NCLEX RN COMPLETE PRACTICE EXAM 2024 TESTBANK QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS, Exams of Nursing

Download NCLEX RN COMPLETE PRACTICE EXAM 2024 TESTBANK QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NCLEX RN COMPLETE PRACTICE EXAM 2024 TESTBANK QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS| INCLUSIVE OF ALL SECTIONS The Safe & Effective Care Environment: The Management of Care Questions 1. You are caring for a client at the end of life. The client tells you that they are grateful for having considered and decided upon some end of life decisions and the appointments of those who they wish to make decisions for them when they are no longer able to do so. During this discussion with the client and the client’s wife, the client states that “my wife and I are legally married so I am so glad that she can automatically make all healthcare decisions on my behalf without a legal durable power of attorney when I am no longer able to do so myself” and the wife responds to this statement with, “that is not completely true. I can only make decisions for you and on your behalf when these decisions are not already documented on your advance directive.” How should you, as the nurse, respond to and address this conversation between the husband and wife and the end of life? A. You should respond to the couple by stating that only unanticipated treatments and procedures that are not included in the advance directive can be made by the legally appointed durable power of attorney for healthcare decisions. B. You should be aware of the fact that the wife of the client has a knowledge deficit relating to advance directives and durable powers of attorney for healthcare decisions and plan an educational activity to meet this learning need. C. You should be aware of the fact that the client has a knowledge deficit relating to advance directives and durable powers of attorney for healthcare decisions and plan an educational activity to meet this learning need. D. You should reinforce the wife’s belief that legally married spouses automatically serve for the other spouse’s durable power of attorney for health care decisions and that others than the spouse cannot be legally appointed while people are married Correct Response: A You should respond to the couple by stating that only unanticipated treatments and procedures that are not included in the advance directive can be made by the legally appointed durable power of attorney for healthcare decisions. Both the client and the client’s spouse have knowledge deficits relating to advance directives. Legally married spouses do not automatically serve for the other spouse’s durable power of attorney for health care decisions; others than the spouse can be legally appointed while people are married. 2. The Patient Self Determination Act of the United States protects clients in terms of their rights to what? Select all that apply. A. Privacy and to have their medical information confidential unless the client formally approves the sharing of this information with others such as family members. B. Make healthcare decisions and to have these decisions protected and communicated to others when they are no longer competent to do so. C. Be fully informed about all treatments in term of their benefits, risks and alternatives to them so the client can make a knowledgeable and informed decision about whether or not to agree to having it D. Make decisions about who their health care provider is without any coercion or undue influence of others including healthcare providers. Correct Response: B,D The Patient Self Determination Act, which was passed by the US Congress in 1990, gives Americans the right to make healthcare decisions and to have these decisions protected and communicated to others when they are no longer competent to do so. These decisions can also include rejections for future care and treatment and these decisions are reflect in advance directives. This Act also supports the rights of the client to be free of any coercion or any undue influence of others including healthcare providers. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) supports and upholds the clients’ rights to confidentially and the privacy of their medical related information regardless of its form. It covers hard copy and electronic medical records unless the client has formally approved the sharing of this information with others such as family members. The elements of informed consent which includes information about possible treatments and procedures in terms of their benefits, risks and alternatives to them so the client can make a knowledgeable and informed decision about whether or not to agree to having it may be part of these advanced directives, but the law that protects these advance directives is the Patient Self Determination Act. 3. Your client is in the special care area of your hospital with multiple trauma and severe bodily burns. This 45 year old male client has an advance directive that states that the client wants all life saving measures including cardiopulmonary resuscitation and advance cardiac life support, including mechanical ventilation. As you are caring for the client, the client has a complete cardiac and respiratory arrest. This client has little of no chance for survival and they are facing imminent death according to your professional judgement, knowledge of pathophysiology and your critical thinking. You believe that all life saving measures for this client would be futile. What is the first thing that you, as the nurse, should do? A. Call the doctor and advise them that the client’s physical status has significantly changed and that they have just had a cardiopulmonary arrest. B. Begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation other emergency life saving measures. C. Notify the family of the client’s condition and ask them what they should be done for the client. D. Insure that the client is without any distressing signs and symptoms at the end of life. Correct Response: B You must immediately begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation and all life saving measures as requested.by the client in their advance directive despite the nurse’s own beliefs and professional opinions. Nurses must uphold the client’s right to accept, choose and reject any and all of treatments, as stated in the client’s advance directive. Lastly, scopes of practice are within the legal domain of the states and not the federal government. 8. The best way to objectively evaluate the effectiveness of an individual staff member’s time management skills in a longitudinal manner is to: A. Observe the staff member during an entire shift of duty to determine whether or not the nurse has accurately and appropriately established priorities. B. Observe the staff member during an entire shift of duty to determine whether or not the nurse has accurately and appropriately completed priority tasks. C. Ask the staff member how they feel like they have been able to employ their time management skills for the last six months. D. Collect outcome data over time and then aggregate and analyze this data to determine whether or not the staff member has completed reasonable assignments in the allotted time before the end of their shift of duty. Correct Response: D The best way to objectively evaluate the effectiveness of an individual staff member’s time management skills in a longitudinal manner is to collect outcome data over time, and then aggregate and analyze this data to determine whether or not the staff member has completed reasonable assignments in the allotted time before the end of their shift of duty. Another way to perform this longitudinal evaluation is to look at the staff member’s use of over time, like the last six months, when the unit was adequately staffed. Observing the staff member during an entire shift of duty to determine whether or not the nurse has accurately and appropriately established priorities is a way to evaluate the short term abilities for establishing priorities and not assignment completion and observing the staff member during an entire shift of duty to determine whether or not the nurse has accurately and appropriately completed priority tasks is a way to evaluate the short term abilities for completing established priorities and not a complete assignment which also includes tasks that are not of the highest priority. Lastly, asking the staff member how they feel like they have been able to employ their time management skills for the last six months is the use of subjective rather than objective evaluation. 9. Which of the following patient care tasks is coupled with the appropriate member of the nursing care team in terms of their legal scope of practice? A. An unlicensed staff member who has been “certified” by the employing agency to monitor telemetry: Monitoring cardiac telemetry B. An unlicensed assistive staff member like a nursing assistant who has been “certified” by the employing agency to insert a urinary catheter: Inserting a urinary catheter C. A licensed practical nurse: The circulating nurse in the perioperative area D. A licensed practical nurse: The first assistant in the perioperative area Correct Response: A An unlicensed staff member who has been “certified” by the employing agency to monitor telemetry can monitor cardiac telemetry; they cannot, however, interpret these cardiac rhythms and initiate interventions when interventions are indicated. Only the nurse can perform these roles. Unlicensed assistive staff member like a nursing assistant cannot under any circumstances be certified” by the employing agency to insert a urinary catheter or insert a urinary catheter because this is a sterile procedure and, legally, no sterile procedures can be done by an unlicensed assistive staff member like a nursing assistant. Lastly, the role of the circulating nurse is within the exclusive scope of practice for the registered nurse and the role of the first assistant is assumed only by a registered nurse with the advanced training and education necessary to perform competently in this capacity. Neither of these roles can be delegated to a licensed practical nurse or an unlicensed assistive staff member like a nursing assistant or a surgical technician. 10. You are providing care to a permanently disabled Iraqi war veteran who is 28 years of age. When he returned home from the war at the age of 24 years of age 2 years ago he was deemed permanently disabled by both the Veterans Administration (VA) and the Social Security Administration. He receives a substantial monthly service connected disability check from the Veterans Administration and he has no spouse or legal dependents. Which type of governmental health insurance is he now entitled to? A. Only the VA health care services because he is not 65 years of age B. Medicare because he has been deemed permanently disabled for 2 years C. Medicaid because he is permanently disabled and not able to work D. Choices B and C Correct Response: B This client is legally eligible for Medicare because he has been deemed permanently disabled for more than 2 years in addition to the VA health care services. People over the age of 65 and those who are permanently disabled for at least two years, according to the Social Security Administration, are eligible for Medicare. Based on the information in this scenario, the client is not eligible for Medicaid because has a “substantial” VA disability check on a monthly basis and is not indigent and with a low income. 11. You are a registered nurse who is performing the role of a case manager in your hospital. You have been asked to present a class to newly employed nurses about your role, your responsibilities and how they can collaborate with you as the case manager. Which of the following is a primary case management responsibility associated with reimbursement that you should you include in this class? A. The case manager’s role in terms of organization wide performance improvement activities B. The case manager’s role in terms complete, timely and accurate documentation C. The case manager’s role in terms of the clients’ being at the appropriate level of care D. The case manager’s role in terms of contesting denied reimbursements Correct Response: C Registered nurse case managers have a primary case management responsibility associated with reimbursement because they are responsible for insuring that the client is being cared for at the appropriate level of care along the continuum of care that is consistent with medical necessity and the client’s current needs. A failure to insure the appropriate level of care jeopardizes reimbursement. For example, care in an acute care facility will not be reimbursed when the client’s current needs can be met in a subacute or long term care setting. Nurse case managers do not have organization wide performance improvement activities, the supervision of complete, timely and accurate documentation or challenging denied reimbursements in their role. These roles and responsibilities are typically assumed by quality assurance/performance improvement, supervisory staff and medical billers, respectively. 