Tertiary 3 Different Types of Groups - Correct answer 1. Primary 2. Secondary 3. Tertiary When forming groups of young children, counselors should be careful to consider the participants' developmental ages, abilities, and attention spans. Typically, no more than _______ children should be included in a group for children who are five or six years old. Older children may be able to tolerate a larger group setting. - Correct answer Four _________ is the study and measurement of social relationships. - Correct answer Sociometry A ________ is a sociometric tool that allows researchers to visually illustrate interrelationships or group structure, and can reveal a significant amount about perceptions and dynamics between people in the same group. - Correct answer Sociogram Teenage _______ is a widespread public health problem; it is the third-leading cause of death among 10 to 24-year-olds. - Correct answer suicide Counselors should be aware of the warning signs for suicide, which include: 1. Depression 2. Giving away valuable possessions, 3. Talking about suicide, and 4. Having a plan and a means to commit suicide. Often these individuals feel a temporary _________ after making the decision to kill themselves. - Correct answer Sense of relief and a boost in mood ________ was a 20th-century American psychologist whose studies focused on typical stages in his adult subjects' lives. - Correct answer Daniel Levinson 3. Clinical mental health 4. Clinical rehabilitation 5. College and student affairs 6. Marriage, couple and family 7. School. _________ counseling is not one of the 7 master's level program standards promoted by The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) - Correct answer Geriatric __________ proposed that intelligence includes not only cognitive processes, but a comprehensive knowledge of human emotions. - Correct answer Daniel Goleman Daniel Goleman's Emotional Intelligence is seen in those who: [4] - Correct answer 1. Understand Social cues, 2. Have empathy for others, 3. Develop positive interpersonal relationships 4. Are self-motivated. Emotional intelligence operates separately from ______ intelligence, which includes reasoning and thinking processes. - Correct answer Cognitive _________ is known for his contribution to intelligence tests for adults and children. His tests include the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. __________ believed that intelligence tests should focus on both verbal and performance skills, and they often help identify learning disabilities in children. - Correct answer David Wechsler Fluid Intelligence - Correct answer The ability to solve new problems. David Wechsler's intelligence tests focus on both _____ intelligence and ______ intelligence. - Correct answer Fluid; Crystallized Learned skills that are influenced by education, culture, and personality - Correct answer Crystallized There are many types of ________, which refers to the selection of subjects from a part of the population. - Correct answer Sampling _______ sampling refers to samples that are not individuals but are units of individuals in the same physical area that are selected randomly. Examples of _______ samples include residents in a city block or students in a classroom. - Correct answer Cluster _________ is meant to serve as a clear way for the counselor to communicate their scope of practice, techniques, grievance procedures, and therapeutic approach with the client before treatment begins. _________ also includes detailed explanations of when a counselor might break confidentiality, and the process for releasing client information. - Correct answer Informed Consent ________ refers to how many, or what percent, of a population is affected by something. - Correct answer Prevalence ________ is the number of new cases that occur within a given time frame. - Correct answer Incidence _________ is the anticipated course of a disorder. - Correct answer Prognosis ________ refers to the factor(s) that cause a disorder. - Correct answer Etiology Counselors are _________, meaning that they are legally required to report any suspicion or allegation of abuse of children under the age of 18. This includes physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, verbal abuse, or neglect. - Correct answer Mandated Reporters Some states also require counselors and other professionals to report when abuse of ___________ is suspected. - Correct answer Elders or individuals with disabilities Some researchers use pretests to measure _______ characteristics, traits, or behaviors of test participants. - Correct answer Baseline The __________ design allows researchers to examine the effect of the pretest on the test treatment. - Correct answer Solomon four-group The 4 groups of the Solomon four-group design include measurements of: - Correct answer 1. Whether the pretest and treatment combined made a difference 2. Whether the pretest alone made a difference 3. Whether the treatment alone made a difference 4. Whether neither the pretest nor the treatment made a difference. One of these changes in the DSM-5 is the reliance on __________ rather than descriptions of disorders that are based on categories. Clients' experiences are now assessed for severity, frequency, and duration rather than whether or not a particular symptom is present. - Correct answer Dimensional Assessments The DSM-5 eliminated the _______ and does not include extensive descriptions of different therapy modalities. - Correct answer Multiaxial System ICD-10 classification codes are included in the DSM-5, but clinicians using the DSM-5 _________. - Correct answer do not rely on them. Tests and assessment scores are sometimes reported as _______. This means that a group norm has been established as a comparison point for individual scores. The __________ indicates that the individual has scored above a certain percentage of other people in that same group. For example, an individual who scores in the 48th percentile means that the individual's score is higher than 47 percent of people in the norm group. Fifty-two percent of people in the norm group score higher than this individual (100% - 48% = 52%). - Correct answer Percentile Rank(s). One of the most commonly used standardized scores is the __________. For a _______, the mean is 0 and the standard deviation is 1.0. When the raw score is below the mean, the _______ is negative, and when the raw score is above the mean, the _______ is positive. The range for standard deviation of a ______ is -3.0 to 3.0. - Correct answer Z-score. ________ is based on the belief that the way we interpret events, not the actual events themselves, is most important. - Correct answer Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) involves five parts: - Correct answer 1. An Action (A) that occurs externally from the individual; 2. A Belief (B) that is a form of self-verbalization 3. A Consequent affect (C) that can be rational or irrational 4. Disputing (D) the irrational belief that leads to the behavior, and 5. An Effect (E), the change in the self-verbalization. When gathering data, researchers should always take into consideration the concept of _________. This refers to the tendency for participants to respond in ways they think are socially desirable even if their answers do not accurately reflect their true attitudes and beliefs. - Correct answer Social Desirability. In certain situations that include individuals who are at risk of harming themselves or others, such as inpatient psychiatric groups, leaders should pay close attention to the amount of _________ that is present in order to ensure that group members are not overwhelmed by strong feelings. - Correct answer Emotional stimulation The _______ scale is commonly used on questionnaires and surveys to measure respondents' opinions, perceptions, and attitudes. Questions using the ______ scale typically give five choices (sometimes seven or nine) that range from one concept to the opposite concept, such as Always, Often, Sometimes, Almost Never, and Never. - Correct answer Likert __________ scales consist of nine points and are used to convert test scores to single digits. ________ are always positive and can range from zero to nine. The mean of a _______ scale is always five and the standard deviation is always two. - Correct answer Stanine (STAndard NINE) _________ therapy focuses on the direct experiences of clients' lives, and the goal of this type of therapy is for clients to understand one's being and who one is and is becoming. _______ therapists believe