NCE Exam 2: Psychoanalytic Theory and Therapy Questions & Answers, Exams of Career Counseling

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NCE National Counseling Exam 2

COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND

ANSWERS)

Schedules of Reinforcement - ANSWER>>Continuous - every time

Variable ratio - unpredictable number of responses

Fixed interval - after a specific amount of time

Fixed ratio - after a predetermined number

Variable interval - after an unpredictable amount of time

Existential Therapy Description - ANSWER>>This model stresses building therapy on the basic conditions of human existence, such as choice, the freedom, and responsibility to shape one's life, and self-determination. It focuses on the quality of the person-to-person therapeutic relationship.

A theory of personality development, a philosophy of human nature, and a method of psychotherapy that focuses on unconscious factors that motivate behavior. Attention is given to the first 6 years of life as determinants of later development of personality. Uses analysis of word association, dream and fantasy interpretation. - ANSWER>>Psychoanalytic Therapy Description

Psychoanalytic Theory Theorists - ANSWER>>Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, Carl Jung

Deterministic - ANSWER>>The Freudian view of human nature

According to Freud, our behavior is determined by... - ANSWER>>Irrational forces, unconscious motivations, and biological/instinctual drives

According to psychoanalytic view, the personality consists of what three systems?

• ANSWER>>Id, Ego, SuperEgo

What is the Id? - ANSWER>>-A psychoanalytic system -original system of personality, -present at birth, -the source of psychic energy

• the seat of the instincts

What psychoanalytic system is ruled by the pleasure principle? - ANSWER>>Id

What psychoanalytic system is the traffic cop? - ANSWER>>Ego

What psychoanalytic system is ruled by the reality principle and governs, control, and regulates the personality? - ANSWER>>Ego

What psychoanalytic system is the judicial branch of the personality and the opposite of the id? - ANSWER>>SuperEgo

What psychoanalytic system represents the ideal rather than the real and strives for perfection rather than pleasure? - ANSWER>>SuperEgo

Who wrote the book, Interpretation of Dreams, in 1899? - ANSWER>>Freud

The id has two important strategies for obtaining pleasure: - ANSWER>>Reflex action and Primary Process

The reflex action of the id for obtaining pleasure can be described as? - ANSWER>>An automatic process (coughing and blinking) that reduce tensions

The primary process of the id for obtaining pleasure can be described as? - ANSWER>>A process that allows people to form a mental image of a remedy for their discomfort; a wish fulfillment.

According to Freud, what is the libido? - ANSWER>>Present at birth, originally defined as a sexual desire, but later referred to as the energy and vitality

What psychoanalytic system is described as the mental agent of rational and self- conscious selfhood? - ANSWER>>The Ego

What psychoanalytic system is described as the mediator and organizer, logical thinker and is the seat of intelligence and rationality? - ANSWER>>The Ego

According to the psychoanalytic approach, this develops out of a conflict among the id, ego, and superego - ANSWER>>Anxiety

According to the psychoanalytic approach, there are three types of anxiety - ANSWER>>Reality

Neurotic

Moral

According to the psychoanalytic approach, what is reality anxiety? - ANSWER>>A fear of danger from the external world

According to the psychoanalytic approach, what is neurotic anxiety? - ANSWER>>A fear that one's instincts will get out of had and lead to punishment.

According to the psychoanalytic approach, what is moral anxiety? - ANSWER>>The fear of one's own conscience

According to the psychoanalytic approach, when is someone likely to invoke ego- defense mechanisms? - ANSWER>>When a person with well-defined conscience does something against their morals and the ego cannot control the anxiety

According to the psychoanalytic approach, what two characteristics do defense mechanism have in common? - ANSWER>>They operate on an unconscious level and they either deny or distort reality

Ego Defense Mechanism: Repression - ANSWER>>Excluding threatening or painful thoughts and feelings from our awareness

Ego Defense Mechanism: Denial - ANSWER>>Denying the existence of a threatening aspect of reality

Ego Defense Mechanism: Reaction Formation - ANSWER>>Expressing the opposite impulse with confronted with a threatening impulse

Ego Defense Mechanism: Projection - ANSWER>>Attributing feelings or impulses unacceptable to one's self onto another person

Ego Defense Mechanism: Displacement - ANSWER>>Transfer of feelings from one target to another that is considered less threatening or that is neutral