12. Select the nurse case management model used for patient care delivery that is accurately paired with one of its descriptors: A. The ProACT Model: Registered nurses perform the role of the primary nurse in addition to the related coding and billing functions B. The Collaborative Practice Model: The registered nurse performs the role of the primary nurse in addition to the role of the clinical case manager with administrative, supervisory and fiscal responsibilities C. The Case Manager Model: The management and coordination of care for clients throughout a facility who share the same DRG or medical diagnosis D. The Triad Model of Case Management: The joint collaboration of the social worker, the nursing case manager, and the utilization review team Correct Response: D The Triad Model of case management entails the joint collaboration of the social worker, the nursing case manager, and the utilization review team. The Professionally Advanced Care Team, referred to as the ProACT Model, which was developed at the Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, entails registered nurses serving in the role of both the primary nurse the clinical case manager with no billing and coding responsibilities; these highly specialized and technical billing and coding responsibilities are done by the business office, medical billers and medical coders. The Case Manager Model entails the registered nurses’ role in terms of case management for a particular nursing care unit for a group of clients with the same medical diagnosis or DRG. In contrast to this Case Manager Model of Beth Israel Hospital, the Collaborative Practice Model of case management entails the role of some registered nurses in a particular healthcare facility to manage, coordinate, guide and direct the complex care of a population of clients throughout the entire healthcare facility who share a particular diagnosis or Diagnostic Related Group. 13. Which of these case management methods employs the intrinsic use of multidisciplinary plans of care that are based on the client’s current condition, and reflect interventions and expected outcomes within a pre-established time line? A. The Case Manager Model B. The ProACT Model C. The Collaborative Practice Model D. The Triad Model of Case Management multidisciplinary team that you would most likely collaborate with when the client is at risk for falls due to an impaired gait is a physical therapist. 18. Select the member of the multidisciplinary team that you would most likely collaborate with when the client can benefit from the use of adaptive devices for cutting food? A. The physical therapist B. The occupational therapist C. The dietician D. The podiatrist Correct Response: B The member of the multidisciplinary team that you would most likely collaborate with when the client can benefit from the use of adaptive devices for eating is the occupational therapist. Occupational therapists assess, plan, implement and evaluate interventions including those that facilitate the patient’s ability to achieve their highest possible level of independence in terms of their activities of daily living such as bathing, grooming, eating and dressing. Many of these interventions include adaptive devices such as special eating utensils and grooming aids. Physical therapists are licensed healthcare professionals who assess, plan, implement and evaluate interventions including those related to the patient’s functional abilities in terms of their gait, strength, mobility, balance, coordination, and joint range of motion. They also provide patients with assistive aids like walkers and canes and exercise regimens. Dieticians assess, plan, implement and evaluate interventions including those relating to dietary needs of those patients who need regular or therapeutic diets. They also provide dietary education and work with other members of the healthcare need when a client has dietary needs secondary to physical disorders such as dysphagia; and podiatrists care for disorders and diseases of the foot. 19. What is the primary goal of multidisciplinary case conferences? A. To fulfill the nurse’s role in terms of collaboration B. To plan and provide for optimal client outcomes C. To solve complex multidisciplinary patient care problems D. To provide educational experiences for experienced nurses Correct Response: C The primary goal of multidisciplinary case conferences is to plan care that facilitates optimal client outcomes. Other benefits of multidisciplinary case conferences include the fulfillment of the nurse’s role in terms of collaboration and collegiality, to solve complex multidisciplinary patient care problems so that optimal client outcomes can be achieved and also to provide educational experiences for nurses; these things are secondary rather than primary goals. 20. Which member of the multidisciplinary team would you most likely collaborate with when your pediatric client has had a traumatic amputation one or more months ago? A. A Pedorthist B. A pediatric nurse practitioner C. A trauma certified clinical nurse specialist D. A prosthetist 21. Conflicts, according to Lewin, include which types of conflict? Select all that are accurate. A. Conceptualization conflicts B. Avoidance - Avoidance conflicts C. Approach - Approach conflicts D. Resolvable conflicts E. Unresolvable conflicts F. Double Approach - Avoidance conflicts G. Approach-Avoidance conflicts Correct Response: B, C, F, G According to Lewin, the types of conflict are Avoidance-Avoidance conflicts, Approach- Approach conflicts, Double Approach - Avoidance conflicts and Approach-Avoidance conflicts. 22. Select the types and stages of conflict that are accurately paired with their description. Select all that apply. A. Frustration: The phase of conflict that is characterized with personal agendas and obstruction B. Conceptualization: The phase of conflict that occurs when contending parties have developed a clear and objective understanding of the nature of the conflict and factors that have led to it C. Taking action: The phase of conflict that is characterized with individual responses to and feelings about the conflict D. Resolution: The type of conflict that can be resolved E. Avoidance-Avoidance: A stage of conflict that occurs when there are NO alternatives that are acceptable to the contending parties F. Approach- Approach Conflicts: The type of conflict that occurs when the people involved in the conflict want more than one alternatives or actions that could resolve the conflict. G. Approach-Avoidance Conflicts: The type of conflict that occurs when the people involved in the conflict believe that all of the alternatives are NEITHER completely satisfactory nor completely dissatisfactory. Correct Response: C, F, G Taking action is the phase of conflict that is characterized with individual responses to and feelings about the conflict; Approach- Approach conflicts are a type of conflict that occurs when the people involved in the conflict want more than one alternatives or actions that could resolve the conflict; and Approach- Avoidance conflicts are a type of conflict that occurs when the people involved in the conflict believe that all of the alternatives are NEITHER completely satisfactory or completely dissatisfactory. Frustration is the phase of conflict that occurs when those involved in the conflict believe that their goals and needs are being blocked and not met, and not necessarily characterized with personal agendas and obstruction; conceptualization is the phase of conflict that occurs when those involved in the conflict begin to understand what the conflict is all about and why it has occurred. This understanding often varies from person to person and this personal understanding may or may not be accurate, clear or objective, and not a clear and objective understanding of the nature of the conflict and factors that have led to it; resolution is a phase of conflict resolution, not a type of conflict, that is characterized when the contending parties are able to come to some agreement using mediation, negotiation or another method; an Avoidance-Avoidance conflict is a type of conflict and not a phase of conflict, that occurs when there are NO alternatives that are acceptable to any the contending parties; Approach- Approach conflicts occur when the people involved in the conflict want more than one alternative or action that could resolve the conflict; and lastly, Double Approach - Avoidance is a type of conflict and not a stage of conflict that occurs when the people involved in the conflict are forced to choose among alternatives and actions, all of which have BOTH positive and negative aspects to them. 23. You are the chair person for the healthcare facility’s newly formed multidisciplinary Safety Committee. During the Forming stage of this group’s development major conflicts have arisen. Which technique of conflict resolution should you use to resolve these conflicts? A. Passivity B. Compromise C. Competition D. Accommodating Others Correct Response: B Conflicts can be effectively resolved using a number of different strategies and techniques such as compromise, negotiation, and mediation. Avoidance of the conflict, withdrawing in addition to other passivity, competition, and accommodating others are not effective and healthy conflict resolution techniques. 24. The stages of conflict and conflict resolution in the correct sequential order are: A. Conceptualization B. Frustration C. Resolution D. Taking action Correct Response: B, A, D, C one healthcare facility to another healthcare facility and also any discharges to the home in the client’s community. Case management and critical pathways may be used to facilitate the continuity of care, but they are not the sound, timely, smooth, unfragmented and seamless transition of the client from one level of acuity to another. Lastly, medical necessity is necessary for reimbursement and it is one of the considerations for moving the client from one level of acuity to another but medical necessity is not the continuity of care. 29. The Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations mandates standardized “hand of” change of shift reporting. Which of the following is a standardized “hand off” change of shift reporting system that you may want to consider for implementation on your nursing care unit? A. The Four P's B. UBAR C. ISBAR D. MAUMAR Correct Response: C The standardized “hand off” change of shift reporting system that you may want to consider for implementation on your nursing care unit is ISBAR. Other standardized change of shift “hand off” reports, as recommended by the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organization, include:  SBAR, not IBAR  BATON  The Five Ps not the Four Ps and  IPASS Lastly, MAUUAR is a method of priority setting and not a standardized “hand off” change of shift reporting system. 30. Select the standardized “hand off” change of shift reporting system that is accurately paired with its elements. A. SBAR: Symptoms, background, assessment and recommendations B. ISBAR: Interventions, symptoms, background, assessment and recommendations C. The Five Ps: The patient, plan, purpose, problems and precautions D. BATON: Background, assessment, timing, ownership and next plans Correct Response: C The Five Ps are the patient, plan, purpose, problems and precautions. The elements of the other standardized reporting systems are listed below: SBAR stands for:  S: Situation: The patient’s diagnosis, complaint, plan of care and the patient's prioritized needs  B: Background: The patient’s code or DNR status, vital Signs, medications and lab results  A: Assessment: The current assessment of the situation and the patient’s status and  R: Recommendations: All unresolved issues including things like pending diagnostic testing results and what has to be done over the next few hours ISBAR stands for:  I: Introduction: The introduction of the nurse, the nurse’s role in care and the area or department that you are from  S: Situation: The patient’s diagnosis, complaint, plan of care and the patient's prioritized needs  B: Background: The patient’s code or DNR status, vital Signs, medications and lab results  A: Assessment: The current assessment of the situation and the patient’s status and  R: Recommendations: All unresolved issues including things like pending diagnostic testing results and what has to be done over the next few hours BATON stands for:  B: Background: Past and current medical history, including medications  A: Actions: What actions were taken and/or those actions that are currently required  T: Timing: Priorities and level of urgency  O: Ownership: Who is responsible for what? and  N: Next: The future plan of care IPASS stands for:  Introduction: The introduction of the nurse, the nurse’s role in care and the area or department that you are from  P: Patient: The patient’s name, age, gender, location and other demographic data  A: Assessment: The current assessment of the situation and the patient’s status  S: Situation: The patient’s diagnosis, complaint, plan of care and the patient's prioritized needs and  S: Safety concerns: Physical, mental and social risks and concerns 31. Number the priority of the following conditions using the numbers # 1 through # 6 with # 1 as the greatest priority and # 6 as the least priority. 1. Atrial fibrillation 2. First degree heart block 3. Shortness of breath upon exertion 4. An obstructed airway 5. Fluid needs 6. Respect and esteem by others A. 3,4,2,1,5,6 B. 3,4,5,1,2,6 C. 2,3,5,1,4,6 D. 3,2,4,1,5,6 Correct Response: Client needs are prioritized in a number of different ways including Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs and the ABCs. In terms of priorities from # 1 to # 6 the conditions above are prioritized as follows:  An obstructed airway  First degree heart block  Atrial fibrillation  Shortness of breath upon exertion  Fluid needs  Respect and esteem by others The ABCs identifies the airway, breathing and cardiovascular status of the patient as the highest of all priorities in that sequential order; and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs identifies the physiological or biological needs, including the ABCs, the safety/psychological/emotional needs, the need for love and belonging, the needs for self-esteem and the esteem by others and the self-actualization needs in that order of priority. 