that clients have the freedom to choose and are responsible for their own fate. - Correct answer Existential Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is a different type of therapy that asserts that _______ is the source of emotional disturbance. - Correct answer Self-talk Computer programmer and chemist are examples of the _______ career style. - Correct answer Investigative _________ refers to the process of genetically improving the human population. [Sir Francis Galton] - Correct answer Eugenics When the counselor experiences feelings toward the client(s) that can be attributed to the cultural dynamic. - Correct answer Countertransference __________ statistics, such as chi-square and the Mann-Whitney U test, are used when data is not normally distributed and variances are inconsistent. - Correct answer Nonparametric __________ occurs when an individual holds a narrow viewpoint and refuses to take other perspectives or viewpoints into consideration. This often leads to stereotyping of other people who come from different backgrounds. - Correct answer Cultural encapsulation __________, an educational psychologist, was known for his contributions to psychometrics and the exploration of why individuals differ behaviorally from each other. His work is controversial, as he believed that genetic factors are the most powerful indicators of intelligence. - Correct answer Arthur Jensen Arthur Jensen wrote many publications about the __________ which he posited is highly correlated with biology and heritability. - Correct answer g factor (the general intelligence factor) _________ individuals are those whose behavior and gender expression does not match feminine and masculine gender norms. Supportive therapy and group therapy with other ___________ individuals may help as well. Psychopharmacology is not recommended, since _________ is not viewed as a disorder. - Correct answer Gender-variant; Gender-Variance _______ is not included in the DSM-5 as a disorder, but often family therapy is recommended to help these individuals navigate social interactions and their own identities. - Correct answer Gender Dysphoria By 2050, all minority groups combined will be _______ than the non-Hispanic White population. - Correct answer Larger Currently, over ____ percent of the U.S. population speaks Spanish or other non- English language at home, - Correct answer 20 Over 14.5 percent of the U.S. population is over age ___. - Correct answer 65 years old. The ______ age in the U.S. is about 37.8 (the oldest ever). - Correct answer Median _________ groups, which help group members find ways of identifying and changing behaviors, aim to eliminate problems and teach self-management skills. Leaders of _______ groups teach coping skills and methods of modifying behavior. Techniques used include contracts, reinforcement, and modeling. - Correct answer Cognitive behavior The _________ of 2004 is meant to give protection to children with disabilities in the public school system. ________ requires that all children between 3 and 21 be given free public education, children with handicaps who attend public school must be given an IEP (individualized education plan), and children with disabilities who attend private schools are eligible for special education services. _______ aimed to place children with handicaps in the least, not most, restrictive environments possible. - Correct answer Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) There are many reasons a counselor may recommend that a client take assessments or tests. Some of these reasons include: It is unethical to recommend or administer tests and/or assessments simply to establish a baseline to submit to a health insurance company. - Correct answer 1. A way for the client to gain self-understanding 2. To identify previously undefined interests 3. To help the client predict future performance in training or work. It is important for career counselors to keep up with workforce trends. Over the next ten years, the fastest growing occupational categories are predicted to be health care and professional occupations. Within these categories, there will be the most job openings for: - Correct answer 1. Registered nurses 2. Personal care aides, and 3. Retail salespersons. The slowest growing occupations will be: - Correct answer 1. Postal service clerks, 2. Locomotive firers, and 3. Lumber workers. Over the next ten years, ________ will likely stay the same or grow slightly. - Correct answer College professors ____________ is a concept universally understood by family therapists and is the belief that every family member influences every other family member in a continuous process. - Correct answer Reciprocal determinism _________ is the belief that forces are moving in many different directions simultaneously, resulting in a complex variety of outcomes. Counselors who focus on ______ during family sessions focus on the process, not the content. - Correct answer Circular causality ______ groups are also usually good working groups, and any attacks on the group lead to greater cohesion. - Correct answer Cohesive _______ occurs in groups made up of members who make self-disclosures, are vulnerable with each other rather than put up defenses, and make commitments to each other. - Correct answer Cohesion Karpman's ideas about why drama-intense relationships continue can be helpful for counselors working with clients. The _______ forms when three individuals take on the roles of victim, persecutor, and rescuer. Karpman's theory suggests that conflict arises when one person takes on the role of victim or persecutor, and others step in to fill other roles due to each person's unmet psychological needs. - Correct answer Drama Triangle One of the central concepts of Albert Bandura's social learning theory is ______, which is an individual's belief that he or she is able to perform a certain behavior. ________ can be encouraged through modeling, observing others, receiving verbal persuasion from others, and staying in tune with one's physiological states. - Correct answer Self-efficacy, ________ theorists focus on the individual's needs, traits, interests, or other internal structure. Trait-factor and needs-based theories are two types of _____ theories, as they each focus on a specific concept (personality traits and unmet needs) to explain career selection. - Correct answer Actuarial Sometimes it is useful to measure the internal consistency of a study by splitting the test into two halves. This reduces the test's measured reliability, so researchers may use the _________ to calculate the reliability of the test if it had not been split in two. - Correct answer Spearman-Brown formula While ____ percent of older adults have depression and/or other forms of mental illness, few older adults receive mental health services due to stigma and financial circumstances. - Correct answer 10 By age ____ or _____ most older adults have a physical impairment, though most personality traits remain stable into late adulthood. - Correct answer 60 or 70 ________ decline into a person's 70s is possible but not inevitable. - Correct answer Intellectual Career counselors often use the ____________, a tool developed by ACT that organizes occupations based on primary tasks involving people, data, things, and ideas. The map includes 26 families of occupations, and hundreds of occupations and college majors can be identified by using ACT's career exploration materials. - Correct answer World-of-Work Map _________ define how individuals perceive their relationships to other individuals, institutions, objects, and the environment. Our attitudes, values, and beliefs make up our _____ and affect how we interact with others, the decisions we make, how we interpret events, and how we behave. - Correct answer Worldviews _______ worldviews refer to the belief that individuals and groups should be helped using their specific cultural lens. A counselor who works closely with clients from a different culture in an attempt to understand their perspectives is operating from an ______ worldview. - Correct answer Emic ______ worldviews, in contrast, refer to the belief that there is a global understanding of humanity that can be applied to all individuals. - Correct answer Etic 2 Types of World-views - Correct answer 1. Etic 2. Emic A significant amount of recent research shows that much behavior may be rooted in ___________ functions. Because of the ways nutrition, medications, body functions, and mental states can affect behavior, it is important for counselors