Ego Defense Mechanism: Rationalization - ANSWER>>Manufacturing "good" reasons to explain away a bruised ego

Ego Defense Mechanism: Sublimation - ANSWER>>When a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way

Ego Defense Mechanism:Regression - ANSWER>>Reverting back to an earlier phase of development where there were fewer demands

Ego Defense Mechanism: Introjection - ANSWER>>Accepting the values and standards of others

Ego Defense Mechanism: Identification - ANSWER>>An attempt to increase self- worth by acquiring certain attributes and characteristics of an individual one admires

Ego Defense Mechanism: Compensation - ANSWER>>In which people overachieve in one area to compensate for failures in another.

What are Freud's 5 psychosexual stages? - ANSWER>>1. Oral Stage

2. Anal Stage
3. Phallic Stage
4. Latency Stage
5. Genital Stage

According to Freud's pychosexual stages, the first stage is - ANSWER>>Oral (first year)

According to Freud's pychosexual stages, the second stage is - ANSWER>>Anal (1-

According to Freud's pychosexual stages, the third stage is - ANSWER>>Phallic (3-

According to Freud's pychosexual stages, the fourth stage is - ANSWER>>Latency (6-12)

According to Freud's pychosexual stages, the fifth stage is - ANSWER>>Genital (12+)

According to Freud's pychosexual stages, what stage is Oedipus and Electra complexes - ANSWER>>Phallic (3-6)

Freud's Oral stage is to Erikson's - ANSWER>>Infancy: Trust vs. Mistrust

Freud's Anal stage is to Erikson's - ANSWER>>Early Childhood: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Freud's Phallic stage is to Erikson's - ANSWER>>Play Age: Initiative vs. Guilt

Freud's Latency stage is to Erikson's - ANSWER>>School Age: Industry vs Inferiority

Freud's Genital stage is to Erikson's - ANSWER>>Adolescence: Indentity vs. Role Confusion

Freud's stages are psychosexual and Erik Erikison's stages are: - ANSWER>>psychosocial

Erik Erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development - ANSWER>>1. Infancy: Trust vs. Mistrust

2. Early Childhood: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
3. Preschool Age: Initiative vs. Guilt
4. School Age: Competence vs. Inferiority
5. Adolecense: Identity vs. Role Confusion
6. Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation
7. Middle Age: Generativity vs. Stagnation
8. Later Life: Integrity vs. Despair

Freud's classical psychoanalysis is grounded in - ANSWER>>Id psychology- that instincts and intrapsychic conflicts shape personality development

Contemporary psychoanalysis - ANSWER>>Tends to be based on ego psychology, which does not deny the role of intrapsychic conflicts but emphasizes the striving of the ego for mastery and competence throughout the human life span

The blank-screen approach, where the therapist assumes an anonymous stance is associated with - ANSWER>>classical psychoanalysis

What therapy emerged as a way to shorten and simplify the lengthy classical psychoanalysis? - ANSWER>>Psychodynamic therapy

The 6 basic techniques of psychoanalytic therapy are - ANSWER>>1. maintain the analytic framework

2. free association
3. interpretation
4. dream analysis
5. analysis of resistance
6. analysis of transference

According to Freud, what are the 3 levels of consciousness - ANSWER>>1. Conscious-material in awareness and available

2. Precociousness- holds info that we are not aware of but can be accessed
3. Unconscious- memories that are highly charged, repressed drives and impulses

Psychoanalytic term for recalling an experience in order to purge it's emotional distress - ANSWER>>Abreaction

Jung's psychodynamic theory, which emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes - ANSWER>>Analytical psychology

Humans tend to move toward the fulfillment or realization of their capabilities. - ANSWER>>Jung's theory

An integration of conscious and unconscious aspects of one's personality that leads to the development of wisdom describes what? Individuation (Jung) - ANSWER>>Individuation (Jung)

Unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness - ANSWER>>Shadow (Jung)

Collective Unconscious (Jung) - ANSWER>>Jung's theory that we all share an inherited memory that contains our culture's most basic elements

Archetype (Jung) - ANSWER>>Universal experiences contained inthe collective unconscious

Jung's 4 Archetypes - ANSWER>>1. Persona- the mask or public face we wear to protect ourselves