32. The 2 nd priority needs according to the MAAUAR method of priority setting include which of the following? A. Assessment B. Movement C. Understanding level D. Risks Correct Response: D One of the 2 nd priority needs according to the MAAUAR method of priority setting is risks. The ABCs / MAAUAR method of priority setting places the ABCs, again, as the highest and greatest priorities which are then followed with the 2 nd and 3 rd priority level needs of the MAAUAR method of priority setting. B. Establishing educational objectives for the class that reflect the methods and methodology that you will use to present the class content C. The need to exclude case studies from the class because this would violate client privacy and confidentiality D. Some of the most commonly occurring bioethical concerns including genetic engineering into the course content Correct Response: D You would consider including some of the most commonly occurring bioethical concerns including genetic engineering into the course content. You would also plan how you could evaluate the effectiveness of the class by seeing an increase, not a decrease in the amount of referrals to the facility’s Ethics Committee, because one of the elements of this class should address ethical dilemmas and the role of the Ethics Committee in terms of resolving these. You would additionally establish educational objectives for the class that reflect specific, measurable learner outcomes and not the methods and methodology that you will use to present the class content; and lastly, there is no need to exclude case studies from the class because “sanitized” medical records can, and should be, used to avoid any violations of client privacy and confidentiality. 38. One of the roles of the registered nurse in terms of informed consent is to: A. Serve as the witness to the client’s signature on an informed consent. B. Get and witness the client’s signature on an informed consent. C. Get and witness the durable power of attorney for health care decisions’ signature on an informed consent. D. None of the above Correct Response: A One of the roles of the registered nurse in terms of informed consent is to serve as the witness to the client’s signature on an informed consent. Other roles and responsibilities of the registered nurse in terms of informed consent include identifying the appropriate person to provide informed consent for client, such as the client, parent or legal guardian, to provide written materials in client’s spoken language, when possible, to know and apply the components of informed consent, and to also verify that the client comprehends and consents to care and procedures. The registered nurse does not get the client’s or durable power of attorney for health care decisions’ signature on an informed consent, this is the role and responsibility of the physician or another licensed independent practitioner. 39. Which of the following is most closely aligned with the principles and concepts of informed consent? A. Justice B. Fidelity C. Self determination D. Nonmalficence Correct Response: C Self-determination is most closely aligned with the principles and concepts of informed consent. Self- determination supports the client’s right to choose and reject treatments and procedures after they have been informed and fully knowledgeable about the treatment or procedure. Justice is fairness. Nurses must be fair when they distribute care and resources equitably, which is not always equally among a group of patients; fidelity is the ethical principle that requires nurses to be honest, faithful and true to their professional promises and responsibilities by providing high quality, safe care in a competent manner; and, lastly, nonmaleficence is doing no harm, as stated in the historical Hippocratic Oath. 40. Which of the following is NOT an essential minimal component of the teaching that occurs prior to getting an informed consent? A. The purpose of the proposed treatment or procedure B. The expected outcomes of the proposed treatment or procedure C. Who will perform the treatment or procedure D. When the procedure or treatment will be done Correct Response: D The minimal essential components of the education that occurs prior to getting an informed consent include the purpose of the proposed treatment or procedure, the expected outcomes of the proposed treatment or procedure, and who will perform the treatment or procedure. It is not necessary to include when the treatment or procedure will be done at this time. Other essential elements include:  The benefits of the proposed treatment or procedure  The possible risks associated with the proposed treatment or procedure  The alternatives to the particular treatment or procedure  The benefits and risks associated with alternatives to the proposed treatment or procedure  The client’s right to refuse a proposed treatment or procedure 41. Legal prohibitions against sharing passwords are legally based on: A. The Security Rule B. The American Nurses Association’s Code of Ethics C. The American Hospital’s Patients’ Bill of Rights D. The Autonomy Rule Correct Response: A Prohibitions against sharing passwords are legally based on the Security Rule of HIPAA mandates administrative, physical, and technical safeguards to insure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of electronic protected health information. This rule relates to electronic information security as well as other forms of information. The American Nurses Association’s Code of Ethics and the American Hospital’s Patients’ Bill of Rights both address client confidentiality and their rights to privacy, however, these statements are not legal, but instead ethical and regulatory statements; and lastly, there is no autonomy law or rule. 42. Which of these statements related to information technology is accurate? A. Social networks and cell phone cameras pose low risk in terms of information technology security and confidentiality. B. The security of technological data and information in healthcare environments is most often violated by those who work there. C. The security of technological data and information in healthcare environments is most often violated by computer hackers. D. Computer data deletion destroys all evidence of the data. Correct Response: B The security of technological data and information in healthcare environments is most often violated by those who work there. The vast majority of these violations occur as the result of inadvertent breaches with carelessness and the lack of thought on the part of employees. Technology is a double edged sword. Technological advances such as cell phone cameras, social networks like Facebook, telephone answering machines and fax machines pose great risk in terms of the confidentiality and the security of medical information. Computer data deletion does not always destroy all evidence of the data; data remains. 43. Select the legal term that is accurately paired with its description. A. Assault: Touching a person without their consent B. Battery: Threatening to touch a person without their consent C. Slander: False oral defamatory statements. D. Slander: False written defamatory statements. Correct Response: C Slander is false oral defamatory statements; and libel is written defamation of character using false statements. Assault, an intentional tort, is threatening to touch a person without their consent; and battery, another intentional tort, is touching a person without their consent. 44. You have loosely applied a bed sheet around your client’s waist to prevent a fall from the chair. What have you done? D. Determine basic client needs Correct Response: A The primary purpose of root cause analysis is to discover process flaws. Root cause analysis and a blame free environment are essential to a successful performance improvement activity, therefore, root cause analysis does not aim to determine who erred and made a mistake. Root cause analysis explores and digs down to the roots of the problem, its root causes and the things, not people, which are the real reasons why medical errors and mistakes are made. It is nursing assessment that determines the basic client needs and environmental surveillance that discovers environmental safety hazards, and not root cause analysis. 50. Which question is asked more than any other root cause analysis activity? A. What? B. Why? C. Who? D. When? Correct Response: B Root cause analysis activities ask “Why”, rather than “Who”, which would place blame on a person or group of people: and What? and When? Questions are rarely asked. 51. The primary distinguishing characteristic of risk management when compared and contrasted to performance improvement is that risk management activities focus on: A. Historical data and performance improvement activities focus on current data. B. Current data and performance improvement activities focus on historical data. C. Decreasing financial liability and performance improvement activities focus on process improvements. D. Decreasing falls and performance improvement activities focus on process improvements. Correct Response: C The primary distinguishing characteristic of risk management when compared and contrasted to performance improvement is that risk management activities focus on decreasing financial liability and performance improvement activities focus on process improvements. Risk management focuses on decreasing and eliminating things that are risky and place the healthcare organization in a position of legal liability. Some examples of risk management activities include preventing hazards and adverse events such as patient falls and infant abduction and the legal liabilities associated with these events. 52. Which statement about referrals is accurate? A. Referrals complement the healthcare teams’ abilities to provide optimal care to the client. B. Referrals simply allow the client to be discharged into the community with the additional care they need. C. Nurses facilitate referrals to only the resources within the facility. Correct Response: A Referrals complement the healthcare teams’ abilities to provide optimal care to the client. When clients have assessed needs that cannot be fulfilled and met by the registered nurse in collaboration with other members of the nursing care team, the registered nurse should then seek out resources, as well as utilize and employ different internal or external resources such as a physical therapist, a clergy member or a home health care agency in the community and external to the nurse’s healthcare agency. The Safe & Effective Care Environment: Safety & Infection Control Questions 1. Your client has an allergy to both penicillin and latex. Which of these pathophysiological facts should you apply when you are providing to this client? A. The sensitizing dose of penicillin can lead to anaphylaxis. B. The second dose of penicillin can lead to distributive shock. C. You should be aware of the fact that about 10% of the population has an allergy to both penicillin and latex. D. You should be aware of the fact that about 20% of the population has an allergy to both penicillin and latex. Correct Response: B The second dose of penicillin can lead to anaphylactic shock which is a form of distributive shock. The first exposure to penicillin, referred to as the “sensitizing dose”, sensitizes and prepares the body to respond to a second exposure or dose. It is then the second exposure or dose that leads to anaphylaxis, or anaphylactic shock. It is estimated that approximately 10% of people have had a reaction to penicillin. Some of these reactions are an allergic response and others are simply a troublesome side effect. There is no scientific data that indicates that 10% or 20% of the population has an allergy to both penicillin and latex. 2. Which of these clients is at greatest risk for falls? A. A 77 year old female client in a client room that has low glare floors. B. An 87 year old female client in a client room that has low glare floors. C. A 27 year old sedated male client. D. A 37 year old male client with impaired renal perfusion. Correct Response: C The 27 year old sedated male client is at greatest risk for falls. Some of the risk factors associated with falls are sedating medications, high glare, not low glare, floors and other environmental factors such as clutter and scatter rugs, not low glare floors, a history of prior falls, a fear of falling, incontinence, confusion, sensory deficits, a decreased level of consciousness, impaired reaction time, advancing age, poor muscular strength, balance, coordination, gait and range of motion and some physical disorders, particularly those that affect the musculoskeletal or neurological systems; falls are not associated with poor and impaired renal perfusion. 