NCE EXAM 2025 STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS RATED A+, Exams of Medicine

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NCE EXAM 2025 STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS RATED A+ Core features of bipolar disorders Correct Answer mania; hypomania Hypomania Correct Answer abnormally, persistently elevated mood, expansive mood, irritable mood Difference between mania and hypomania Correct Answer mania lasts more than 1 week and hypomania lasts 4 days Key features of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders Correct Answer delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior, negative symptoms Symptoms of PTSD Correct Answer Re-experiencing the trauma through flashbacks, nightmares, and intrusive thoughts Five Factor Model of Personality Correct Answer O- openness vs. tradition/convention C- conscientiousness vs. negligence E- extraversion vs. introversion A- agreeableness vs. antagonistic N- neuroticism vs. emotional stability 3 P's of personality disorder Correct Answer -Persistent (over time) -Pervasive (across situations) -Pathological (clearly abnormal) Cluster A personality disorders Correct Answer odd/eccentric: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal Cluster B personality disorders Correct Answer dramatic/emotional/erratic: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic Cluster C personality disorders Correct Answer Anxious/fearful avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive Paranoid Personality Disorder Correct Answer type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others Schizoid Personality Disorder Correct Answer a psychological disorder characterized by little interest or involvement in close Piaget Moral Development Correct Answer he believes young children 4 to 7yrs see their moral world through the eyes of justice and rules which are unchangeable. As they get older they understand rules are made by people. Many variables to what is right and wrong. 10yrs old when children view each dilemma and consider the consequences before making moral decision.(cooperation) Philosophical Principles that Define the Client's Role Correct Answer the client must be involved, recognize their own beliefs and feelings and how they affect their ability to function, and willing to accept help What is the purpose of anti psychotics Correct Answer used to treat psychiatric conditions by altering the chemistry of the brain 5 Principles of Ethical Behavior Correct Answer 1) Autonomy 2) Beneficence 3) Non-maleficence 4) Justice 5) Fidelity Autonomy Correct Answer independence; self-determination; right to personal choice Beneficence Correct Answer intending to do good and act in the best interest of the client Nonmaleficence Correct Answer Do no harm; physician has responsibility to avoid treatments or interventions in which the potential for harm outweighs the potential for benefit Justice Correct Answer fairness towards all clients and not letting "favorites" or biases influence the service provided Fidelity Correct Answer faithfulness; not making insincere statements or impossible promises Treatment Protocol for Alzheimer's Correct Answer No cure but exercise, nutrition, physical therapy can help. Need visual monitoring to stay safe and need frequent reminders and queues to reduce anxiety Huntington's Disease Correct Answer Genetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells. Causing anxiety and physical weakness as well as psychiatric and cognitive issues. Symptoms do not appear until about the age of 30. Muscular Dystrophy Correct Answer group of inherited muscle disorders that cause muscle weakness without affecting the nervous system Antidepressants Correct Answer drugs that combat depression by affecting the levels or activity of neurotransmitters in the brain 4 Etiologies of Medical Disorders Correct Answer 1) Congenital Defects 2) Degenerative Disorders 3) Acquired Disorders 4) Unknown Origin Standard Deviation Correct Answer a measure of variability; It tells you how tightly your data is clustered around the mean Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Correct Answer physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization Androgyny Correct Answer is something that has both female and male traits, or something that is not clearly either masculine or feminine Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development Correct Answer Social Learning Theory Correct Answer is the view that people learn by observing others. Associated with Albert Bandura's work in the 1960s. Explains how people learn new behaviors, values, and attitudes For example, a teenager might learn slang by observing peers. Core features of depression Correct Answer diminished interest or pleasure Pavlovian Methods in the Military Correct Answer The use of transmarginal inhibition (TMI) techniques are used to re-program solider responses to discomfort of pain, fear Transmarginal Inhibition Correct Answer An organism's response to overwhelming stimuli, first detailed by Pavlov Erik Erikson Correct Answer stages of human growth and development: 8 states