NCE CPCE Exam Study Guide: Key Concepts and Answers, Exams of Public Health

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NCE CPCE Exam Study Guide Test Questions and

Answers Respectively.

Beneficence - Correct answer-The counselor is working for the good of the client or the group. Justice - Correct answer-Usually applied to group situations: the counselor treats all members fairly. Nonmaleficence - Correct answer-The counselor will do no harm Defamation - Correct answer-Behavior that can damage one's reputation. Also known as libel if it is written and slander if the defamation refers to verbal remarks. NCC - Correct answer-A generic certification for counselors. Accredidation - Correct answer-The process whereby an agency or school (not an individual) meets certain standards and qualifications set forth by an association or accrediting organization. Not governed by state laws. Applies to programs, NOT individual counselors Privileged communication - Correct answer-information that will not be divulged outside the counseling setting without the client's permission. Anything said to a counselor by a client is the "client's privilege" and - the client is the holder of the privilege. A legal concept that protects clients, not counselors. {is "qualified" means that exceptions may exist.} Tarasoff case - Correct answer-"Duty to warn"

A landmark legal case resulting in clinical psychologists' duty to warn potential victims of dangerous or harmful acts whose identity is revealed by clients during psychological services Exception to written consent regarding client's test or assessment results - Correct answer-When there is clear and imminent danger or when legally required to do so by a government agency or a court order APA is to psychologist as ACA is to - Correct answer-Counselor Certification is NOT the same as - Correct answer-licensing (A counseling license is granted by the state government. A title mastered by living up to certain standards.) Certification comes from - Correct answer-Organization (not part of the state or federal government) Licensure comes from - Correct answer-state government impaired professional - Correct answer-an individual who has undergone professional training but who is no longer able to function in a professional capacity because of illness or substance abuse APGA - Correct answer-American Personnel and Guidance Association Founded in 1952 changed name to AACD in 1983 (American Association for Counseling and Development) Then name changed to ACA (American Counseling Association) in 1992 release of information - Correct answer-consent to disclose or transfer records reciprocity - Correct answer-when one state or organization accepts the license or credentials of another state or organization. CRC - Correct answer-Certified Rehabilitation Counselor

(need at least a master's in rehabilitative counseling, acceptable experience in the field, and passing score on 400 question multiple choice examination) MAC - Correct answer-Master Addictions Counselor (NBCC credential) A registry - Correct answer-is always a list of providers. Could be state-specific of national list. Abandonment - Correct answer-occurs when a counselor stops providing services and does not refer the client to another helper. NCC recertification process - Correct answer- 100 Hours of CEUs acquired every 5 years. Countertransference - Correct answer-indication of unresolved problems on the part of the helper. Sexual relations with clients - Correct answer-NBCC - must wait two years after termination, then there must be written documentation that the relationship was not exploitative in nature. ACA - must wait minimum of 5 years after termination. Computer-Managed Counseling (CMC) - Correct answer-the use of computers to manage and track an office or agency Computer-Assisted Counseling (CAC) - Correct answer-Controversial software that attempts to counsel clients. (A humanistic counselor's worst nightmare!) Negligence - Correct answer-When a counselor "neglects" or fails to perform a required behavior Discrimination - Correct answer-practice of not treating all clients in an equal manner especially due to religious, racial, ethnic, sexual, or cultural prejudice on the part of the therapist.

Stereotyping - Correct answer-When counselor views all persons of a given classification or group in a biased manner Paradoxical Interventions - Correct answer-a client is told to exaggerate a symptom - contraindicated in cases with homicidal and suicidal clients Minimal disclosure - Correct answer-if you must break confidentiality, you reveal only what is necessary and when possible inform the client that you are going to disclose confidential information Nosology - Correct answer-a system of classification or formal diagnosis (using the DSM- IV or ICD). Insurance payments are also called - Correct answer-third-party payments (third-party payments do not always cover the entire counseling fee) V-codes - Correct answer-what average person might consider day-to-day problems rather than a psychiatric or psychological difficulty. Ex. Acculturation problem, occupational problem, academic problem. Narcan or Naloxone - Correct answer-blocks the effect of opiods such as heroin and painkillers such as morphine, codeine, and oxycodine. It can stop or reverse overdoses to save lives. CPT code - Correct answer-Current Procedural Terminology --Used in addition to the DSM and ICD -- generally required for insurance payments --Specifies the exact nature of the tx being utilized to help your clt ex. psychotherapy, hypnosis, group, etc. --can also specify the length of the service unit ex."psychotherapy over 30 minutes" Caplan's Mental Health Consultation - Correct answer-Gerald Caplan develped 4 types of mental health consultations:

1. "client-centered": goal is to hep client
2. "consultee-centered": focus is on helping consultee develop improved techniques or skills
3. "consultee-centered administrative consultation": supervisor's intention is to sharpen your administrative skills
4. "program-centered": emphasis on creating, designing, or evaluating the program in question. Wilhelm Wundt - Correct answer-established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany structuralism concept: his interest was in the "structure" of consciousness. Counseling became popular after the 1931 publication of - Correct answer-"Workbook in Vocations" by William Proctor, Glidden Ross Benefield, and Gilbert Wrenn Psychodynamic Theories - Correct answer-view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences RATHER than cognitive factors. Id - Correct answer-the seat of sex and aggression. Not rational or logical, void of time orientation. Chaotic and concerned only with the boy, not with the outside world. "Pleasure Principle" and houses animalistic instincts. Ego - Correct answer-Logical, rational, utilizes power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check "Reality Principle" = pressured by the id to succumb to pleasure or gratification regardless of circumstances Superego - Correct answer-moralisitic and idealistic portion of personality. Erik Erikson - Correct answer-neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"

Only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses entire lifespan. Robert Perry - Correct answer-Known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development; especially regarding college students Stresses DUALISTIC THINKING common to teens in which things are conceptualized as good or bad or right and wrong. Dualistic Thinking Vs. Relativistic Thinking - Correct answer-Dualistic: things are conceptualized as good or bad or right and wrong. Relativistic: not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist relative to a specific situation. There is more than one way to view the world. Jean Piaget's idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is - Correct answer-1. Sensorimotor

2. Pre-operations
3. Concrete operations
4. Formal operations T test - Correct answer-a parametric statistical test used in formal experiements to determine whether there is a significant difference between 2 groups. t-test utilized to ascertain if the means of the groups are significantly different from each other. Conservation - Correct answer-A substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape. According to Piaget, children master conservation and concept of reversibility during the concrete operations stage (ages 7 - 11). A child who has not mastered conservation does not think in a very flexible manner.

Lev Vygotsky - Correct answer-Disagreed with Piaget's notion that developmental stages take place naturally. Insisted the stages unfold due to educational intervention. Lawerence Kohlberg - Correct answer-Leading theorist in moral development: used stories to determine level of moral development in children. Epigenetic - Correct answer-developmental stages follow an order - systematic. Each stage emerges from the one before it. Reversibility - Correct answer-One can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape. Egocentrism - Correct answer-in Piaget's theory, the pre-operational child's difficulty taking another's point of view. The child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else. Kohlberg's stages of moral development - Correct answer-1. Preconventional

2. Conventional
3. Postconventional Heinz Dilemma (Kohlberg) - Correct answer-"A woman in Europe was dying of cancer. Only one drug (a form of radium) could save her. It was discovered by a local druggist. The druggist was charging $2,000, which was tent imes his cost to make the drug. The woman's husband, Heinz, could not raise the money and even if he borrowed from his friends, he could only come up with approximately half the sum. He asked the druggist to reduce the rice or let him pay the bill later since his wife was dying but the druggist said, "No." The husband was thus desperate and broke into the store to steal the drug. Should the husband have done that? Why?" The individual's reason for their decision is used to evaluate the person's stage of moral development. C. G. Jung - Correct answer-early psychoanalytic psychologist (broke from Freud's psychoanalysis to generate second historical approach to personality theory); incorporated unconventional aspects into psychology (religion, spirituality).

Father of analytic Psychology Freud is the father of... - Correct answer-psychoanalysis Jung is the father of... - Correct answer-Analytic psychology RS - Correct answer-religious and spiritual RS issues are increasingly being addressed in counseling. Alfred Adler was founder of... - Correct answer-individual psychology - stresses the inferiority complex Kohlberg's Preconventional stage - Correct answer-fear of authority (ex: shouldn't steal because you'll get caught and go to jail) Reward and punishment greatly influence behavior. Kohlberg's Conventional Stage - Correct answer-social order (ex: everyone must follow the law, there are no exceptions or society would fall apart). Ind wants to meet standards of family, society, and even nation. Kohlberg's Postconventional stage - Correct answer-justice is more important than law (ex: life is more important than property). Concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights. Harry Stack Sullivan - Correct answer-postulated the stages of infancy, childhood, juvenile, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence. Theory known as the psychiatry of interpersonal relations. Focuses on social influences Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development - Correct answer-(1) Trust vs. Mistrust; (2) Autonomy vs. Shame;