3. Which statement about environmental safety is accurate? A. The nurse should advise clients in a smoke filled room to open the windows. B. The first thing that the nurse should do when using a fire extinguisher to put out a small fire is to aim the fire extinguisher at the base of the fire. C. Rapidly lift and move a client away from the source of the fire when their slippers are on fire. D. The home health care nurse should advise the client that the best fire extinguisher to have in the home is an ABC fire extinguisher. Correct Response: D The home health care nurse should advise the client that the best fire extinguisher to have in the home is an ABC fire extinguisher because this one fire extinguisher is a combination of a type A fire extinguisher, a type B and a type C, which put out all types of fires including common household solids like wood, household oils like kitchen grease and electrical fires. The nurse should advise the client GET LOW AND GO if a room fills with smoke. They should not take any time to open window. The first thing to do when using a fire extinguisher is to pull the pin and then aim it at the base of the fire. Later, you would squeeze the trigger and sweep the spray over and over again over the base of the fire. The acronym PASS is used to remember these sequential steps. When a person has clothing that has caught on fire, the person should STOP, DROP AND ROLL. Tell the person, to STOP, DROP, and to not run, and as you also cover the person with a blanket to smother the fire. 4. Which of the following is considered an internal disaster? A. A tornado that has touched down on the healthcare facility B. A severe cyclone that has destroyed nearby homes C. A massive train accident that brings victims to your facility D. An act of bioterrorism in a nearby factory Correct Response: A A tornado that has touched down on the healthcare facility is an example of an internal disaster because this tornado has directly affected the healthcare facility. Tornados, cyclones, hurricanes and other severe weather emergencies can be both an internal disaster when they affect the healthcare facility and also an external disaster when they impact on the lives of those living in the community. Hurricane Katrina is a C. Adverse effect. D. Provider variance. Correct Response: B The lack of necessary supplies and equipment to adequately and safely care for patients is an example of a system variance. A variance is defined as a deviation that leads to a quality defect or problem. Variances can be classified as a practitioner variance, a system/institutional variance, a patient variance, a random variance and a specific variance. A sentinel event is defined as is an event or occurrence, incident or accident that has led to or may possibly lead to client harm. Adverse effects are serious and unanticipated responses to interventions and treatments, including things like medications. 10. The first thing that you should do immediately after a client accident is to: A. Notify the doctor. B. Render care. C. Assess the cleint. D. Notify the nurse manager. Correct Response: C The first thing that you should do immediately after a client accident is to assess the client and the second thing you should do is render care after this assessment and not before it. Lastly, notifications to the doctor and the nurse manager are only done after the client is assessed and emergency care, if any, is rendered. 11. You have collected, aggregated and analyzed data which reflects the frequency of your staff returning medical equipment to the appropriate department because the staff members thought it was too unsafe to use. After the experts in the medical equipment inspect and test the equipment they report back to you, as the nurse manager, whether or not the equipment was indeed unsafe. This data indicates that 83% of the returns that were made by your staff were deemed safe and operable. What should you do? A. Counsel the staff about their need to stop wasting the resources of this department. B. Check the equipment yourself to determine the accuracy of this equipment department. C. Ignore it because everyone can make an innocent mistake. D. Plan an educational activity about determining what equipment to send for repairs. Correct Response: D You should plan an educational activity about determining what equipment should and should not be sent for repairs. This data suggests that the staff members need education and training about the proper functioning of equipment used on the nursing care unit. Counseling the staff about their need to stop wasting the resources of this department is placing blame and this blame may prevent future valid returns of equipment. You should not check the equipment yourself to determine the accuracy of this equipment department because they are the experts, not you, with these matters. You should also not ignore it because everyone can make an innocent mistake. The issue has to be addressed and corrected. 12. Which of the following is an essential component for insuring that medical equipment is being used safely and properly by those who you supervise? A. Education and training on all pieces of equipment B. Pilot testing new equipment C. Reading all the manufacturer’s instructions D. Researching the equipment before recommending its purchase Correct Response: A Education and training on all pieces of equipment is an essential component for insuring that medical equipment is being used safely and properly by those who you supervise. Other essential components include validated and documented competency to use any and all pieces of equipment by a person qualified to do so, preventive maintenance and the prompt removal of all unsafe equipment from service. Pilot testing new equipment, researching the equipment before recommending its purchase, and reading the entire manufacturer’s instructions are things done prior to the purchase of the equipment and these things do not impact on the safety of the piece of medical equipment. 13. Which of the following security concerns is also a sentinel event that must be reported? A. A possible vulnerability of the facility’s information technology to hacking B. The assisted suicide of a client in your facility by the spouse of the client C. Vulnerability to computer hacking D. Potential information theft Correct Response: B The assisted suicide of a client in your facility by the spouse of the client is a security concern that is also a sentinel event that must be reported. A possible vulnerability of the facility’s information technology to hacking, vulnerability to computer hacking and potential information theft is security concerns but they are not sentinel events that must be reported. 14. Which of the following is an effective security plan that you may most likely want to consider for implementation within your facility? A. Training all nurses to serve as a part of a security response team B. Training all clerical staff to be a part of a security response team C. The restriction of visitors in a special care area D. Bar coded client identification bands to insure proper identification Correct Response: C The restriction of visitors in a special care area is an effective security plan that you may want to consider for implementation within your facility. Some of the other security measures that you may want to consider include security alert systems to alert staff to a security breach such as security breach of the newborn nursery, the use of visitor identification badges or stickers that identify people who are authorized to be in a facility, closed circuit monitoring and alarm systems in high risk areas such as the emergency care area, automatically locking security doors, and electronic wristbands for the newborn and the mother to prevent infant abductions. Special assignments and training for a group of people so that this specially trained group can act when a security breach occurs is also a good idea but it is not necessary to train all nurses or clerical staff; it is sufficient to train a limited group of people, provided an ample number of these team members are assigned and available on all tours of duty around the clock, including on holidays. 15. Select the basic sterile asepsis procedures that are accurate. Select all that apply: A. Sterile items ONLY are placed on the sterile field. B. The nurse must keep the sterile field below waist level. C. Coughing or sneezing over the sterile field contaminates the sterile field. D. The nurse must maintain a 1/2 inch border around the sterile field that is not sterile. E. Moisture and wetness contaminate the sterile field. F. Sterile masks are used by staff and the client when a sterile field is being set up and/or maintained Correct Response: A, C, E Sterile items ONLY are placed on the sterile field; coughing or sneezing over the sterile field contaminates the sterile field; and all moisture and wetness contaminate the sterile field. Some of the other principles that are applied to setting up and maintaining a sterile field include keeping the sterile field above the waist level and preventing coughing or sneezing by professional staff and the client during the set up and during the maintenance of the sterile field. If there is a danger that anyone may cough or sneeze over the field, the professional staff and/or the client should don a mask to prevent contamination. Lastly, a one inch border, not a ½ border that is not sterile is maintained around the perimeter of the sterile field. 16. Select the term which is most completely and accurately paired with its definition. A. A physical restraint: A physical restraint is a manufactured device that is used, when necessary, to prevent falls. B. A physical restraint: A physical restraint is any mechanical device, material, or equipment attached to or adjacent to the resident’s body that the individual cannot remove easily which restricts freedom of movement or normal access to one’s body. about the fact that the normal aging process is associated with the deterioration of the body’s normal defenses. Which theory of aging supports your belief that strict infection control prevention measures are necessary? A. The Programmed Longevity Theory B. The Immunological Theory of Aging C. The Endocrine Theory D. The Rate of Living Theory Correct Response: B The theory of aging that supports your belief that strict infection control prevention measures are necessary is the Immunological Theory of Aging. The Immunological Theory of Aging states that aging leads to the decline of the person’s defensive immune system and the decreased ability of the antibodies to protect us against infection. The Programmed Longevity Theory of aging states that genetic instability and changes occur such as some genes turning on and off lead to the aging process; the Endocrine Theory of aging states that aging results from hormonal changes and the biological clock’s ticking; and Rate of Living Theory states that one’s longevity is the result of one’s rate of oxygen basal metabolism. Other theories of aging are:  Wear and Tear Theory: This theory describes aging as a function of the simple wearing out of the tissues and cells as one ages.  Cross Linking Theory: This theory of aging explains that aging results for cell damage and disease from cross linked proteins in the body.  Free Radicals Theory: This theory is based on the belief that free radicals in the body lead to cellular damage and the eventual cessation of organ functioning.  Somatic DNA Damage Theory: Somatic DNA Damage theory is based on the belief that aging and death eventually occur because DNA damage, as continuously occurs in the human cells, continues to the point where they can no longer be repaired and replaced and, as a result, they accumulate in the body. 3. You are caring for a group of elderly clients, many of whom are affected with multiple chronic disorders and are also, at times, affected with some acute disorders that require medical and nursing attention. As you are caring for these clients some will need a new medication regimen for an acute disorder. You should consider that fact that the elderly population is at risk for more side effects, adverse drug reactions, and toxicity and over dosages of medications because the elderly have a (n): A. Increased creatinine clearance. B. Impaired immune system. C. Decreased hepatic metabolism. D. Increased bodily fat. Correct Response: C The elderly population is at risk for more side effects, adverse drug reactions, and toxicity and over dosages of medications because the elderly have a decrease in terms of their hepatic metabolism secondary to the hepatic functioning changes of the elderly secondary to a decreased hepatic blood flow and functioning. The elderly have decreased rather than increased creatinine clearance; the immune system is also decreased in terms of its functioning, however, this change impacts on the elderly’s ability to resist infection rather than impacting a medication’s side effects, adverse drug reactions, toxicity and over dosages; and, lastly, a decrease in terms of bodily fat, rather than an increase in terms of bodily fat impacts on medications. The distribution of drugs is impaired by decreases in the amount of body water, body fat and serum albumin; drug absorption is decreased with the aged patient’s increases in gastric acid pH and decreases in the surface area of the small intestine which absorbs medications and food nutrients. 