2. Animus- the biological and psychological aspects of masculinity
3. Anima- " " of femininity
4. Shadow- deepest and most powerful of the archetypes- it's our dark side

Stresses the psychosocial development throughout the life span - ANSWER>>Ego psychology (Erikson and Anna Freud)

Exploration of internal unconscious identifications and internalization of external objects - ANSWER>>Object relations theory

Self Psychology (Kohut) - ANSWER>>Emphasizes how we use interpersonal relationship to develop our own sense of self

Relational Model (Mitchell) - ANSWER>>Based on the assumption that therapy is an interactive process between client and therapist

Mahler's Theory - ANSWER>>• Initial state of infant - fusion or symbiosis with mother

• Development represents a process of separation - individuation
• These patterns form the core of adult patterns of relationships

Mahler's theory is called - ANSWER>>Separation-individual theory

What developmental child psychologist suggested that biological factors might play in the development and expression of gender and whose observations concluded that socialization couldn't be solely responsible for behaviors? - ANSWER>>Dr. Eleanor Maccoby

Adlerian Theory Theorists - ANSWER>>Alfred Adler, Rudolf Dreikers

Phenonmenological (Adler) - ANSWER>>To view the world from the client's subjective frame of reference

Individual Psychology (Adler) - ANSWER>>To understand the whole person as interconnected components

Holistic approach - ANSWER>>The study of a whole culture completely. Observe human behavior and interview members of soc.

Fictional finalism (Adler) - ANSWER>>An imagined central goal that guides a person's behavior

Existential Theory Theorists - ANSWER>>Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, Irvin Yalom

Logo therapy (Frankl) - ANSWER>>therapy through meaning

4 givens of existence (Yalom) - ANSWER>>freedom, isolation, meaninglessness, death

Existential analysis (Binswanger) - ANSWER>>emphasizes the subjective and spiritual dimensions of human existence

Person-Centered Theorists - ANSWER>>Carl Rogers

Humanistic psychology - ANSWER>>An approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings

Organismic Valuing Process (OVP) (Rogers) - ANSWER>>Peoples innate ability to know what is important to them what is essential for a more fulfilling life

Self psychology is to pyschoanalytic theory as motivational interviewing is to - ANSWER>>Humanistic Psychology

Gestalt Theory Theorists - ANSWER>>Fritz and Laura Perls, Miriam and Erving Polster

Encompasses many of the concepts of both existential and person-centered theories - ANSWER>>Gestalt Theory

What is the goal of Gestalt therapy? - ANSWER>>To promote awareness through experience in the here and now

Perls identified 5 levels or stages of contact and growth, which are - ANSWER>>1. Phony layer - being inauthentic

2. Phobic layer - avoiding pain, feeling vulnerable
3. Impasse layer - feel powerless and seek help from others
4. Implosive layer - lower defenses, deal with issues
5. Explosive layer - reintegration and wholeness

Introjection (Gestalt Therapy) - ANSWER>>A process of taking in the values and standards of others.

Projection (Gestalt Therapy) - ANSWER>>A process of disowning unpleasant aspects of ourselves and placing them on others

Retroflection (Gestalt Therapy) - ANSWER>>Turning on ourselves instead on to others

Who created Transactional Analysis? - ANSWER>>Eric Berne

What are the three stages of development within TA (Berne) - ANSWER>>child, adult, parent

Berne's child ego state can be described as - ANSWER>>1. Contains early experiences, emotions, joy, and shame

2. Focuses on self
3. Manifests nonverbal behaviors (tears, whining, giggling)

Berne's adult ego state can be described as - ANSWER>>1. Like a computer

2. Objective, rational, logical
3. Integrates (not erases) material from child and parent ego states

Berne's parent ego state can be described as - ANSWER>>1. Nurturing

2. Critical

Behavior Theory Theorists - ANSWER>>B.F. Skinner, Arnold Lazarus, Albert Bandura

Who considered one of the most influential social learning theorists? - ANSWER>>Albert Bandura (the Bobo doll experiment)

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) - ANSWER>>Modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response. Based upon Skinner's operant conditioning

Neo-behaviorism - ANSWER>>Bridges the gap between behaviorism and cognitive theories of learning

Purposive behavior - ANSWER>>Behavior that is directed toward some goal and that terminates when the goal is attained.