to seek out training and workshops to maintain competence in this area. - Correct answer Biological and Brain ________ therapies collectively believe that there are many different realities and truths depending on the individual's experiences. According to _______ therapy, the meaning of a client's life is gained through the client's own understanding. - Correct answer Postmodern _________ therapy is based on the idea that clients' reality is based on their own words and language, and that clients' lives can be thought of as stories in progress. A type of Postmodern Therapy. - Correct answer Narrative ________ research designs utilize both quantitative and qualitative research approaches in the same design. Researchers who choose to combine approaches typically use one method, such as quantitative research, first and follow it by using the second method. - Correct answer Mixed-method Many counselors are on health insurance panels in order to collect payment for services to clients. Payment, however, is not automatic and depends on several factors, such as whether the counselor is licensed in his or her state. In addition, _______ therapy is not reimbursed by many insurance companies and claims may have to be filed as family therapy instead. - Correct answer Marital Counselors may want to form heterogeneous groups since they more accurately reflect real-world experiences and expose group members to a variety of opinions and backgrounds. However, if counselors are concerned about group members being able to relate to each other and their problems, they should try to create _________ within the group so that the group is made up of similar kinds of members. - Correct answer Homogeneity The DSM-5 was published in 2013 and includes many changes to the previous version, the DSM-IV-TR. One of the most significant changes is the removal of the __________. - Correct answer Multiaxial classification system Additional changes to the newest DSM include: [3] - Correct answer 1. The expansion of the list of V codes, 2. The replacement of Not Otherwise Specified with Unspecified Disorder or Other Specified Disorder, and 3. Many changes to the classification of disorders. Edward Thorndike developed the ________, which states that when a reward follows a stimulus-response connection, the connection is strengthened. Therefore, the _____ determines the probability of a behavior being repeated based on its consequences. - Correct answer Law of effect Like Thorndike, John Watson and B.F. Skinner are known for their contributions to _________. - Correct answer Behaviorism Family counseling can include ________ units, extended family, and anyone who impacts the family unit. There is no evidence to show that ________ are more successful than or preferable to other types of families. - Correct answer Nuclear family Family counseling goals typically include: - Correct answer 1. Increased communication 2. Improved dysfunctional patterns 3. The use of relationships to heal and stabilize the family. ________ interventions refer to times when the group leader interacts with the group as a whole, rather than just one member in particular. Some counselors feel that it is more helpful to bypass ______ interventions and simply focus on individual group members while observing group dynamics at the same time, and other counselors find __________ interventions to be quite effective in creating change. - Correct answer Horizontal ________ theorists view career selection as something that grows and changes over time and usually goes through stages. - Correct answer Developmental Donald Super, Linda Gottfredson, and Eli Ginzberg are known for their _____________ theories. - Correct answer Career Developmental Eli Ginzberg and his colleagues divided career development into ______ main periods. - Correct answer Three Linda Gottfredson divided career development into ____ main periods. - Correct answer Four Donald Super divided career development into ____ main periods. - Correct answer Five Linda Gottfredson's career development theory is known as __________. - Correct answer Circumscription and Compromise. Donald Super developed the _______ later in his career to show the many factors that influence an individual's career selection. - Correct answer Archway model _______ reliability is calculated by randomly splitting a list of questions into sets, then finding the correlation between the two. If there is a high correlation between the two sets, the measure is said to have high _____ reliability. - Correct answer Split-half _______ reliability is similar to Split-Half reliability in that two separate sets of questions are administered, but the questions on each form of the assessment are not chosen randomly. - Correct answer Parallel-forms _______ reliability is the degree to which different raters score the same responses and behaviors in the same way. - Correct answer Inter-rater _________ reliability is the degree to which scores are the same when the same measure is given to the same subjects twice. - Correct answer Test-retest Counselors should study and be familiar with the American Counseling Association (ACA)________. The ACA _______ outlines what is right or wrong in terms of professional counselors' conduct. While insurance companies may occasionally become involved in ethical dilemmas and situations, the _______ is developed separately from any insurance company requirements. - Correct answer Code of Ethics. The ACA's Code of Ethics content comes from: - Correct answer 1. The experiences of ACA members 2. Legal judgments 3. Opinions 4. Cultural values, norms, and mores. ______ group counseling focuses on group members taking responsibility for their behaviors and increasing control over their lives. - Correct answer Reality Techniques used in reality group counseling include: - Correct answer 1. Honest self- examination 2. Evaluating behavior 3. Formulating a plan for change 4. Following through with this plan. Type II error, also known as ______ error, refers to researchers' failure to reject the null hypothesis when there is a difference between groups. - Correct answer Beta Researchers can change the ___________ to change the probability of Type I and Type II errors occurring. If the ________ goes down, Type I error decreases, though Type II error increases. - Correct answer Significance level There are many types of _______, which refers to the selection of subjects from a part of the population. - Correct answer Sampling While most studies use random sampling to conduct tests, some use volunteers or samples of convenience. While these samples are less likely than random samples to yield a normal distribution of scores, these non-random or ________ samples can still result in useful data. - Correct answer Nonprobability When forming a group, the counselor should be sure to take into consideration the ________ that the group will run and how _____ sessions will be, depending on the group membership. - Correct answer Duration; Long For _______ group sessions with adults, usually an hour and a half is an appropriate length of time. - Correct answer Outpatient ______ adult group sessions may be shorter than an hour and a half, and those for children may be even shorter. - Correct answer Inpatient _______ is the study of methods of feedback control, both negative and positive. - Correct answer Cybernetics _______ feedback loops are patterns of interaction that can facilitate change. - Correct answer Positive _____ feedback loops are patterns of interaction that maintain stability and homeostasis within the family system. - Correct answer Negative _______ refers to different individuals reaching the same goal through different methods or routes. - Correct answer Equifinality _________ simply refers to the fact that family members rely on and are influenced by each other. - Correct answer Interdependence ________ is known for his theory of how birth order can affect children throughout the lifespan. According to ______, following the birth of a second child the older sibling will likely seek comfort from the father. The oldest child can become perfectionist and authoritative, yet can learn to bear responsibility and be helpful to others. - Correct answer Alfred Adler __________ developed the idea that, in order to move through life successfully, individuals must master the developmental tasks of each stage of growth. _________ changes refer to changes in structure or development, such as stages of growth. - Correct answer Qualitative _________ changes can be measured