that refer to how a person interacts with their environment. Each stage is a "crisis" which needs to be resolved before a person can successfully move to the next stage Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Correct Answer a test according to Carl Jung's personality types in an attempt to figure out one's personality within 4 categories: 1. Extroversion-Introversion: where do you prefer to focus your attention; where do you get your energy 2. Sensing-Intuition: how do you prefer to take in information 3. Thinking-Feeling: how do you make decisions 4. Judging-Perceiving: how do you deal with the outer world 4 areas of concern in client-counselor relationship Correct Answer 1. team approach to treatment planning 2. monitoring to determine progress of plan 3. development of realistic, attainable goals 4. consideration of client resources Duty to Warn Correct Answer Mental health professional's responsibility to break confidentiality and notify the potential victim whom a client has specifically threatened. Aspirational Ethical Guidelines Correct Answer Moral compulsions to behave in a way that is perceived as moral and proper Is it ethical for a counselor to discuss a client with another professional? Correct Answer only if the reason for talking to another professional is in the best interest of the client Haley Correct Answer Strategic Therapy: developing of a specific strategy to treat a specific problem; use of directives; the therapist takes responsibility for directly influencing clients 3 goals of Behavioral Group Approach Correct Answer 1) develop social skills 2) teach the skills necessary to function in society 3) help teach the skills necessary to adapt to whatever the situation is Salvador Minuchin Correct Answer Structural Family Therapy: uses joining, enactment, boundary making, and mimesis techniques Joining Correct Answer Structural Family Therapy Intervention: therapists attempt at greeting and bonding with family members Enactment Correct Answer Structural Family Therapy Intervention: family members are asked to act out the problem situation to bring insight into the family dynamics Boundary Making Correct Answer Structural Family Therapy Intervention: aimed at realigning boundaries within a family by changing the psychological proximity (closer or further apart) between family subsystems Mimesis Correct Answer Structural Family Therapy Intervention: the therapist mimics the positive and negative behavior patterns of individual family members Advantages of Group Counseling Correct Answer 1) extension of client social support system 2) improved ability to communicate Positive Group Actions Correct Answer a) attend to the person speaking b) no interrupting or distracting behavior c) encourage each member to voice their thoughts d) take steps outside group to meet goals 3 Leadership Styles Correct Answer 1) autocratic (authoritarian) 2) research is consistent with organization's rules, standards of practice, and all laws 3) the counselor is responsible for actions taken by those under their supervision 4) respect of the culture of participants 5) minimize the harm done to participants Integrated Developmental Model Correct Answer Designed by Delworth & Stoltenberg, states counselor skills can be developed in 8 domains: client assessment, ethics, interpersonal assessment, conceptualization, intervention, serving people with different needs, understanding & applying theory, treatment planning & goal setting Hypothesis Testing Correct Answer hypothesis is a theory based on observations but are of no use unless they are tested. All hypothesis are subject to rigorous experimentation to determine truthfulness 4 Methods of Sampling Correct Answer 1) Random Sampling 2) Cluster Sampling 3) Stratified Sampling 4) Horizontal Sampling Random Sampling Correct Answer participants are taken from the general population without regard to characteristics then randomly assigned to a control experimental group Cluster Sampling Correct Answer participants are randomly selected from a pool of people easily accessible Stratified Sampling Correct Answer participants are selected for specific traits or characteristics Horizontal Sampling Correct Answer all study participants share a specific set of characteristics. 3 Characteristics of an effective qualitative research strategy Correct Answer 1. credibility of sources 2. dependability of sources 3. transferability of results to a larger population Clinical Supervision Correct Answer a process in which an organization provides monitoring and evaluation of the performance of its counselors. Basic Research Correct Answer research conducted in the field of theory Applied Research Correct Answer the practical use of experimental data Control Group Correct Answer the group that does not receive the experimental treatment. Experimental Group Correct Answer the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested Statistical Regression Correct Answer The skewing of results that may happen if the intervention is administered only once; change in the dependent variable due to the temporary nature of extreme values; threat to