drive-reduction theory - ANSWER>>approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal

positive reinforcement - ANSWER>>Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

negative reinforcement - ANSWER>>Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)

punishment - ANSWER>>an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

Who developed Stress inoculation training and CBM? - ANSWER>>Meichenbaum

Dollard and Miller - ANSWER>>learning theory

What is Learning Theory (Dollard and Miller) - ANSWER>>The study of the circumstances under which a response and a cue stimulus become connected

4 elements of behavior according to Dollard and Miller - ANSWER>>drive cue response

reinforcement (Learning Theory)

What is reciprocal inhibition? - ANSWER>>Eliciting a new response that decreases the strength of a habitual response (making a sad person smile by making a funny face)(Wolpe)

What are the 4 major areas of contemporary behavior therapy - ANSWER>>1. Classical conditioning - what happens prior to learning that creates a response through pairing (like Pavlov's dog)

2. Operant conditioning - learning which behaviors are influenced mainly by the consequences that follow (Skinner)
3. Social cognitive approach - learning behavior through environmental influences
4. Cognitive behavior therapy - aka behavioral therapy

Most commonly used method of behavior therapy; teach client how to relax, identify problem, create hierarchy of anxiety-producing situations, combine hierarchy and relaxing exercises - ANSWER>>Systematic Desensitization (Wolpe)

Cognitive Therapy Theorists - ANSWER>>A.T. Beck, Judith Beck, Donald Meichenbaum (CBM)

Who was one of the first theorists to recognize the role of beliefs in controlling and changing thoughts, emotions, and actions? - ANSWER>>George Kelly

Cognitive Therapy is based on the rationale that... - ANSWER>>the way people feels and behave is determined by how they perceive and structure their experience

4 levels of cognition - ANSWER>>1. Automatic thoughts - situation and emotion dependent

2. Immediate beliefs - often reflect extreme and absolute rules and attitudes that shape automatic thoughts

3. Core beliefs - central ideas about ourselves that underlie many of our automatic cognition and inform our immediate beliefs
4. Schemas - the way a mind thinks, worldview

Cognitive Distortion (Beck, CBT) - ANSWER>>Systematic errors in reasoning from faulty assumptions and misconceptions

Arbitrary Inferences (Beck, CBT) - ANSWER>>(Beck's CBT) making conclusions without the basis of supporting evidence

selective abstraction (Beck, CBT) - ANSWER>>A cognitive distortion that involves forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event.

magnification and minimization (Beck, CBT) - ANSWER>>blowing a negative event out of proportion (magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events (minimization), Beck CBT

labeling and mislabeling (Beck, CBT) - ANSWER>>portraying one's identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one's true identity (Beck, CBT)

dichotomous thinking (Beck, CBT) - ANSWER>>black and white thinking (Beck, CBT)

What is the "first wave" of behavioral therapy? - ANSWER>>Behavior therapy

What is the "second wave" of behavioral therapy? - ANSWER>>CBT

What is the "third wave" of behavioral therapy? - ANSWER>>Mindfulness and ACT

Combines CBT with attachment, Gestalt, object relations, and constructivist theories. Looks at present actions triggering self-defeating patterns from childhood. - ANSWER>>Schema Therapy (Young)

A model endorsing technical eclecticism; uses procedures drawn from various sources without necessarily subscribing to the theories behind these techniques; developed by Arnold Lazarus. - ANSWER>>Multimodal therapy (Lazarus)

BASIC ID (Lazarus, Multimodal) - ANSWER>>Behavior Attitude Sensation Imagery Cognition Interpersonal Drugs

Variable schedules (average) are more effective than... - ANSWER>>Fixed schedules (specific)

Ratio schedules (#) are more effective than... - ANSWER>>Interval schedules (time)

Ratio Schedules are based on ______________ and interval schedules are based on ___________________. - ANSWER>>number, time

Reality Therapy Theorists - ANSWER>>William Glasser, Robert Wubbolding

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Theorists - ANSWER>>Albert Ellis

This type of therapy focuses on outcomes such as changes in beliefs and reduction of symptoms - ANSWER>>REBT (Ellis)

This type of therapy de-emphasizes exploration of the childhood and impacts of the past on the present - ANSWER>>REBT (Ellis)