using changes in number, degree, or frequency for reference, such as a changed score on a mental health screening. - Correct answer Quantitative ___________ can be used to determine differences between three different forms of one variable. - Correct answer One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) _______ ANOVA is used to find whether significant differences between two variables exist. - Correct answer Factorial _________ is the statistic used when there is more than one dependent variable involved in the analysis. - Correct answer Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) When there are two groups, and therefore two mean scores, researchers can use the _______. - Correct answer t-test. Counselors should deliberately seek out training programs that provide competencies in cross-cultural counseling. These courses should include consciousness-raising, affective, knowledge, and skills components as well as ______________, an approach to counseling that acknowledges the importance of feelings, thoughts, behaviors, cultural experiences, and societal influences and then chooses which of these are most relevant to the client(s). - Correct answer Systematic Eclecticism _________ is used when counselors would like to function more effectively in individual, group, or community settings. - Correct answer Consultation _________ model uses a behavioral approach that emphasizes the verbal interactions during consultation. ________ model also focuses on problem behaviors, their antecedents, and their consequences. - Correct answer Bergen's The four stages of Bergen's model are: - Correct answer 1. Problem identification 2. Problem analysis 3. Plan implementation 4. Problem evaluation. _________ operated from a needs approach and believed that individuals choose careers to meet needs based on parental influences and early childhood experiences. However, there is not a significant base of research to support this theory. - Correct answer Ann Roe _________ operated from a social learning approach. - Correct answer Krumboltz ___________ is an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task. - Correct answer Self-efficacy ________ refers to biological differences, such as physical features, that people use to differentiate minority and majority groups. - Correct answer Race _________ refers to the language, practices, and beliefs of a group of people. _______ is usually regionally or culturally based, whereas individuals of the same race may live in separate areas of the world and have drastically different cultural experiences. - Correct answer Ethnicity Systematic desensitization is based on the theory of ____________, the belief that a person cannot be anxious and relaxed at the same time. - Correct answer Reciprocal inhibition The goal of systematic desensitization is to: - Correct answer Associate negative stimuli that cause anxiety with positive events. The _____________ model refers to a conceptual framework that helps counselors better understand clients who are of different cultures. - Correct answer Racial/cultural identity development There are five stages of development for individuals in the minority race or culture: - Correct answer 1. Conformity 2. Dissonance 3. Resistance and immersion 4. Introspection 5. Integrative awareness. _______ may also go through similar development for individuals in the minority race or culture because they are not immune to societal beliefs such as racist attitudes and poor treatment of minorities. ________ can go through the same stages as members of a minority culture, culminating in the final stage when they solidify a non-racist identity. - Correct answer Whites In the early 1990s, Judith Jordan and others presented the __________ theory, a developmental theory of women. The ________ theory is currently known as relational-cultural theory. - Correct answer Self-in-relation Central concepts of the Self-in-relation theory are: - Correct answer 1. That people grow into relationships throughout life, 2. Positive relationships include mutual respect and empathy, 3. Engagements need to be authentic in order for relationships to grow 4. Mature functioning is characterized by meaningful connections, among other points. _________ group work is based on the work of Carl Rogers and the principles of unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness. Counselors leading groups based on ________ theory are often non-directive and tend to act more like members than leaders. Because these groups are less structured, there is considerable focus on listening and reflection. - Correct answer Person-centered _________ values refer to characteristics that are more closely tied to social class than other factors. These can include the adherence to a 50-minute session, rather than allotting as much or as little time as the client needs; an unstructured approach to problems; and the seeking of long-range goals. - Correct answer Class-bound _________ values refer to the degree of openness and intimacy expressed during counseling sessions, the communication patterns that are defined within the session, and the emphasis on verbal and emotional expressiveness. - Correct answer Culture- bound _____________ is a measure of variability and describes the variability within a distribution of scores. It is the mean of all the deviations from the mean, and is a popular measure of the dispersion of scores. - Correct answer Standard deviation (SD) Group counselors should have a ____________ that allow them to work effectively with group members. Among other skills, they should be able to manage and direct the group within certain time constraints, prevent members from blocking discussion, and help the group set goals. While group counselors should understand that cultural differences are a factor that affects how individuals relate to each other, no counselor is expected to know everything about every culture. ________ validity, in which the test material comes from a certain domain. - Correct answer Content ________ validity, which refers to the degree to which a test actually measures what it is meant to measure. - Correct answer Construct _________ refers to times when there is a high correlation between the concept the test is meant to study and other constructs. - Correct answer Convergent validation ____________ work focused significantly on birth order and family constellation. According to ___________, birth order affects individuals' psychological environments and affects the child's unique experience. - Correct answer Alfred Adler's According to Alfred Adler, the ________ tends to get much attention, is hard-working and dependable, and fears losing love when a sibling comes along. - Correct answer Eldest child According to Alfred Adler, _______ see themselves in competition with the older sibling(s), may view life as unfair, and often feel left out. - Correct answer Middle children According to Alfred Adler, the _________ often tends to go his or her own way and is influenced by all other siblings. - Correct answer Youngest child According to Alfred Adler, Individuals who are ________ have difficulty cooperating, often handle adult interactions well, and want to be the center of attention. - Correct answer Only children The ________, named after Joe Luft and Harry Ingham, is used to explore information that is not known to the client and/or not known to others. Through remaining curious about the client's internal world, the counselor helps the client to maximize the information that both the client and others know. According to Luft and Ingham, customs, social training, and fears keep parts of this information unknown. - Correct answer Johari window _________, 20th century American psychologist, is known for his theory that individuals' needs can be ranked on a pyramid, or Hierarchy of Needs, with the most important needs at the bottom. - Correct answer Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow's ____________ places physiological and safety needs (food, shelter, medical care, etc.) at the bottom, implying that these needs must be met before higher level emotional needs (love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization) can be met. - Correct answer Hierarchy of Needs Gesell's __________ theory is based on the belief that human development is governed by an individual's genetic composition. - Correct answer Maturationist The _________ learning approach is a broad approach that views behavior as a result of reinforcement and motivation. - Correct answer Behaviorism _____________ is known for her contributions to the field of women's mental health. - Correct answer Jean Baker Miller A counselor can become a National Certified Counselor (NCC) through the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC). In order to maintain this certification, counselors must obtain at least ____________ hours every five years of certification. - Correct answer 100 continuing education Rates of unemployment often depend on the cultural/ethnic group. __________ experience the highest levels of unemployment, while white males have the lowest unemployment rates, followed by white females, Hispanic males, Hispanic females, and black females. - Correct answer Black males Since the development of ___________ test in the 1950s, people have questioned why women tend to score lower than men. Though there tends to be overlap between men and women on the instrument, women generally use different criteria than men when making moral judgments. Women prioritize human relationships and caring over justice and rights, which are typically more valued by men. - Correct answer Kohlberg's moral dilemma Counselors commonly assess the success of a group based partially on the group's ___________. - Correct answer Cohesiveness _____ cohesiveness refers to how well a group works to achieve a common goal (rather than how efficiently or quickly the group can finish a task). - Correct answer Task ________ cohesiveness refers to the various relationships between group members. - Correct answer Social __________ groups are typically led by a counselor who is directive and goal-oriented. The main purpose of these groups is to extinguish unwanted behaviors (such as smoking) by using behavioral modification techniques such as reinforcement and extinction. - Correct answer Behavioral counseling ________ model of career counseling is a comprehensive approach that requires the counselor to make three diagnoses of the problem. _________ also believed that once the career problem has been diagnosed, the counselor should provide client-centered counseling, psychodynamic techniques, and trait-factor and behavioral approaches. - Correct answer John Crites' John Crites' Model of Career Counseling is a comprehensive approach that requires the counselor to make three diagnoses of the problem. These diagnoses include: - Correct answer 1. Differential (what are the problems?) 2. Dynamic (why have the problems occurred?), and 3. Decisional (how are the problems being dealt with?). Individuals whose functioning is severely impaired are said to be experiencing ___________. - Correct answer Psychological dysfunction While specific DSM-5 diagnoses might require that certain criteria, such as extreme mood states, are met, it is a requirement for all diagnoses that the individual experience __________ as a result of the symptoms. - Correct answer Impaired functioning Over the past several decades, _________ counseling has gained popularity in the counseling field. ________ counseling addresses issues of unequal power, seeks a balance of power and resources, and focuses on unearned privilege and oppression. - Correct answer Social Justice ACA now includes the following advocacy competencies for counselors: - Correct answer 1. Client/Student Empowerment, 2. Client/Student Advocacy, 3. Community Collaboration, 4. Systems Advocacy, 5. Public Information, and 6. Social/Political Advocacy. _________ groups typically encourage openness and an exploration of a full range of feelings. Techniques include active listening and reflection rather than structured techniques found in other types of groups. When a distribution of scores has a _______ skew, the mode (the most frequently occurring score) and the median (the middle score) are lower than the mean (the average of all scores). - Correct answer Positive ________ refers to the large categories of people who may have special needs or concerns, such as women, gays and lesbians, children, racial groups, single-parent families, and many others. Counselors should remain sensitive to the unique needs of each of these groups when seeing clients for individual, family, or group counseling. - Correct answer Cultural pluralism Early career theories, most of which were developed in the 1950s and 1960s, were usually developed by whites, and data were limited to __________. This is clearly a problem because increasing numbers of women and multicultural workers are entering the workforce. Single-parent households and dual-earner families are also reasons to support the development of updated career theories. - Correct answer Young, white, middle-class males. The mental status exam typically includes appearance and behavior, thought processes, mood and affect, intellectual functioning, and ________. __________ refers to the client's ability to be aware of the location, the time, and their identity. If a client is not oriented to these things, the clinician should make note of it and explore reasons why. - Correct answer Sensorium ___--___ refers to the technique of repeating back to the client what he or she has said, but stressing the client's emotional and/or affective experiences. - Correct answer Reflection _________ refers to either how authentically the counselor is communicating with the client, or how well the client's behaviors and beliefs match. - Correct answer Congruence _________ occurs when the counselor identifies differences between the client's verbal and nonverbal actions. - Correct answer Confrontation Standardized scores are helpful when comparing several different test scores for the same person, as direct comparisons between different tests are impossible. Standardizing scores allows for ______ and an ______ of units. - Correct answer Continuity; Equality The two most common standardized scores are z-scores and T-scores, both of which are conversions of _______. - Correct answer Raw score distributions. Standardized scores express the person's ________ from the mean, not the median, in terms of the standard deviation from that standard score distribution. - Correct answer Distance Super's explanation of career development, which began in the 1950s, consists of vocational development stages and vocational development tasks. This model was initially focused on ________. Super's theories continued to evolve, and his later ideas such as the life-career rainbow and the Archway Model tend to apply to a more diverse range of individuals. - Correct answer White, middle-class, college-educated males. __________ is an important concept for counselors to understand, as it justifies their activities to populations served and to the sources of funding. _________ is not concerned with increasing counselors' skills or providing supervision. It does require counselors to be held accountable for their financial decisions, but the greater purpose of accountability is concerned with ensuring populations are effectively and fairly served. - Correct answer Program accountability Carl Rogers was a psychologist most well-known for his client-centered approach to psychotherapy. In his second book, _________, Rogers suggests that the client can resolve problems and gain insight into life struggles through a relationship with an empathetic, accepting therapist. - Correct answer Counseling and Psychotherapy The YAVIS and QUOID acronyms were coined by University of Minnesota professor ________ in his 1964 book Psychotherapy: The Purchase of Friendship in which he claimed to have demonstrated that mental health professionals often have a positive bias towards clients exhibiting the YAVIS traits. - Correct answer William Schofield According to William Schofield, YAVIS refers to desirable clients and stands for: - Correct answer 1. Young 2. Attractive 3. Verbal 4. Intelligent 5. Successful. According to William Schofield, QUOID stands for: - Correct answer 1. Quiet 2. Ugly 3. Old 4 .Indigent 5. Dissimilar. Counselors tend to want to work with clients with whom they can achieve success, and the ________ characteristics typically lend themselves toward a better prognosis in therapy. - Correct answer YAVIS _________ is known for his contributions in the counseling field to the topics of empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect. _________ developed a five-point scale for rating counselors' responses depending on how empathetic the responses are, with Level 1 responses not attending to the client's affect at all and Level 5 responses adding significantly to the client's affect and meaning. - Correct answer Robert Carkhuff Many standardized