4. What is the expected date of delivery for your pregnant client when her last menstrual period was on 10/20/2016? A. 7/7/2017 B. 8/7/2017 C. 6/7/2017 D. 8/1/2017 Correct Response: A The expected date of delivery is calculated using Nagle’s rule which is: The first day of last menstrual period – 3 months + 7 days = the estimated date of delivery For example, when the first day of the last menstrual period is 10/20/2016 you would:  Subtract three months from 10/20/2016 and then you get 7/20/2016 and then  Add seven days to 7/20/2016 and then get 7/27/2016, after which you would  Add one year to 7/27/2016 to get the estimated date of delivery for7/27 of the following year which is 7/27/2017. 5. As you are assessing the fetus during labor you are determining and the fetal lie, presentation, attitude, station and position. Your client asks you what all these assessments are. Among other things, how should you respond to the mother? A. You should explain that fetal lie is where the fetus’ presenting part is within the birth canal during labor, among other information about the other assessments. B. You should explain that fetal presentation is the relationship of the fetus’s spine to the mother’s spine, among other information about the other assessments. C. You should explain that fetal attitude is the relationship of the fetus’ presenting part to the anterior, posterior, right or left side of the mother’s pelvis, among other information about the other assessments. D. You should explain that fetal station is the level of the fetus’ presenting part in relationship to the mother’s ischial spines, among other information about the other assessments. Correct Response: D You should explain that fetal station is the level of the fetus’ presenting part in relationship to the mother’s ischial spines. Fetal station is measured in terms of the number of centimeters above or below the mother’s ischial spines. Fetal station is -1 to -5 when the fetus is from 1 to 5 centimeters above the ischial spines and it is from +1 to +5 when the fetus is from 1 to 5 centimeters below the level of the maternal ischial spines. Fetal lie is defined as the relationship of the fetus’s spine to the mother’s spine. Fetal lie can a longitudinal, transverse or oblique life. Longitudinal lie, the most common and normal lie, occurs when the fetus’ spine is aligned with the mother’s spine in an up and down manner; a transverse lie occurs when the fetus’ spine is at a right ninety degree angle with the maternal spine; and, lastly, an oblique lie occurs when the fetus’ spine is diagonal to the mother’s spine. Fetal presentation is defined by where the fetus’ presenting part is within the birth canal during labor. The possible fetal presentations are the cephalic presentation, the cephalic vertex presentation, the cephalic sinciput presentation, the cephalic face presentation, the cephalic brow presentation, the breech presentation, the complete breech presentation, the frank breech presentation, the shoulder breech presentation, and the footling presentation. Fetal attitude is the positioning of the fetus’s body parts in relationship to each other. The normal attitude is general flexion in the “fetal position”. All attitudes, other than the normal attitude, can lead to a more intense and prolonged labor. Fetal position is the relationship of the fetus’ presenting part to the anterior, posterior, right or left side of the mother’s pelvis. 6. You are working in a community pediatric health clinic. Which developmental task should you apply into your practice? A. You should apply the principles of initiative when caring for preschool children. B. You should apply the principles of sensorimotor thought when caring for preschool children. C. You should apply the principles of intimacy when caring for the adolescent. D. You should apply the principles of concrete operations when caring for the adolescent. Correct Response: A You should apply the principles of initiative when caring for preschool children. The developmental task for preschool children is initiative, according to Eric Erickson. The other developmental tasks, according to Eric Erickson are:  Infant: Trust  Toddler: Autonomy  School Age Child: Industry B. The need for a targeted assessment is based on the application of the nurse’s knowledge of developmental needs and developmental delays. C. Targeted assessment is done on an annual basis for existing clients rather than a complete assessment that is done for new clients. D. Targeted assessments consist of a brief medical history and a complete assessment consists of a complete health history and a complete physical assessment. Correct Response: A The need for a targeted assessment is based on the application of the nurse’s knowledge of pathophysiology and the presenting symptoms. Targeted assessments and screenings are done in addition to routine and recommended screenings when a particular disorder has a genetic pathophysiological component for risk and when a client is presenting with a particular sign or symptom. For example, a targeted assessments relating to nutritional status may be indicated when an infant or young child is listless and not gaining weight according the established criteria; an adolescent may be target screened for visual acuity when a high school teacher reports that the teen does not seem to be able to read things on the blackboard; and a toddler may be target screened when the parent reports that the child is not responding to their name. 11. You are fully aware of the fact that some risk factors are correctable or modifiable and other risk factors are innate and not modifiable. Which of the following risk factors is the most likely able to be correctable? A. Genetic predisposition B. Lifestyle choices C. High risk behaviors D. An external locus of control Correct Response: B Life style choices are the risk factors that are most likely able to be corrected. Poor life style choices place a person at risk and they are often considered also risky behaviors. As discussed before, some risks are preventable and correctable and others are not. For example, genetics, age and gender are NOT modifiable risks, but the risks associated with life style choices are modifiable, correctable and able to be eliminated when the person changes their behavior in reference to these risky behaviors. Some risky life style choices include:  Excessive sun exposure  The lack of regular exercise  A poor diet  Cigarette smoking and the use of other tobacco products  Alcohol use  Illicit drug use  Unprotected sex  Avocational and hobby choices such as rock climbing  Inadequate sleep and rest Genetic predisposition is an innate and not correctable risk factor and an external locus of control can lead to poor life style choices, however, this is not the most likely correctable risk factor. 12. Your family, as the client, now has four children and the parents do not want any other children at this time. The mother has a history of deep vein thrombosis and cigarette smoking; and both parents have a history of the lack of adherence to medical regimens. Which form of contraception would you recommend for this couple? A. A transdermal contraceptive patch B. A diaphragm C. A vaginal contraceptive ring D. None of the above Correct Response: D You would not recommend any of the above methods of contraception for this family. You would not recommend the use of a transdermal contraceptive patch or a vaginal contraceptive ring for the couple because both of these contraceptive methods are contraindicated when the woman has a history of deep vein thrombosis and cigarette smoking; and you would also not recommend a diaphragm because the compliance of this couple cannot trusted because the couple has a history of the lack of adherence to medical regimens. 13. Your 87 year old client has a history of heart disease and fibromyalgia. This client has an internal pacemaker and is also a diabetic client. During your annual visit with this client, the client tells you that they would like to begin some alternative and homeopathic health care practices. What should you include in your teaching plan for this client? A. Information about the lack of scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of all herbs. B. Data to support the fact that magnets can be effective in terms of fibromyalgia pain, and as such, may be a good choice for this client. C. Research that suggests that prayer is an effective alternative method to relieve pain and stress that can be helpful to this client. D. Information that contraindicates the use of biofeedback because this alternative, complementary health practice can interfere with the client’s pacemaker functioning. Correct Response: C Scientific data now indicates that prayer is effective for the relief of stress, anxiety and pain, and as such, may be helpful to this client. Some herbs, minerals and supplements are scientifically deemed as safe and effective and others are not scientifically effective and they can also lead to harm; at the current time, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) states that magnets are not scientifically effective and they are also not considered safe for clients with a pacemaker or insulin pump because these internally implanted devices can be adversely affected by the magnetic force of the magnet; and, lastly, biofeedback does not interfere with the client’s pacemaker functioning. 14. You assess your family as having a deficit in terms of their instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs). Which healthcare professional would you most likely refer this family to in order to address this deficit? A. A social worker B. A physical therapist C. An occupational therapist D. A speech therapist Correct Response: A The healthcare professional would you most likely refer this family to in order to address this deficit in terms of their instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs) is a social worker. The activities of daily living are differentiated in terms of the basic activities of daily living and the instrumental activities of daily living. Examples of basic activities of daily living include things like bathing, mobility, ambulation, toileting, personal care and hygiene, grooming, dressing, and eating. Deficits in terms of the basic activities of daily living are best addressed by a physical and/or occupational therapist. The instrumental activities of daily living are more advanced than the basic activities of daily living. The instrumental activities of daily living include things like grocery shopping, housework, meal preparation, the communication with others using something like a telephone, and having transportation. Deficits in terms of the instrumental activities of daily living are best addressed by a social worker. For example, the social worker may assist the client in terms of their transportation and they can also teach the client about how to grocery shop, for example. 15. Select all of the cranial nerves that are accurately paired with its distinguishing characteristics and description. Again, select all that apply. A. Olfactory Cranial Nerve: The sensory nerve that transmits the sense of smell to the olfactory foramina of the nose B. Optic Cranial Nerve: This sensory nerve transmits the sense of vision from the retina to the brain. C. Oculomotor Cranial Nerve: This motor and sensory nerve controls eye movements and visual acuity. assessment. A focused assessment is done as based on some pathology, sign or symptom and it is not considered a part of a comprehensive health assessment. 20. Select the sound that is heard with percussion with its description. A. Tympany: A hollow sound B. Dullness: A thud like sound C. Dullness: A hollow sound D. Resonance: A booming sound Correct Response: B Dullness is a thud like sound and not a hollow sound. Tympany is a drum like sound; and resonance is a hollow sound. Psychosocial Integrity Questions 1. Which couple is at greatest risk for domestic violence? A. A couple which consists of a husband and wife both of whom are affected with Alzheimer’s disease B. A poverty stricken couple without any healthcare resources in the community C. A pregnant woman and a husband who was physically abused as a young child D. A wealthy couple with feelings that they are immune from punishment and above the law Correct Response: C A pregnant woman and a husband who was physically abused as a young child is the couple is at most risk for domestic violence because pregnancy and a personal prior history of abuse are two commonly occurring risk factors among abused woman and male abusers, respectively. Current research indicates that abuse and neglect affect all people of all ages and of all socioeconomic classes including the wealthy as well as the poverty stricken. Other patient populations at risk of abuse and neglect include female gender, infants, children, the cognitively impaired, the developmentally challenged, the elderly and those with physical or mental disabilities; some of the other traits and characteristics associated with abusers include substance related use and abuse, a psychiatric mental health disorder, poor parenting skills, poor anger management skills, poor self-esteem, poor coping skills, poor impulse control, immaturity, and the presence of a current crisis. 