REBT (Ellis) assumes... - ANSWER>>People contribute to their own psychological problems by they way they interpret events and situations

Irrational beliefs is most associated with - ANSWER>>REBT (Ellis)

Ellis's ABCDEF model stands for what? - ANSWER>>Activating event Beliefs about the event Consequences of that belief Disputing whether that belief is rational Effective outcome of the disputation Feeling and behaviors that result from effective rational beliefs

The ABCDEF framework is central to what theory? - ANSWER>>REBT (Ellis)

A therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs. - ANSWER>>Cognitive Restructuring

Feminist Therapy Theorists - ANSWER>>Jean Baker Miller, Carolyn Zerbe Enns, Olivia Espin, Laura Brown

Solution Focused Brief Therapy Theorists - ANSWER>>Steve de Shazer, Insoo Kim Berg

Narrative Therapy Theorists - ANSWER>>Michael White, David Epston

Family Systems Therapy Theorists - ANSWER>>Alfred Adler, Murray Bowen, Virginia Satir, Carl Whitaker, Salvador Minuchin, Jay Haley, Cloe Madanes

Wolpe's systematic desensitization consists of these steps: - ANSWER>>1. Relaxation training

2. Construction of anxiety hierarchy

3. desensitization in imagination (aka interposition)
4. in vivo desensitization

Robert Carkhuff - ANSWER>>known for his 5 point scale measuring empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect.

paradoxical intention - ANSWER>>The client is told to perform the very behavior that is the object of anxiety or concern. The paradox is that the person will usually be unable to do what he or she fears doing when he or she tries to do it intentionally. (Frankl)

He believed that it was imperative to become intimately familiar with a person's social context by exploring factors such as birth order, lifestyle, and parental education. Adler believed that each person strives to belong and feel significant. Assists individuals in comprehending the thoughts, drives, and emotions that influence their lifestyles. People in therapy are also encouraged to acquire a more positive and productive way of life by developing new insights, skills, and behaviors. - ANSWER>>Adlerian Therapy Description

What are the 4 Stages of Adlerian Therapy - ANSWER>>1. Engagement: A trusting therapeutic relationship is built between the therapist and the person in therapy and they agree to work together to effectively address the problem.

2. Assessment: The therapist invites the individual to speak about his or her personal history, family history, early recollections, beliefs, feelings, and motives. This helps to reveal the person's overall lifestyle pattern, including factors that might initially be thought of as insignificant or irrelevant by the person in therapy.
3. Insight: The person in therapy is helped to develop new ways of thinking about his or her situation.
4. Reorientation: The therapist encourages the individual to engage in satisfying and effective actions that reinforce this new insight, or which facilitate further insight.

This approach was developed in the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis. Based on a subjective view of human experiencing, it places faith in and gives responsibility to the client in dealing with problems and concerns. Is non-directive and often uses reflection from the therapist to assist the person in increasing awareness and promoting self-actualization.Person-Centered Therapy Description - ANSWER>>Person-Centered Therapy Description

An experiential therapy stressing awareness and integration; it grew in reaction against analytic therapy. It integrates the functioning of the body and mind.Gestalt Therapy - ANSWER>>Gestalt Therapy

This approach applies the principles of learning (classical and operant conditioning) to the resolution of specific behavioral problems. Results are subject to continual experimentation. The methods of this approach are always in the process of refinement.Behavior Therapy Description - ANSWER>>Behavior Therapy Description

This approach gives a primary role to thinking as it influences behavior. Focuses on teaching a person how to identify their thinking errors and replace them with positive thinking.

The belief that people have automatic thoughts which are spontaneous negative cognitive distortions that influence behavior

Three categories of cognitive distortions: negative thoughts about 1) self, 2) world, 3) future

Negative thoughts can be identified, evaluated, and replaced then that would change behavior - ANSWER>>Cognitive Behavior Therapy Description

What are the three categories of cognitive distortions - ANSWER>>Negative thoughts about 1) self, 2) world, 3) future

REBT affirms human emotions and behavior are predominantly generated by ideas, beliefs, attitudes, and thinking, never by events themselves. Consequently changing one's thinking leads to an emotional and behavioral change. Based upon:

• Emotions and Cognitions - focuses on the root not just the thought
• Unconditional Acceptance (UA) - accepting flaws in self and others and life realities
• Secondary Disturbance - disturbing yourself about your disturbance
• Helpful Negative Emotions - some negative emotions are good
• Anger is inappropriate - can always be expressed in other ways - ANSWER>>Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Description

This short-term approach is based on choice theory and focuses on the client assuming responsibility in the present. Through the therapeutic process, the client is able to learn more effective ways of meeting her or his needs. - ANSWER>>Reality Therapy

A central concept is the concern for the psychological oppression of women. Focusing on the constraints imposed by the sociopolitical status to which women have been relegated, this approach explores women's identity development, self- concept, goals and aspirations, and emotional well-being. - ANSWER>>Feminist Therapy Description

Social construction, solution-focused brief therapy, and narrative therapy all assume that there is no single truth; rather, it is believed that reality is socially constructed through human interaction. These approaches maintain that the client is an expert in his or her own life. - ANSWER>>Postmodern Therapy Description

This systemic approach is based on the assumption that the key to changing the individual is understanding and working with the family. - ANSWER>>Family Systems Therapy Description

What theory states that personality is influenced by our needs: Primary Needs: Biological needs Secondary Needs: Psychological or emotional needs - ANSWER>>Henry Murray's Personality Theory

Henry Murray 5 Psychogenic Needs - ANSWER>>1. Ambition (Achievement, Exhibition, Recognition)

2. Materialistic (Acquisition, Construction, Order, Retention)
3. Power (Abasement, Autonomy, Aggression, Blame Avoidance, Deference, Dominance)
4. Affection (Affiliation, Nurturance, Play, Rejection, Succorance)
5. Information (Cognizance, Exposition)

Karen Horney's Theory of Neurosis - ANSWER>>Believed that neurosis was the result of anxiety due to interpersonal relationships. Strategies to cope with anxiety:

1. Need for affection and approval
2. Need for a partner who will take over one's life
3. Need to restrict one's life with narrow borders
4. Need for power
5. Need to exploit others
6. Need for prestige
7. Need for personal admiration
8. Need for personal achievement
9. Need for self-sufficiency and independence
10. Need for perfection and unassailability

Karen Horney's 3 Categories of Neurotic Needs - ANSWER>>The 10 neurotic needs can be classified into three broad categories:

1. Needs that move you towards others - Individuals to seek validation and acceptance from others but it can be viewed as being needy.

2. Needs that move you away from others - this can appear as hostile or antisocial behavior - can be seen as cold or indifferent
3. Needs that move you against others - takes the form of hostility and is viewed as controlling - often described as difficult, mean or controlling

Big Five Dimensions of Personality - ANSWER>>1. Conscientiousness (thoughtfulness, impulse control, goal-directedness, organized, detailed)

2. Agreeableness (trust, altruism, kindness, affection, prosocial behaviors)
3. Neuroticism (emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness, irritability, sadness)
4. Extraversion (excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness, emotional expressiveness)
5. Openness (imagination, insight, broad range of interests)

Marsha Linchan created this bio-social theory regarding borderline personality disorder. She believed a person develops this disorder due to invalidating environments.

It entails: *Core mindfulness skills *Interpersonal effectiveness skills *Emotion modulation skills *Distress tolerance skills - ANSWER>>Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)

David Kolb's Learning Theory - ANSWER>>4 learning styles:

1. The Converger - high ability in Abstract Conceptualization and Active Experimentation - highly skilled in the practical application of ideas
2. The Diverger: high ability in Concrete Experience and Reflective Observation - tend to look at the 'big picture' and organizing smaller bits of information into a meaningful whole - emotional and creative

3. The Assimilator - high ability in Abstract Conceptualization and Reflective Observation - understanding and creating theoretical models - planning and research
4. The Accommodator - high ability in Concrete Experience and Active Experimentation - doers, enjoy performing experiments and carrying out plans in the real world - greatest risk takers

Who developed a theory of general intelligence known as the 'g' factor which is the belief that intelligence could be measured and scored. - ANSWER>>Charles Spearman

An intelligence theorist who believed there are 7 primary mental abilities:

1. verbal comprehension
2. reasoning
3. perceptual speed
4. numerical ability
5. word fluency
6. associative memory
7. spatial-visualization - ANSWER>>Louis Thurstone

Developed multiple intelligences theory. The eight intelligences are:

1. visual-spatial
2. verbal-linguistic
3. bodily-kinesthetic
4. logical-mathematice
5. interpersonal
6. intrapersonal
7. naturalistic - ANSWER>>Howard Gardner

Robert SternbergWho developed the Triarchic theory of intelligence?