test results are given in _________, which are values below which a specified percentage of cases fall. A student who scores in the 80th percentile has scored higher than 79% of the scores. Twenty percent are higher than this student's score. - Correct answer Percentiles Many people are part of a ________ couple, meaning both individuals earn an income. - Correct answer "dual-earner" There are a number of common conflicts for "dual-earner" couples, including: - Correct answer 1. Difficulty making time for leisure activities 2. Deciding whose job takes precedence 3. Tension that arises when the woman earns more than the man 4. An unequal division of labor in the home. Achievement tests are often reported in terms of ________ scores. This means an individual who earns a score equivalent to 4.5 has correctly answered the same number of items that an average four-and-a-half-year-old answers. - Correct answer Age-equivalent _________ scores work similarly to age-equivalent scores, in that if a student correctly answers the same number of items that an average 7th grader completes, that student receives a _______ score of 7. - Correct answer Grade-equivalent While clients are allowed to access their own records and request changes, counselors must have a release form signed by the client (or the client's guardian, if under age 18) before the record is shared with others. Even if the counselor is part of a larger program, such as an inpatient facility, the client's information should only be shared with those who are working directly with the client. - Correct answer Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) The mean, median, and mode are identical when the distribution of scores is _________, rather than skewed in one direction or another. - Correct answer Symmetrical Confidentiality is difficult to ensure in group counseling, though all members should be aware that information shared in the group is confidential. Exceptions to this rule include times when group counselors are concerned someone (not always a group member) is __________. - Correct answer In danger of hurting themselves or someone else. Counselors should keep all other information _______ and refrain from sharing with members outside of the group. Even after groups terminate, group members should protect the privacy of others within the group. - Correct answer Confidential For ___________, and his colleague O'Hara, career development and its accompanying cognitive development parallel Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. Like Erikson, _______ believed that each stage of career decision making consists of two phases, either Anticipation or Preoccupation and Implementation or Adjustment. The individual's task is to differentiate the ego, resolve psychosocial crises, and process developmental tasks in order to successfully navigate career development. - Correct answer Tiedeman ________ is a necessary part of any counseling program, as it gathers information about how well an intervention is working and what can be improved. - Correct answer Evaluation _________ evaluation is the process of gathering information about how well a new intervention works, and collects information over a period of time. - Correct answer Formative _________ evaluation, by contrast, is typically a summary of how well an intervention has worked and is conducted over a shorter period of time. - Correct answer Summative Generally, men in counseling are goal-oriented and focused on cognitive processes. Groups can be helpful for men in counseling as a way for them to build community around a particular issue, and as a way for them to challenge each other's ___________. - Correct answer Defenses and denials. Men typically process problems ________, and groups can help them learn to integrate an affective component as well. - Correct answer Cognitively Typical goals of multicultural groups include: - Correct answer 1. Understanding the circumstances that brought individuals into the group 2. Providing learning for the group members 3. Helping group members understand how newly learned skills can fit within their own cultural constructs. _______, a type of defense mechanism, occurs when a person attributes their own feelings and urges to another person. - Correct answer Projection ______ is the inability to recognize significant factors in one's life. - Correct answer Denial ________ occurs when someone forgets as a way of coping with uncomfortable feelings. - Correct answer Repression _________ is when someone takes on feelings that are the opposite of what he or she actually feels. - Correct answer Reaction formation ________ means that anyone can practice counseling but cannot legally advertise using the title, such as Licensed Professional Counselor, unless they are licensed. - Correct answer "Title-control" The majority of states have title-control and __________ laws, meaning no one is allowed to practice counseling without a license. - Correct answer Practice-control _________ theory is based on psychoanalytic concepts, including the belief that early childhood is incredibly relevant to how clients operate within relationships in the present day. _______ theories teach that, in the first three years of life, infants have the opportunity to develop significant relationships with primary caretakers that will shape their interactions with people throughout their lives. - Correct answer Object relations Statistical analysis can be _________. - Correct answer Descriptive or inferential. _______ statistics aim to describe the data that is collected and include means, percentages, and standard deviations. - Correct answer Descriptive Analysis of variance is a type of __________ data, which is used to measure the probability of an event occurring in the population. - Correct answer Inferential When documenting on clients, counselors often assign _______ in order to guide intervention and treatment and to better conceptualize the client's symptoms. Counselors should never assign ________ to obtain reimbursement from insurance companies or to give clients a reason to continue with counseling. ________ simply classify collections of symptoms, but often don't clearly explain why clients are experiencing the symptoms. - Correct answer Diagnostic codes ________ can be used when a researcher wants to examine the strength of the relationship of independent variables on a dependent variable. ______ is able to add together the predictive power of many independent variables. - Correct answer Multiple regression Researchers must use _______ statistics when it is uncertain whether the distribution of scores falls along a normal curve or whether the variance of the test sample represents the variance within the general population. Examples of ________ statistical measures are the chi-square, Mann-Whitney U test, the Wilcoxen signed-rank test, and the Kruskal-Wallis test. - Correct answer Nonparametric Nonparametric statistics are typically used with _______ data, when numbers represent a variable's qualities, and ordinal data, when categories have a definitive order. - Correct answer Nominal Nonparametric statistics are typically used with nominal data, when numbers represent a variable's qualities, and _____ data, when categories have a definitive order. - Correct answer Ordinal There are many rights that group members are entitled to such as: The counselor is responsible for managing the group's interactions and balancing participation, so it is not a violation of the group member's rights for the counselor to request that he or she allow others to speak. - Correct answer 1. Freedom from undue pressure 2. Voluntary participation 3. Freedom of exit, and 4. The right to use the group's resources. 