2. You are caring for a client who has been assessed as having a past history of violent and dangerous behaviors towards others. You, as the nurse, are concerned about this client’s past history and the dangers that may adversely affect others including staff, visitors and other clients on the unit. What is the first thing that you should do to prevent violence towards others? A. Restrain the client B. Place the client in seclusion C. Get an order for a sedating medication D. Establish trust with the client. Correct Response: D The first thing that you should do to prevent violence towards others is to establish trust with the client. The first step in the nurse-client relationship is to establish trust in this therapeutic relationship. Without trust future collaboration, interventions and client outcomes cannot be accomplished to facilitate appropriate and safe behaviors. Restraints and seclusion are not indicated until others are in imminent danger because of this client’s current violent behaviors and not a history of it. Lastly, sedating medications to prevent violence are also not the first things that are done. 3. You are caring for a client who has been taking illicit amphetamines and states that they continue to use this illicit drug because they “suffer and feel lousy” when they try to stop taking it. Which nursing diagnosis is the most appropriate for this client? A. Psychological dependence secondary to amphetamine use B. Substance abuse secondary to amphetamine use C. Addiction secondary to amphetamine use D. Physical dependence secondary to amphetamine use Correct Response: A The appropriate nursing diagnosis for this client is “Psychological dependence secondary to amphetamine use”. Psychological dependence is defined as the person’s need to continue the use of the substance to avoid any unpleasant feelings and experiences that can occur when the substance is not taken. Amphetamines and hallucinogenic drugs like LSD are often associated with psychological dependence. Substance abuse, simply defined, is one’s overindulgence of an addictive substance which can be alcohol, prescription drugs and/or illicit, illegal drugs. Substance abuse does not include prescribed medications, such as narcotic pain medications, that are being used for medical reasons; however, these same medications when used after there is no longer a medical need to use them is considered substance abuse. Addiction is defined as the unending and constant need for the person to have the chosen substance even when the use of the substance causes the client to have serious physical, psychological, social and/or economic consequences and harm including a loss of control over the substance abuse and use. Contrary to popular opinion, addiction can occur with and without physical dependence. Physical dependence occurs when the cessation of a drug causes adverse physical effects; these ill effects are typically greater and more intense when the cessation of the drug is rapid and abrupt. Some of the drugs that are most often associated with physical dependence include cocaine, opioid drugs, alcohol and benzodiazepines. As previously stated, physical dependence does not necessarily indicate addiction; addiction can be present with or without any physical dependency. 4. You are the supervising nurse in a physical rehabilitation center that has the philosophy that clients have the need to cope with their disabilities and its limitations are the result of a discrepancy between the client’s abilities and the limitations of the physical and social environment within which the client lives. Which model of disability is this philosophy based on? A. Orem’s Self Care Model B. Nagi's Model C. A cognitive model of disability D. A biomedical model of disability Correct Response: B Nagi’s Model of disability model describes disabilities and its limitations are the result of a discrepancy between the client’s abilities and the limitations of the physical and social environment within which the client lives. Although clients with disabilities should be assessed and have interventions related to their self care abilities, Dorothea Orem’s Self Care Model is not a model of disability. This model describes self care needs and abilities as wholly compensatory, partly compensatory and supportive educative. Cognitive models of disability focus on the importance of affected client’s ability to remain as independent as possible and ways that the empowered client can exercise their own self-determination, confidence, self efficacy, and control. Lastly, biomedical models address pathology, impairments and the manifestations of impairments that can be cured or lead to death. 5. Place the following phases of crisis in the correct sequential order. Order each response with a number from first to last, with #1 as the first phase of crisis to #4 which is the fourth phase of crisis. 1. The signs and symptoms of the General Adaptation Syndrome 2. Detachment and disorientation 3. Trying alternative methods of coping 4. The use of psychological ego defense mechanisms A. 3,2,1,4 B. 1,2,3,4 C. 4,3,2,1 D. 4,3,1,2 Correct Response: D The characteristics of the stages or phases of crisis, in the correct sequential order, are:  Level 1 Crisis Signs and Symptoms: Patients experiencing a level one crisis typically experience anxiety and they also typically begin to use one or more psychological ego defense mechanisms.  Level 2 Crisis Signs and Symptoms: Patients experiencing a level two crisis most likely exhibit some loss of their ability to function. They may also try to experiment with alternative methods of coping in order to deal with the crisis that is not being effectively coped with using one’s currently used coping mechanisms. “The client will be free of constipation” requires interventions such as an enema which are not indicated when death is imminent unless, of course, the client is adversely affected with pain and discomfort as the result of it which is not the case with this client. Additionally, the administration of an antiemetic to prevent vomiting is not indicated because there is no evidence in this question that the client is actually vomiting. 10. Based on the fact that you family unit client is experiencing a situational crisis that has led to dysfunctional communication within the family unit, you have recommended that the entire nuclear family and members of the extended family who live in the family’s home begin family therapy. The grandparents tell you that it is their grandson, rather than their son, who is addicted to prescription pain killers, is the cause of the problem; therefore, they do not have to participate in this group therapy. How should you respond to these grandparents? A. “You should try to come to a few sessions at least because they may be very informative to you”. B. “You are probably correct. This really is not your problem”. C. “Despite the fact that it is your grandson’s drug addiction, situations such as this affect all members of the family including grandparents who live in the home.” D. "You should attend because the doctor has ordered family therapy for you as extended family members”. Correct Response: C You should respond to the grandparents’ statement with “Despite the fact that it is your grandson’s drug addiction, situations such as this affect all members of the family including grandparents who live in the home”. After this statement, you should also educate the grandparents about the fact that group and family therapy is often indicated when the family unit is affected with stressors and dysfunction because family members may not fully understand the need for the entire family unit to participate when only one member of the family is adversely affected with a stressor and poor coping and that all family members are affected when only one member of the family unit is adversely affected. You would NOT state “You should try to come to a few sessions at least because they may be very informative to you” because these sessions are therapeutic and not educational; you would not state “You are probably correct. This really is not your problem” because this statement is not true; and you should also not state “You should attend because the doctor has ordered family therapy for you as extended family members” because this is not the real reason why attending these sessions is needed. 11. You are a hospice nurse who, as part of your role, does follow up counseling and care for the significant others of deceased spouses for one year after their loss. Whose theory of grief and loss would you most likely integrate into your practice as you perform this role? A. Engel's theory B. Kubler Ross' theory C. Lewin's theory D. Warden's theory Correct Response: D The theory of grief and loss would you most likely integrate into your practice as you perform this role is Warden’s Four Tasks of Mourning. This theory has four tasks that people go through after the loss of a loved one. These tasks are accepting the loss, coping with the loss, altering, modifying and changing the environment to cope with and accommodate for the absence of the lost person, and, finally, resuming one’s life while still having a healthy connection with the loved one. Engel’s Stages of Grieving include stages both prior to and after a loss and these stages are:  Shock and disbelief  Developing awareness  Restitution  Resolving the loss  Idealization  Outcome Kubler Ross’s Stages of Grieving occur prior to the death and these stages include:  Denial  Anger  Bargaining  Depression  Acceptance Lastly, Lewin developed theories of change, leadership and conflict and NOT a theory related to grief after the loss of a loved one. 12. As the nurse in a primary care clinic, which cultural concern would you integrate into your psychological assessments of your clients? A. The concern related to the client’s cultural reluctance to report psychological symptoms because of some possible culturally based stigma associated with psychiatric mental health disorders B. Concerns revolving around the lack of financial and health insurance resources to pay for psychological care C. Concerns related to the compliance with psychological treatment regimens because of the client’s lack of social support systems D. The concern related to the culturally based client apathy about nursing care and nursing assessments Correct Response: A The concern related to the client’s cultural reluctance to report psychological symptoms because of some possible culturally based stigma associated with psychiatric mental health disorders which is a barrier to assessment because the client fears being stigmatized and rejected when divulging psychological data including anxiety and other symptoms. The lack of financial and health insurance resources to pay for psychological care, the lack of social support systems, and the client’s apathy are barriers to psychological care but these factors are not a barrier to a psychological assessment and these factors are not cultural, but instead social and psychological. 13. You are caring for a group of clients who are adversely affected with phobias. Which form of group therapy will you most likely employ to treat these clients? A. Cognitive psychotherapy B. Behavioral psychotherapy C. Cognitive behavioral psychotherapy D. Psychoanalysis Correct Response: B Behavioral psychotherapy is particularly useful among clients who are adversely affected with phobias, substance related disorders, and other addictive disorders. Some of the techniques that are used with behavioral therapy include operant conditioning as put forth by Skinner, aversion therapy, desensitization therapy, modeling and complementary and alternative stress management techniques. Cognitive psychotherapy is most often used to treat clients, including groups of clients, with depression, eating disorders, anxiety, and anxiety disorders to facilitate the altering of the clients’ attitudes and perspectives relating to stressors. Cognitive behavioral psychotherapy, which is a combination of cognitive psychotherapy and behavioral psychotherapy and also referred to as dialectical behavioral therapy is most often used for clients affected with a personality disorder and those at risk for injury and harm to self and/or others. Psychoanalysis, in contrast to cognitive behavioral therapy and other individual and group therapies, dives into the client’s subconscious and it often focuses on the past as well as the client’s current issues. This therapy is not conducted by registered nurses but, instead, by experienced psychotherapists. 14. Select the client religion that is the most pertinent to the role of the admissions coordinator of hospital who assigns the rooms and beds of clients who will be admitted. A. Hinduism B. Buddhism C. Islam D. Mormonism Correct Response: C D. Jiu Jitsu Correct Response: A Tai Chi is a type of a mind body exercise that deeply focuses on breathing, movement and meditation. Yoga is similar to tai chi in that yoga also employs a combination of breathing, movement and meditation. Reiki is done for the client when the therapist places their hands on or near the person’s body to promote the client’s energy field and its own natural healing processes. Feng shui is an eastern method of decorating using colors, items and the placement of objects in the environment to promote a harmonious relationship of man and its environment; and lastly Jiu Jitsu is a martial art. 18. You are a home health nurse caring for an elderly client in their home. They have children and grandchildren but they live far from the couple and they typically visit with your clients once to two times a year. The elderly man is beginning to show some of the signs of Alzheimer’s disease dementia. The wife is also 88 years of age and has had a stroke which has left her with left sided weakness, but she is willing to help her husband and to maintain his safety. What kind of support should you give the wife in terms of her role caring for her husband? A. You should advise the couple to move closer to their children so that they can care for their father. B. You should teach the wife about this progressive disease and the need to promote as much independence as possible. C. You should teach the wife about this progressive disease and the need to do all that she can for the husband to avoid his depression and frustration. D. You should advise the couple to decrease their social activities in order to preserve the husband’s dignity and self-esteem. Correct Response: B You should teach the wife about this progressive disease and the need to promote as much independence as possible. Client’s with Alzheimer’s disease and other disabilities, including physical disabilities, should be coached and encouraged to be as independent as possible. Moving closer to the children may not be appropriate advice particularly if the children are unable or unwilling to care for their father. Lastly, you should advise the couple to continue their social activities and to only avoid those situations where the necessary compassion and understanding about the client and his condition are absent. 