internal validity 5 Main qualitative research strategies Correct Answer 1) Grounded Theory 2) Ethnographic 3) Narrative 4) Phenomenological 5) Case Studies Grounded Theory Correct Answer information is gathered so that researchers can develop a theory Ethnographic Correct Answer the day-to-day lives of participants are observed Narrative Correct Answer information is gathered about a specific population group through the stores told abut them Why is cultural background important Correct Answer influences values and beliefs which may then influence the techniques used, methods used, or how the counselor interacts with the client. Steps of Mediation Correct Answer 1) the people involved in the dispute select a mediator 2) mediator establishes a format 3) mediator will host a joint meeting between all parties to discuss issue/s 4) mediator will facilitate a discussion of solutions Time Management Techniques Correct Answer 1) Prioritize 2) Allows for as many tasks to be done as possible 3) use of technology that may make job easier Harlow's Research Correct Answer Showed that we have a need for comfort, touch, or cuddling and w/o it physical problems and dysfunctional behaviors develop Figure-Ground Relationship Correct Answer Perls- a way in which a person perceives a chain of events and what they see as important or unimportant; he believed these relationships are constantly changing Positive Reinforcement Correct Answer Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. Linear Causality Correct Answer The idea that one event is the cause and another is the effect; in behavior, the idea that one behavior is a stimulus, the other a response Circular or Reciprocal Causality Correct Answer The dynamic interactions that have more than one effect; from family systems approach Transference Correct Answer the patient transfers emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for parents) onto the therapist. Group Cohesiveness Correct Answer the degree to which group members are attracted to one another and share the group's goals Group Content Correct Answer the material discussed within the group Group Process Correct Answer the manner in which the group content is discussed T-Group Correct Answer training group usually found in the workplace Co-leadership Correct Answer Occurs when there is sharing of group leadership between two or more therapists Self-Help Group Correct Answer A group made up of people with similar problems who help and support one another without the direct leadership of a clinician. Also called a mutual help group. Goals of Family Therapy Correct Answer a) to achieve & maintain homeostasis with in the family unit b) achieve adaptability so that the family unit can adjust to new circumstances Extinction Correct Answer Behavior Modification Term: the process of getting a behavior to disappear with little or no reinforcement Time Out Correct Answer an extinction technique where the individual is removed from the situation and put into a low stimulus environment Thought Stopping Correct Answer A learned response which teaches the client to recognize and change unhealthy thoughts. (i.e.) client learns to stop having anxiety-provoking thoughts. Behavior Modeling Correct Answer The process of learning behavior by observing others SEM=SD x square root 1.0-r Advantages of computerized evaluation Correct Answer 1) allows a large amount of info to be collected quickly 2) determine results more accurately as well as quickly 3) keeps testing conditions more consistent 4) more convenient to store results Computer-Managed Counseling Correct Answer the use of computers to manage and track an office or agency Computer-Assisted Counseling Correct Answer the client is directly involved in using the computer Two types of norms used to interpret psychometric assessments Correct Answer 1. General Norms: typical score because a large number of others have achieved the same score 2. Special Norms: a large number of people who share a common characteristics have achieved the same score What is the difference between a speed test and a power test Correct Answer speed tests measure how long it takes a person to complete and is not concerned with difficulty while a GABA Correct Answer represents 'Anxiety' Dopamine Correct Answer represents 'sexual, pleasurable feelings' Serotonin Correct Answer represents 'thoughts and feelings" Acetycholine (ACh) Correct Answer represents 'Memory" Freud's 5 stages of Psychosexual Development Correct Answer oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage Phallic Stage Correct Answer Oedipus complex (Son to Mom Electra complex (Daughter to Dad) Latency Stage Correct Answer primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills. Genital Stage Correct Answer sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence). humanistic psychology (PSC) Correct Answer Physiological - Social - Cognitive Tabula Rasa Correct Answer blank slate Altruism Correct Answer unselfish behavior Gelatt's Decision-Making Model (1962) Correct Answer a sequential model that includes generating alternatives and evaluating the consequences and desirability of