3. Whether the treatment alone made a difference, or 4. Whether neither the pretest nor the treatment made a difference. The ________ refers to R. K. Coyne's four levels of intervention: 1. Individual 2. Interpersonal 3. Organization, and 4. Community populations. - Correct answer Group Work Grid The Group Wok Grid refers to R. K. Coyne's four levels of intervention: - Correct answer 1. Individual 2. Interpersonal 3. Organization, and 4. Community populations. ________ is widely known for her development of the humanistic model of family counseling. _________ saw herself as a coach and teacher of families, and worked intimately with families by joining with them and sharing in the experience of being a family member. - Correct answer Virginia Satir Virginia Satir believed that family members often take on one of five styles of communication: - Correct answer 1. Placater 2. Blamer 3. Superreasonable 4. Irrelevant, and 5. Congruent communicator. Psychologist ________ originally developed the concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence and how they interact to formulate an individual's level of intelligence. - Correct answer Raymond Cattell According to Raymond Cattell, ______ intelligence refers to the ability to solve new problems quickly and is independent of education and culture. - Correct answer Fluid According to Raymond Cattell, _______ intelligence is comprised of acquired skills and can be influenced by culture, personality, and education. - Correct answer Crystallized When documenting on clients, counselors often assign ______ in order to guide intervention and treatment and to better conceptualize the client's symptoms. Counselors should never assign ________ to obtain reimbursement from insurance companies or to give clients a reason to continue with counseling. ________ simply classify collections of symptoms, but often don't clearly explain why clients are experiencing the symptoms. - Correct answer Diagnostic codes _______, an individual's belief that he or she can perform some necessary task, frequently affects the career decision-making process. Even though someone with mediocre grades may not attend the best college or earn an advanced degree, when he embraces his abilities he is displaying _______. Someone who chooses a career in order to begin working right away or someone who obtains a second degree may have _______, but these are not the best examples. - Correct answer Self-efficacy In group counseling, ______ is the process of relating group members' thoughts, comments, and feelings to each other to increase cohesion and (at times) interaction. ______ is one of many techniques group counselors can use to enhance group members' experiences and to effect change. - Correct answer Linking In her book The Dance of Intimacy (1990), ________ presents the idea that women need to seek to establish a healthy balance between investment in others and investment in oneself. ________ stresses the point that relationships should be based on mutual respect and appreciation, and that women should be independent and assertive. - Correct answer Harriet Lerner Neurobiological research has shown that, through counseling with various techniques and approaches, the rate and amounts of ________ in the brain can change. Individuals experiencing severe depression typically lack sufficient levels of serotonin and sometimes dopamine, and through participation in cognitive behavioral therapy the levels of these _____________ can be increased, resulting in alleviation of symptoms. - Correct answer Neurotransmitters For ________ and his colleague O'Hara, career development and its accompanying cognitive development parallel Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. Like Erikson, _______ believed that each stage of career decision making consists of two phases, either Anticipation or Preoccupation and Implementation or Adjustment. - Correct answer Tiedeman Tiedeman believed the individual's task is to _________ in order to successfully navigate career development. [3] - Correct answer 1. Differentiate the ego 2. Resolve psychosocial crises, and 3. Process developmental tasks ________ tests measure the capacity of the test taker to learn and are often used as part of job applications. Examples of ______ tests are the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) and the Wonderlic Cognitive Ability Test. - Correct answer Aptitude _________ tests measure educational knowledge. - Correct answer Achievement Aptitude tests measure: [3] - Correct answer 1. Abstract reasoning 2. Verbal reasoning, and 3. Numerical reasoning. ________ tests measure cognitive potential. - Correct answer Intelligence _________ tests measure individuals' unconscious desires and anxieties as well as ________ traits. - Correct answer Personality _____________ is difficult to ensure in group counseling, though all members should be aware that information shared in the group is _________. Exceptions to this rule include times when group counselors are concerned someone (not always a group member) is in danger of hurting themselves or someone else. Counselors should keep all other information ________ and refrain from sharing with members outside of the group. Even after groups terminate, group members should protect the privacy of others within the group. - Correct answer Confidentiality; Confidential When leading groups, counselors must carefully spend time ________ group members to ensure a proper and appropriate fit. Typically, ______ is done during a face-to-face interview, when the goals and purpose of the group are discussed. - Correct answer Screening When screening potential group members, counselors should pay attention to ______ as they work to form a cohesive group that will work well together. - Correct answer 1. Cognitive functioning 2. Personalities 3. Backgrounds, and 4. Potential group members' own goals In today's world, information is incredibly easy to obtain due to the accessibility of the internet. There are two types of motivation: - Correct answer 1. intrinsic 2. extrinsic _______ motivation refers to the desire to do something because of external rewards (or not do it because of lack of rewards). Salary, allowance, and community service credits are all examples of ________ rewards. - Correct answer Extrinsic In 1976, a California court ruled that failure of a mental health professional to warn the intended victim of a client was professionally irresponsible. This decision was made after an individual was murdered by the client of a psychologist at the University of California. The client had threatened to kill the victim during sessions with the psychologist. For counselors, this means that they must be skilled at determining their clients' intent. This court case is known as the _______. - Correct answer Tarasoff case Career counselors working from a _______ viewpoint aim to assist individuals in making meaning of their own situations. These career counselors believe that career development results from constant interaction between the individual, the environment, and the dynamics between individual and environment. - Correct answer Contextualist _______ is a necessary part of any counseling program, as it gathers information about how well an intervention is working and what can be improved. - Correct answer Evaluation _______ evaluation is the process of gathering information about how well a new intervention works, and collects information over a period of time. - Correct answer Formative _______ evaluation is typically a summary of how well an intervention has worked and is conducted over a shorter period of time. - Correct answer Summative Two types of Evaluation: - Correct answer 1. Formative 2. Summative _______ is prejudice against someone based on their age. - Correct answer Ageism _________ is prejudice against non-natives in a country. - Correct answer Nationalism ______ is prejudice against an individual based on socioeconomic status. - Correct answer Classism ______ is prejudice against someone with handicaps or disabilities. - Correct answer Ableism John Krumboltz developed the learning theory of career counseling (LTCC), based on Bandura's social learning theory. Important concepts in Krumboltz's theory include: __________ [3] as ways of modifying and molding career development and decision making. - Correct answer 1. Reinforcement theory 2. Cognitive information processing, and 3. Classical behaviorism _________ asssessments measure brain dysfunctions and abilities such as language expression, motor skills, memory, and perceptual skills. Examples of _______ assessments include the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery and the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test, which is often used with children. - Correct answer Neuropsychological ______ motivation refers to the internal desire to be competent and to engage in a behavior simply because it is personally rewarding. When individuals are ______ motivated, they do something to bring themselves internal satisfaction or pleasure. - Correct answer Intrinsic Neuropsychological asssessments measure brain dysfunctions and abilities such as: [4] - Correct answer 1. Language expression 2. Motor skills, 3. Memory, and 4. Perceptual skills. Robert Carkhuff is known for his contributions in the counseling field to the topics of: [4] - Correct