19. You are running a caregiver support group for those who are caring for a person with impaired cognition related to Alzheimer’s disease. You are planning a session on the stages of Alzheimer’s disease, its progression and some useful helpful tips for these participating care givers. Which of the following elements should you include in this session? A. According to the Global Deterioration Scale, clients in the first stage of Alzheimer’s disease tend to cover up their failing abilities B. According to the Reisberg Scale, clients in the first stage of Alzheimer’s disease tend to cover up their failing abilities C. According to the Global Deterioration Scale, clients in the third stage of Alzheimer’s disease tend to cover up their failing abilities D. According to the Reisberg Scale, clients in the fourth stage of Alzheimer’s disease tend to cover up their failing abilities Correct Response: C According to the Global Deterioration Scale, also referred to as the Reisberg Scale, clients in the third stage of Alzheimer’s disease tend to cover up their failing abilities. The Global Deterioration Scale stages Alzheimer’s according to seven stages. These stages include  Stage 1: Cognitive abilities are intact.  Stage 2: Minimal and hardly noticeable forgetfulness occurs.  Stage 3: Mild changes in terms of cognition occur. The client may have difficulty in terms of their memory, which at times the client may “cover up” to avoid the detection by others. The signs and symptoms of this stage are similar to those of the Early Stage of Alzheimer’s disease, as discussed immediately above.  Stage 4: This stage is characterized with increasing confusion about recent events and conversations, mild problems with math and some rather routinized sequential tasks such as cooking. The client may withdraw from others and debate the fact that they are having some cognitive issues.  Stage 5: Early Dementia occurs. Short and long term memory losses, a lack of orientation to place and time, poor judgment, and some of the client’s self care in terms of the activities of daily living become progressively more problematic. The client may need the assistance and supervision of others to promote the client’s highest possible level of independence in the performance of their basic activities of daily living.  Stage 6: This stage is referred to a Middle Dementia and moderately severe Alzheimer’s disease. There is almost complete short term and long term memory loss, communication is highly limited and it may only consist of nonverbal behavioral responses, and the client needs complete care to manage their activities of daily living. Sundowner’s syndrome is present and hallucinations as well as agitation may occur.  Stage 7: This stage is referred to as Late or Severe Dementia and Failure to Thrive. The client is in need of complete care; and immobilization, in addition to the hazards of immobility, may affect the client and the family members at this stage. 20. Which of these is a form of therapeutic communication? A. Probing for more information from the client B. Sublimation to determine hidden messages C. Providing privacy so the client is comfortable D. Silence to allow contemplation and thought 21. A therapeutic milieu is: A. A safe environment of care that is conducive to the prevention of medical errors. B. A client care area that provides personal privacy and the confidentiality of medical information. C. A European method of design and color to promote health and wellness. D. The provision of a therapeutic environment of consistency to promote health. Correct Response: D A therapeutic milieu eliminates as many stressors from the environment as possible. The goal of this environment is to facilitate the client’s coping and recovery without the need to cope with these extraneous and avoidable stressors. Some of the elements of a therapeutic milieu environment include consistency, client rules, limitations and boundaries, and client expectations, including contracts, relating to appropriate behavior. Physiological Integrity: Basic Care & Comfort Questions 1. As the registered nurse in the emergency department, you are taking care of an adolescent client who had just fractured their femur during gymnasium class at their high school. After casting, you will be discharging the client with crutches. Which of the following client goals that is paired with its learning domain should be included in the patient teaching plan for this client and the parents? A. Psychomotor domain: The client will slightly bend their elbows when holding the hand grips. B. Psychomotor domain: The client will rest their weight on the padded areas on the top of the crutches. C. Cognitive domain: The client will slightly bend their elbows when holding the hand grips. D. Cognitive domain: The nurse will tell the client how often the tips on the crutches must be replaced. Correct Response: A The client goal that is paired with its learning domain that should be included in the patient teaching plan for this client and the parents is “The client will slightly bend their elbows when holding the hand grips” which is part of the psychomotor domain and not the cognitive domain. Lastly, the “nurse will” is an intervention and not a client goal or expected outcome which should be learner, not nurse, oriented. 2. Which basic activity of daily living assistive device can be useful for the client who is affected with poor fine motor coordination? A. An aphasia aid B. A button hook C. Honey thickened liquids D. A word board Some of the complications associated with a colostomy include a prolapsed stoma, infection, dehiscence, an ischemic ileostomy, a peristomal hernia, stoma stenosis, stomal retraction, necrosis, mucocutaneous separation, stomal trauma, peristomal skin damage as the result of leakage and parastomal hernias. A vitamin B12 deficiency, nocturnal enuresis and urinary stone formations are complications associated with urinary diversion and not fecal ostomy diversions. 8. Select the hazard of immobility that is accurately paired with an appropriate expected outcome of care that the nurse provides to prevent this complication. A. Bone demineralization: Turning and positioning every 2 hours B. Urinary stasis: The client will consume 1,000 mL of oral fluids per day C. Muscle atrophy: The client will perform range of motion exercises at least 3 times a day D. Hypercalcemia: Maintaining fluid intake of 1,000 mL per day Correct Response: C “The client will perform range of motion exercises at least 3 times a day” is an appropriate expected outcome of care that the nurse provides to prevent this complication. Urinary stasis and hypercalcemia, both hazards of immobility, can be prevented when the client will consume 2,000 mL of oral fluids per day. Lastly, calcium loss from the bones can be prevented by weight bearing activity, and not turning and positioning in bed. 9. During you musculoskeletal assessment of the client, you determine that the client has muscular strength against gravity but not against resistance. You would document this assessment as: A. 1 on the scale of 1 to 3 B. 2 on the scale of 1 to 5 C. 3 on the scale of 0 to 5 D. 4 on the scale of 0 to 5 Correct Response: C You would document this client’s muscular strength as a 3 on a scale of 0 to 5. Muscular strength is classified on a scale of zero to five, as below.  Zero: No muscular contraction  One: No muscular movement, only a quiver is noted  Two: Muscular movement but only when assisted with gravity  Three: Muscular movement against gravity but not against resistance  Four: Muscular movement against resistance  Five: Full muscular movement and strength 10. You are working as a wound care nurse. You measure the size of a client’s wound and it is 3 cm deep, 2 cm long and 4 cm wide. You would document the dimension of this wound as: A. 6 cm B. 12 cm C. 20 cm D. 24 cm Correct Response: D You would document the size of this wound as 24 cm. After the wound is assessed and measured, the wound dimension is calculated by multiplying the length by the width by the depth of the wound. For example when the length of the sound is 3 cm deep, 2 cm long and 4 cm wide, it is calculated with 3 x 2 x 4 = 24 cm. 11. Your client had a ruptured appendix and peritonitis. What type of healing would be most likely for this client? A. Secondary intention healing B. Tertiary intention healing C. Primary prevention healing D. Secondary prevention healing Correct Response: A Secondary intention healing is the most likely type of wound healing for this client because of the risks associated with the deep infection associated with the ruptured appendix and the peritonitis. Secondary intention healing, also referred to as healing by second intention, is done for contaminated wounds in order to prevent infections, to prevent the formation of abscesses and to promote healing from the bottom up to the outer surface of the skin so that any potential infection is not closed in at the bottom of the wound. These open wounds are irrigated with a sterile solution and then packed to keep them open and, over time, they will heal on their own. The resulting scar is more obvious than those scars that result from primary intention healing. Primary intention healing is facilitated with wounds without infection. The wound edges are approximated and closed with a closure technique such as suturing, Steri Strips, and surgical glues. Tertiary intention healing, also referred to as healing by tertiary intention, is a combination of secondary and primary healing. Tertiary intention healing begins with several days of open wound irrigations and packing, which is secondary healing, followed by the closure of the wound edges with approximation and suturing which is primary healing. Some traumatic wounds are healed with tertiary intention. Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention strategies are prevention, interventions and restorative or rehabilitation care and not methods of wound healing. 12. You are caring for a client whose pressure ulcer is yellow. Which treatment will you most likely employ for this wound? A. A barrier film B. An alginate dressing C. Surgical laser debridement D. Autolytic debridement Correct Response: B The treatment of pressure ulcers is complex and it often includes a combination of treatments and therapies. The RYB Color Code of Wounds is sometimes used by nurses to guide the treatment options. RYB stands for the colors of red, yellow and black. The rules of treatment for these three colors are:  Red: Covering with a dressing such as a hydrocolloid film, turning and positioning the client and avoiding pressure, friction and shearing  Yellow: Using an alginate dressing  Black: Debridement, including surgical laser debridement, mechanical debridement, autolytic debridement, enzymatic debridement and sharp instrument debridement, of the area to remove the black necrotic eschar. 13. Which of the following theories of pain are you utilizing when you recognize the fact that some of the factors that open this “gate” to pain are low endorphins and anxiety and that some of the factors that close this “gate” to pain are decreased anxiety and fear? A. Moritz Schiff’s theory of pain B. The Intensive Theory of Pain C. Melzack and Wall’s theory of pain D. The Specificity Theory of Pain Correct Response: C Melzack and Wall’s Gate Control Theory of pain supports the belief that some of the factors that open this “gate” to pain are low endorphins and anxiety and that some of the factors that close this “gate” to pain are decreased anxiety and fear. The substantia gelatinosa is the “gate” that facilitates or blocks the transmission of pain. The Specificity Theory of Moritz Schiff described pain as a sensation that was different from all the other senses in that pain had its own specific nervous system pathways from the spinal cord that traveled to the brain; the Intensive Theory of pain is based on the belief that pain is an emotional state, rather than a sensory phenomenon; the Peripheral Pattern Theory of pain of Sinclair and Weddell describes pain as the result of an intense stimulus applied to the skin; and the Neuromatrix Theory of Pain supports the fact that pain is a dynamic and multidimensional process with physical, behavioral, perceptual, psychological and social responses and one that can only be described by the person who is experiencing it. 14. You routinely use the PQRST method to assess pain. The PQRST method consists of: A. Pain level, the quality of the pain, the region or area of the pain, the severity of the pain, and the pain triggers The age group that is accurately paired with the normal and recommended hours of sleep each day is the toddler should sleep about 11 to 14 hours per day. The neonate should sleep 14 to 17 hours per day; the preschool child should sleep 10 to 13 hours per day; and the school age child should sleep 9 to 11 hours per day. Physiological Integrity: Pharmacological & Parenteral Therapies Questions 1. When you are monitoring your client who is now started on an intravenous antibiotic for an infection, you notice that the client is exhibiting signs of anaphylaxis. What is your first priority intervention? A. Stop the intravenous flow B. Slow down the intravenous flow C. Notify the doctor D. Begin CPR Correct Response: A Your first priority intervention is to immediately stop the flow of the intravenous antibiotic because it is highly likely that the signs of anaphylaxis have occurred as the result of the client’s adverse effect to this antibiotic. The next thing that you would do is assess the client to determine their physical status and to provide necessary emergency measures, including CPR, if it is indicated. Later, you would notify the doctor about this adverse reaction. 