choices. Tennessee Self-Concept Scale Correct Answer focuses on self- esteem and self-concept Harmony Ethic Correct Answer Native American Balance CAGE questionnaire Correct Answer Alcohol and Drug Abuse Screening Aptitude Correct Answer Capacity for learning; natural ability Vocation Correct Answer occupation; employment Freud's Anal Stage Correct Answer Similar to Erik Erikson's Autonomy Vs. Shame and Guilt Stage "Field and Levels" Correct Answer Roe (focus on parental influence regarding children's occupational decisions) Sensorimotor Stage Correct Answer (0 - 2) Stimulation: Child differentiates themselves from objects Preoperational Stage Correct Answer (2-7) Child has difficulty seeing the POV of other, Egocentrism, language development, and classifies objects by one feature (ex. the cup is purple) Concrete Operational Correct Answer (7-11) Logical operations, Ordering, and Understanding Formal Operational Correct Answer (11-15) Abstract thinking, Logical Problem Solving,, and Hypothesis Testing Moral Development (Kohlberg) Correct Answer Focuses on children's development of thoughts and reasoning Preconventional Morality Correct Answer Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange Conventional Morality Correct Answer Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order (Law and Order) Postconventional Morality Correct Answer Stage 5: Social Contracts and Individual Rights Stage 6: Universal Principles (Principled Thought) The Seasons of A Man's Life Correct Answer (Levinson) Early adulthood - 17 to 22 Midlife - 40 to 45 Late - 60 to 65 Social Learning Theory (Bandura) Correct Answer Behavior is influenced by the observation of others Self-Efficacy Correct Answer one's belief in their own abilities (ex. modeling behaviors, verbal persuasion, etc.) Intellectual and Ethical Development Correct Answer (Perry) Dualism, Multiplicity, Relativism, and Commitment Commitment (Perry) Correct Answer Integrate knowledge with life and experiences; take other's point of view before making a final decision Cross-cultural counseling Correct Answer a fundamental factor STEP Program Correct Answer (Adler) Systemic Training for Effective Parenting Jungian Correct Answer the collective unconscious (we all respond the same emotionally) Archetype (Jungian) Correct Answer we all respond the same way emotionally Horn Effect Correct Answer attributing a variety of negative qualities to those you dislike Halo Effect Correct Answer the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic Reality Therapy (Glasser) Correct Answer Based on choice theory; our circumstances are products of our choices 5 Basic Innate Needs Correct Answer Survival, Power, Fun, Freedom, and Love and Belonginess Feminist Theory Correct Answer a theoretical approach that looks at gender inequities in society and the way that gender structures the social world Nancy Chodorow Correct Answer First to speak out against the masculine biases found in psychoanalytic theory Gestalt Therapy (Fritz Perls) Correct Answer the whole is greater than its part; focuses on the here and now & nothing of the past; an eclectic approach Stages of Growth Correct Answer (Havinghurst) - model that assumes that all countries follow a similar path to development Law of Effect Correct Answer (Thorndike) Behaviors with positive outcomes tend to be repeated Repression (defense mechanism) Correct Answer Involuntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from ones awareness. Sublimation (defense mechanism) Correct Answer energy channeled to socially acceptable behavior Congruence Correct Answer Agreement, harmony, or correspondence; personalities match Attrition Correct Answer the loss of study participants over time Roe's Personality Development Theory Correct Answer occupational selection based on individual differences which are biological, sociological, and psychological; parents influence their children's occupational choices Field and Levels Humanistic Psychology Correct Answer Maslow Trait and Factor Correct Answer Holland (Parson first) Cognitive Development Correct Answer Piaget Individual Psychology Correct Answer Adler Moral Development Correct Answer Kohlberg (6 stages, 3 Levels) Life Roles Correct Answer Donald Super Ecology Correct Answer Brofenbrenner (study of organisms) Social Learning Theory Correct Answer Bandura 1st to Speak on Gender Inequality Correct Answer Nancy Chorodow Ginzberg's Career Choice Theory Correct Answer Fantasy period (Children can choose whichever) Tentative period (Choice based on interests and values) Realistic period (Child begins integrating into desired field) - Exploration - career path is chosen, but still open to change - Crystallization - Career choice is made - Specification - educational requirements of chosen field is initiated Analytical Psychology (Jung) Correct Answer Jung's theory focusing on the balance of opposing forces within one's personality and the significance of the collective unconscious Genetics Correct Answer Krumboltz; Challenges Roe Paradoxal Intention Correct Answer (Frankl) triggering client's maladaptive behaviors to show them the irrationality of their