answer 1. Empathy, 2. Genuineness, 3. Concreteness, and 4. Respect. There are many different ideas about what defines a family based on one's culture, ethnicity, and personal values. Historically, the family unit in the United States was defined as what is known as a _______ family: a married heterosexual couple and their children. - Correct answer Nuclear A more updated, inclusive definition of ______ is any small group of people who are related by blood or voluntarily choose to share their lives with each other. - Correct answer Family Family counselors often see families as systems that aim to maintain ________, or balance. When one change in the system takes place, it is typical for another change to take place as a way of balancing out the changed dynamics. - Correct answer Homeostasis Sometimes individuals struggle to make decisions about their careers because of personal problems and internal conflicts. If a career counselor notices that the client is indecisive even with lots of information, the counselor may recommend _______ to resolve emotional and psychological issues. Once _______ begins to help, career counseling may be more effective. - Correct answer Personal counseling Many standardized test results are given in _______, which are values below which a specified percentage of cases fall. A student who scores in the 80th ______ has scored higher than 79% of the scores. Twenty percent are higher than this student's score. - Correct answer Percentiles Graduate students enrolled at an institution that is not accredited by the _________ become board eligible at graduation and must complete 3,000 hours of post-degree work experience. Individuals enrolled in a _______ program can become certified upon graduation. - Correct answer Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) In an article published in the Journal of Counseling and Development, _______ write that counselors who work cross-culturally should focus on freeing the client from ongoing oppression by using a variety of techniques. _______ believe that if clients do not release the pain and anger associated with oppression, they will not be able to achieve freedom. - Correct answer Hanna and Cardona 2. Orientation to sex roles (ages 6-8) [Linda Gottfredson's career development theory "Circumscription and Compromise"] - Correct answer When children learn that occupations are sex-typed and performed primarily by one sex or the other; 3. Orientation to social valuation (ages 9-13) [Linda Gottfredson's career development theory "Circumscription and Compromise"] - Correct answer When children realize that occupations vary in social value and desirability. 4. Orientation to internal unique self (ages 14 and up) [Linda Gottfredson's career development theory "Circumscription and Compromise"] - Correct answer When adolescents reflect on their own values and interests and use these to inform occupational decisions. Emotional stimulation [Irvin Yalom's Leadership Functions] - Correct answer In which counselors encourage healthy expression of emotions. Caring [Irvin Yalom's Leadership Functions] - Correct answer Which is characterized by warmth, acceptance, genuineness, and concern. Meaning attribution [Irvin Yalom's Leadership Functions] - Correct answer In which the group leader provides a cognitive perspective to group members' experiences; Executive leadership [Irvin Yalom's Leadership Functions] - Correct answer Which is characterized by the group leader structuring the group and ensures that the group is moving in a particular direction. Irvin Yalom, a well-known figure in the field of group counseling, believes that certain leadership functions are present in the field of group counseling. These leader functions include: - Correct answer 1. Emotional stimulation 2. Caring 3. Meaning attribution 4. Executive leadership The _________, based on the humanistic perspective, focuses on the positive aspects of human behavior. This approach to therapy and counseling gained popularity in the mid-20th century and emphasizes the client's ability to reach self-actualization. - Correct answer Humanistic life outlook The Humanistic Life Outlook is formed by a combination of formal education about various topics, such as: [3] - Correct answer 1. Maslow's hierarchy of needs 2. Observational learning experiences, which can help build empathy and understanding; and 3. Interpersonal interactions. The ______ or, _______ curve distributes scores into six equal parts. Three of these parts are below the mean and three of these parts are above the mean. Sixty-eight percent (34% and 34%) comprise one standard deviation; 95% (13.5% and 13.5%) comprise two standard deviations; and 99% (2% and 2%) comprise three standard deviations. - Correct answer Normal; Bell-shaped, Women and men in the United States have very different experiences due to socialization, and counselors should be well informed about the ways society intersects with ______. - Correct answer Gender. Assessments are often scored using measures of _______, including mean, median, range, and mode. - Correct answer Central tendency Career counselors who operate from a ________ perspective attempt to strengthen self-efficacy by exposing clients to learning experiences such as vicarious learning (modeling), social persuasion, personal performance accomplishments, and the client's physiological states and reactions. - Correct answer Social cognitive The __________ is a measure of reliability and is sometimes referred to as the confidence limit. The ______ helps researchers know that a person's test score likely falls within a certain range of scores. The _______ is determined by assessment developers and can be found on the test's profile. If a certain assessment has an _______ of 4.0, you first add and subtract 4 to the individual score to find the range. Therefore, because the score in this question is 82, there is a 2 out of 3 chance that the individual's score falls between 78 and 86. - Correct answer Standard error of measurement (SEM) _________ is a longer-term therapeutic approach that addresses early childhood experiences and current defenses, and is not used in the self-efficacy approach. - Correct answer Psychoanalysis Women are ______ likely than men to seek out counseling, are generally ________ emotionally expressive than men, and are _______ susceptible to depression than men. There is no substantial research to indicate that women are _______ likely than men to actually complete counseling. - Correct answer More ________ refers to an individual's general preference in regard to career, living space, family, leisure, and other factors. - Correct answer "Lifestyle" _______ is a definable work activity, and "job" is one person in one position doing certain tasks. - Correct answer "Occupation" ________has several different definitions, but ranges from the series of occupations one has to all of the work roles someone engages in. - Correct answer "Career" __________ was a university professor in the late 19th and early 20th century who was an advocate for the career guidance movement and wrote several books about the importance of vocational counseling. In 1909, ________' most well-known book, Choosing a Vocation, was published posthumously and outlined the trait-factor theory of career development. - Correct answer Frank Parsons Sometimes ________ are important to group development to help members open up to one another and begin to trust each other, particularly in the beginning stages of the group. However, studies show that too much structure can cause group members to be too dependent on the leader and to skip over crucial stages of group development. - Correct answer Structured exercises Highly ________ groups are generally less effective than groups with less ________, though group counselors who lead ________ sessions are more popular with members. - Correct answer Structured __________ is one threat to internal validity and refers to times when subjects' responses are influenced by researchers for a variety of reasons. Researchers may expect to see certain results and therefore unintentionally elicit these results, for example, or treat some subjects differently. - Correct answer Experimenter bias ________ are often scored using measures of central tendency, including mean, median, range and mode. - Correct answer Assessments There are many different behavioral disruptions listed in the DSM-5 in 5 separate categories: - Correct answer 1. Feeding and eating disorders, 2. Elimination disorders, 3. Sleep-wake disorders,