3 intelligence factors:

1. analytical intelligence - problem-solving abilities
2. creative intelligence - ability to deal with new situations using past experiences and current skills
3. practical intelligence - ability to adapt to a changing environment - ANSWER>>Robert Sternberg

Secure Attachment - ANSWER>>The child is able to turn to their caregiver for physical and emotional needs and the caregiver is able to satisfy these needs. (Bowlby and Ainsworth)

Ambivalent-Insecure Attachment - ANSWER>>High distress when a caregiver leaves - caregiver has not been able to consistently provide for the needs of the child. (Bowlby and Ainsworth)• also called insecure resistant

• ambivalent behavioral style - clingy and dependent behavior but will be rejecting of the attachment figure
• fails to develop any feelings of security from the attachment figure
• when distressed they are difficult to soothe and are not comforted by interaction with the attachment figure
• inconsistent level of response to their needs from the primary caregiver
• negative self-image
• exaggerate their emotional responses as a way to gain attention

Avoidant-Insecure Attachment - ANSWER>>• No feelings toward a caregiver or stranger - independent of the attachment figure both physically and emotionally

• no distress when caregiver leaves or joy when they return
• common in abused and neglected children
• does not seek contact with the attachment figure when distressed
• caregiver who is insensitive and rejecting of their needs - withdraws from helping during difficult tasks - unavailable during times of emotional distress.
• think themselves unworthy and unacceptable

Disorganized Attachment - ANSWER>>Lack of attachment - confusing mix of behaviors - avoid or resist the parent. The worst.

Stages of Attachment - ANSWER>>1. Pre-attachment - birth - 3 months - there is not a particular attachment to a caregiver because a caregiver usually provides at an infants natural signals.

2. Indiscriminate attachment - 6 wks - 7 mo - start to distinguish primary and secondary caregivers - develop attachment and a feeling of trust that the caregiver will respond to their needs
3. Discriminate attachment - 7-11 months - attachment to a caregiver - distress when separated - anxiety around strangers
4. Multiple attachments - 9 mo - begin to attach to others

Approach that uses the uniqueness and positive qualities of a person - ANSWER>>Humanistic Therapy

Future-focused, goal-directed, and focuses on solutions, rather than on the problems that brought clients to seek therapy. Therapy is based on client's personal current goals versus past issues. Past is referenced when there has been a history of success. May ask, "What is different about the times when this is less of a problem?" Also, "What will you be doing in the next week that would indicate to you that you are continuing to make progress?" Could ask the miracle question and then, "Suppose you do, get up and face the day, what would be the small thing you would do that you didn't do this morning?" - ANSWER>>Solution- Focused Brief Therapy

Combination of techniques to assist the person in releasing the psychological anxiety or negative feeling and to be in the moment. Techniques used are breathing, meditation, and yoga. - ANSWER>>Mindfulness

This theory comes from 4 disciplines:

1. Differential psychology - interest in occupations (Frank Parsons)
2. Personality - individual characteristics (Holland)
3. Sociology - occupational goals on movement lateral or upward (Bandura)
4. Developmental psychology - development affects current and future goals (Super) - ANSWER>>Career Development Theory

Who was the "father" of the career counseling movement? - ANSWER>>Frank Parsons

What is the NOICC? - ANSWER>>National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee Est. in 1976 by Congress to

1. develop occupations info systems for each state
2. assist the organization of state committees
3. assist all users to share information
4. provide labor market info for the youth

Define Protean Career - ANSWER>>Encompasses any kind of flexible, idiosyncratic career course, unique to each person

The total constellation of psychological, sociological, educational, physical, economic, and chance factors that combine to influence the nature and significance of work in the total life span of any given individual - ANSWER>>Career Development as defined by the ACA

Define acculturation - ANSWER>>Integrating one's own cultural beliefs and behaviors with the dominant culture.

What is a key requirement in the career decision-making processes? - ANSWER>>Effective career information processing skills