responsive behaviors Career Maturity Correct Answer Crites (but initiated by Super) Attachment and Bonding Correct Answer process by which a parent comes to love and accept a child and a child comes to love and accept a parent (Bowbly) Tarasoff Case (1976) Correct Answer Duty to warn Bartering Correct Answer trading goods and services without using money Enculturation Correct Answer the process of learning culture Marginalized Correct Answer the focus of discrimination Etic Correct Answer approach of studying a culture's behavior from the perspective of an outsider; Universality Emic Correct Answer approach of studying a culture's behavior from the perspective of an insider Myrick's 8 Stage Model Correct Answer Orientation, Building, Exploring ... Plan, Collect Data, Follow Up, Evaluate, and Closing/Separation Egan's 3 stage model Correct Answer Review the problem, develop preferred scenario, and help the client take action Ivey's Microskills Correct Answer Interviewing, Confrontation, Focusing, Reflection of meaning, and Influencing Skills Children's Interpretations are determined by Correct Answer Age 5 Latency Stage Correct Answer Focuses little on sexual interests and more on social, academic, and physical skills Oral Stage (Freud) Correct Answer 0-18 months, infant uses mouth for gratification and exploration Free Association and Dream Analysis Correct Answer associated with Psychodynamic Therapy Psychodynamic Therapy Correct Answer Focuses on unconscious forces and past, childhood experiences Middle Children (Adler) Correct Answer Why me? Tendency to challenge and overcome others; inferiority complex. Tend to be left out or forgotten Only Children (Adler) Correct Answer Does not know how to share and will react badly if attention is taken off of them; interact great with adults Cognitive Dissonance Correct Answer the mental conflict that occurs when a person's beliefs and actions are contradictory YAVIS Correct Answer young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, successful QUOID Correct Answer quiet, ugly, old, indigent, and dissimilar culturally Attribution Theory Correct Answer our outcome explanations influences our future expectations Bloomers Correct Answer those expected to perform well Extrinsic Motivation Correct Answer a motivation to take actions that lead to reward Syllogism Correct Answer A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. Symbiosis Correct Answer relationship in which two species live closely together Experiental Therapy Correct Answer a counseling form that prioritizes client responsibility Life Script Correct Answer influences our behaviors Masters and Johnson Correct Answer focus on elder sexual behavior; conducted male-female co-therapy method Physical and Psychological factors affect an elder's sexual behavior Paralanguage Correct Answer vocalic behaviors that communicate meaning along with verbal behavior Conflict Resoltuion Correct Answer Mediation (new method provided or 3rd party involvement needed) Assertiveness Training Correct Answer a set of methods for helping clients learn to express their feelings and stand up for their rights in social situations, while being able to differentiate between aggression and assertiveness Program Accountability Correct Answer justifying activities engaged in by counselors to those served and to those who finance their work advocates for performance evaluation Social Influence Model of Counseling Correct Answer Stanley Strong viewed counseling as an interpersonal influence process. 4 Elements of Human Relationships Correct Answer Human Relations Core, Skills Core, Social Influence Core, and Theory Core Transference Correct Answer Client to Counselor Countertransference Correct Answer Counselor to Client Karen Horney Correct Answer viewed security as a major motivation; irrational ways turn into neurotic needs Erich Fromm Correct Answer our self-fulfillment is obtained from joining others; we would be lonely and unproductive without it Harry Stack Sullivan Correct Answer Behavior can best be understood in terms of social interactions Object Relations Theory Correct Answer interpersonal relationship shapes someone's sense of reality, their fantasies, and current interactions Stages of Development Correct Answer Fusion with mother, Symbiosis, Separation/Individuation, and Constancy of Self and Object Constancy of Self and Object Correct Answer 36 months from the mother: Infant perceives self as separate from the other. Multimodal Therapy Correct Answer A model endorsing technical eclecticism; uses procedures drawn from various sources without necessarily subscribing to the theories behind these techniques; developed by Arnold Lazarus. BASIC ID Correct Answer Behaviors, Affective, Sensations, Images, Cognitions, Interpersonal and Drugs WDEP Correct Answer wants, doing, self-evaluation, planning. Biofeedback Correct Answer neuron-feedback Surviving brain Correct Answer Danger; Fight or Flight Feeling Brain Correct Answer (Limbic System) is the emotion center, mediating feelings and thoughts, and storing some memory Thinking Brain Correct Answer meaning-making and self- awareness