(3) Initiative vs. Guilt; (4) Industry vs. Inferiority; (5) Identity vs. Confusion; (6) Intimacy vs. Isolation; (7) Generativity vs. Self-absorption; (8) Integrity vs. Despair. Counterconditioning - Correct answer-A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning. The zone of proximal development - Correct answer-In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they receive proper guidance and instruction Maturation Hypothesis - Correct answer-Suggests behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but certain behaviors won't manifest until necessary stimuli are present in environment. Suggests ind's neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for behavior to unfold. Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) - Correct answer-developed by Marsha Linehan, originally developed for the chronically suicidal. Focuses heavily on mindfulness & useful for clients harboring feelings of self-harm & suicide. Arnold Gesell - Correct answer-a pioneer in terms of using a one-way mirror for observing children; feel that development is primarily determined via genetics/heredity. Hence, a child must be ready before he or she can accept a certain level of education (e.g., kindergarten) John Bowlby - Correct answer-Bonding and Attachment Harry Harlow - Correct answer-Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers

Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin - Correct answer-found few sex differences existed that could not be explained by simple social learning; - most consistent difference that seems independent of social influence is that females have greater verbal ability and males have greater visual/spatial ability --> attributed to internal biological or hormonal difference but still debated. the major impetus for sex-role differences may come from child-rearing patterns rather than bodily chemistry. Freud's Psychosexual Stages - Correct answer-1. Oral Stage

2. Anal Stage
3. Phallic Stage
4. Latency Stage
5. Genital Stage Eros (Freud) - Correct answer-life instinct Thanatos (Freud) - Correct answer-death instinct Manifest Content (dreams) - Correct answer-Describes dream material as presented to the dreamer Latent Content (dreams) - Correct answer-hidden meaning of a dream Suicide among males/females - Correct answer-Males COMMIT suicide more often than females, yet females ATTEMPT suicide more often. Suicide rates in US - Correct answer-Suicide rates tend to increase with age. Suicidal clients often make attempts after the depression begins to lift, rather than at the beginning of a depressive episode. Freudian's Latency stage of development - Correct answer-Sexual drives seems hidden, sexual interests are replaced by social interests. Latency is the only Freudian developmental stage which is not primarily psychosexual in nature.

ages 6 - 12 Stanley Coopersmith - Correct answer-Found that child-rearing practices have impacts in self-esteem. Children who had the reasons for punishment explained to them and understood them were found to have higher self-esteem. Cephalocaudal - Correct answer-head to toe (head of fetus develops earlier than the legs) Heredity - Correct answer-Assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes Assumes that heredity characterisitics are transmitted by chromosomes Assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code Heritability - Correct answer-The portion of a trait that can be explained via genetic factors Kohlberg's six stages of moral development - Correct answer-Pre-conventional

1. Punishment/obedience orientation
2. Naive hedonism (also called instrumental or egotistic) orientation Conventional
3. Good boy/good girl orientation
4. Authority, law, and order orientation ("morality of conventional rules and conformity") Postconventional
5. Democratically accepted law or "social contract"
6. Principles of self-conscience and universal ethics. Empiricist view - Correct answer-children learn through experience development merely consists of quantitative changes. Affability - Correct answer-a disposition to be friendly and approachable (easy to talk to)

espouse - Correct answer-(v.) to take up and support; to become attached to, adopt; to marry Positivism - Correct answer-Research paradigm: an objective truth exists and can only be understood if directly observable - truth must be directly measurable Closely tied to quantitative research *post-positivism departs from idea of universal truth, stating that truth can only be approximated bc of inherent errors present when measuring reality post-positivism - Correct answer-An approach to knowledge that questions the idea of an 'objective' reality, emphasizing instead the extent to which people conceive, or 'construct'; the world in which they live departs from idea of universal truth, stating that truth can only be approximated bc of inherent errors present when measuring reality Constructivism - Correct answer-(interpretivism) contends that there are multiple realities or perspectives for any given phenomenon. Truth differs for individuals and is an internal manifestation often used in Qualitative research Critical/Ideological Paradigm - Correct answer-Centers on researchers taking a proactive role and confronting the social structure and conditions facing oppressed or underprivileged groups. Heavily tied to qualitative research