2. The best way to determine whether or not a medication is compatible with a particular intravenous fluid is to: A. Mix a small amount of the medication in a small amount of the intravenous fluid and then examine this mixture for color changes B. Refer to a compatibility chart C. Call the doctor and ask if the medication is compatible with the particular intravenous fluid D. Mix a small amount of the medication in a small amount of the intravenous fluid and then examine this mixture for any precipitates Correct Response: B The best way to determine whether or not a medication is compatible for a particular intravenous fluid is to refer to a compatibility chart. Although, at times, incompatibility can be evidenced with changes such as those related to color changes and the formation of a cloudy solution or obvious precipitate, at other times incompatibility may not be noticeable. For this reason, nurses must refer to a compatibility or incompatibility chart before they mix medications or medications and solutions. Lastly, there is no need to call the doctor for compatibilities when you have, and should use, a compatibility chart. 3. One of the primary purposes of a formal medication reconciliation is to: A. Prevent polypharmacy B. Conserve financial resources C. Prevent interactions D. Prevent allergies Correct Response: C The medication reconciliation process to insure that the nurse is aware of all medications that the client is taking, some of which may have been ordered by a physician other than the client’s primary care doctor and some of which are over the counter or alternative therapies that the client has added. The complete and current list of medications is then reviewed by the nurse and possible interactions are identified and addressed with the client. Although this medication reconciliation process can also save costs by eliminating unnecessary medications, particularly when the client is taking multiple medications (polypharmacy), this is not a primary purpose. Lastly, medications that the client is allergic to should never be given, therefore, these medications should not appear during the medication reconciliation process; they should never have been given to or taken by the client. 4. Your pregnant client has a new order for a medication. What principle should you apply to this new medication? A. The fact that drugs classified as categories C, D and X are contraindicated for women who are pregnant. B. The fact that drugs classified as categories A, B and C are contraindicated for women who are pregnant. C. The fact that drugs classified as categories C, D and E are contraindicated for women who are pregnant. D. The fact that drugs classified as categories C, D and Z are contraindicated for women who are pregnant. Correct Response: A Drugs classified as categories C, D and X are contraindicated for women who are pregnant because of the risks associated with these categories in terms of the developing fetus when these medications cross the placental barrier. 5. What are the nursing implications associated with administering blood and blood products to a client who has a blood type of B negative? A. The nurse must be knowledgeable about the fact that this client has A and B agglutinins and lacks the Rh factor B. The nurse must be knowledgeable about the fact that this client has B and O agglutinins and lacks the Rh factor C. The nurse must be knowledgeable about the fact that this client has B agglutinins and lacks the Rh factor D. The nurse must be knowledgeable about the fact that this client has A agglutinins and lacks the Rh factor Correct Response: D The nurse must be knowledgeable about the fact that this client has A agglutinins and they lack the Rh factor. Type A blood has B agglutinins; type B blood has A agglutinins, type AB blood has no antibodies, or agglutinins, and type O blood has both A and B agglutinins. People also have a rhesus, or Rh, factor antigen or the lack of it. Clients with an Rh positive blood, which is the vast majority of people, have Rh positive blood and people without the Rh factor antigen have Rh negative blood. 6. Select the complication of a blood transfusion that is accurately paired with its preventive measure. A. Hemolysis: Typing and cross matching the blood and checking for ABO compatibility prior to administration B. Hemolysis: Insuring that the client does not have a prior history of hemolysis in the past C. Febrile reactions: Insuring that the client does not have a prior history of hemolysis in the past D. Febrile reactions: Typing and cross matching the blood and checking for ABO compatibility prior to administration Correct Response: A Hemolysis can be prevented by typing and cross matching the blood and checking for ABO compatibility prior to administration. This incompatibility can occur as the result of a laboratory error in terms of typing and cross matching and a practitioner error in terms of checking the blood and matching it to the client’s blood type. Febrile reactions are the most commonly occurring reaction to blood and blood products administration. Although a febrile reaction can occur with all blood transfusions, it is most frequently associated with packed red blood cells and this reaction is not accompanied with hemolysis nor is it associated with its occurrence. 7. You will be administering packed red blood cells to your client. Which of the following principles should you apply to this blood administration? A. You must insure that the client has a patent intravenous catheter that is at least 20 gauge. B. You will need the help of another nurse prior to the administration of these packed red blood cells. C. The unit of packed red blood cells should start no more than 1 hour after it is picked up. 10 x 1 = 10 X 10/12 = 0.833 mL rounded off to 0.8 mL 11. How many units of heparin would you administer subcutaneously using the below information? Doctor’s order: 6,500 units of heparin subcutaneously Medication label: 4,500 units in one mL A. 1.4 mL B. 1.5 mL C. 1.475 mL D. 1.425 mL E. 1.375 mL Correct Response: A You have to determine how many mLs the patient will take if the doctor has ordered 6,500 units of heparin subcutaneously and there are 4,500 units in one mL. The mathematical rule for this type of calculation is: Have = Desired Quantity X This problem is calculated as shown below. 6,500 units: X mL = 4,500 units: 1 mL Or as 6,500 units = 4,500 units X mL 1 mL You will criss cross multiply the known numbers and then divide this product by the remaining number to solve for X, as below. 6,500 x 1 = 6,500 6,500/4,500 = 1.44 mL which is rounded off to 1.4 mL 12. Your pediatric client weighs 48 pounds. How many mg of a medication would you administer to this client with each dose when the doctor has ordered 5 mg/kg/day in two equally divided doses? A. 45 mg B. 60 mg C. 52 mg D. 55 mg Correct Response: D To calculate the number of mg that this pediatric client will receive in each dose, you will have to calculate the client’s weight in kg and then determine the total mg for the day after which you will divide the daily dosage by 2 because the order is for two equally divided doses each day. The steps for this calculation are shown below: This is how to determine the client’s weight in terms of kg: 48 pounds: x kg = 2.2 pounds: 1 kg Or as 48 pounds = 2.2 pounds x kg 1 kg You will criss cross multiply the known numbers and then divide this product by the remaining number to solve for X, as below. 48 x 1 = 48 48/2.2 = 21.81 or 21.81 kg This is how to determine the client’s total daily dosage when the doctor has ordered has ordered 5 mg/kg/day: 21.81 kg x 5 = 109.05 mg per day This is how to determine the client’s dose for each of the two divided doses: 109.05/2 = 54.53 mg which is rounded off to 55 mg for each of two divided doses. 13. How many drops per minute would you administer when the doctor’s order states that the client should receive 1 liter of fluid over 8 hours and the intravenous set delivers 20 gtts per cc? A. 31 gtts B. 42 gtts C. 48 gtts D. 51 gtts Correct Response: B The first step of this calculation is to calculate the number of mLs, or cc s, per hour and then determine the number of drops per minute. This calculation is done as follows: 1000 ml = 125 mL per hour 8 hrs The next step is done using this rule that reflects the fact that there are 60 minutes per hour in order to determine the number of mLs per minute . 1 hour = The ordered mL per hour 125 mLs X min 60 min 1 hour = 125 mL X min 60 min 60 x 1 = 60 88/60 = 2.08 mL per minute Finally, the number of drops per minute is calculated by using the intravenous infusion set’s drop factor by using this rule. Volume per minute x Drop factor 2.08 x 20 = 41.6 gtts per minute which is rounded off to 42 gtts per minute 14. How many mLs will you administer to the client after you use 3.3 mL of normal saline to reconstitute a medication that will yield 12 mg per mL and the doctor’s order is as follows. Doctor’s order: 25 mg of medication BID A. 1.9 mL B. 2.0 mL C. 2.5 mL D. 2.1 mL Correct Response: D With this type of calculation, the amount of normal saline that will be added to a powder in a vial to reconstitute the medication is important, instead, it is the amount of medication that results after the addition of the normal saline. For example, this reconstituted medication yields it is the yield of 12 mg in an mL that is relevant. It is this that will be used in the calculation. This calculation is done as shown below: 12 mg = 25 mg 1 mL X mL 25 x 1 = 25 25/12 = 2.08 mL which is 2.1 mL rounded off 15. You are caring for a client who has a doctor’s order for 1200 mLs of intravenous fluid every 8 hours. Your shift began at 8 am and there were 600 mLs remaining in the intravenous fluid bag. How many mLs would you expect to see at 12 noon? A. 0 mL B. 5 mL C. 10 mL D. 7.5 mL Correct Response: A B. 4,3,2,6,1,5 C. 4,2,5,3,1,6 D. 1,5,3,6,4,2 Correct Response: A The steps for mixing NPH, the long acting insulin, with regular insulin, the short acting insulin in the correct sequential order are: 1. Prep the top of the longer acting insulin vial with an alcohol swab. 2. Inject air that is equal to the ordered dosage of the longer acting insulin using the insulin syringe. Do NOT withdraw the longer acting insulin yet. 3. Prep the top of the shorter acting insulin with an alcohol swab 4. Inject air that is equal to the ordered dosage of the shorter acting insulin using the same insulin syringe. 5. Withdraw the ordered dosage of the shorter acting insulin using the same insulin syringe. 6. And, then lastly, withdraw the ordered dosage of the longer acting insulin using the same insulin syringe. 21. You are precepting a new graduate nurse who will be administering an intramuscular injection to an adult client. The new graduate nurse identifies the gluteus maximum muscle by palpating it. What would you do? A. Allow the nurse to administer the injection. B. Ask the nurse to use the vastus lateralis muscle instead. C. Ask the nurse to verify the doctor’s order again. D. Stop the nurse from administering the injection. Correct Response: D You would stop the nurse from administering the injection when you observe that the nurse has palpated the gluteus maximum muscle to determine the correct site. Intramuscular injection sites are determined by using boney landmarks and not by palpating the muscle. You would not allow the nurse to administer the injection and you would not ask the nurse to use the vastus lateralis muscle instead because nothing indicates the need to do so. Lastly, you would verify the doctor’s order prior to entering the room and preparing to administer the injection and not during the time that the intramuscular site is being identified. 22. You are preparing to administer a PRN medication for pain. After your assessment of the client for pain you open the narcotics cabinet with the special key. Your calculations indicate that the client will be getting 0.8 mLs of the medication and the unit dose vial is 1 mL. You discard the excess of 0.2 mLs into the sink drain and enter the client’s room. After you identify the client using two unique identifiers, the client refuses the medication. You then discard the 0.8 mLs into the sink and document the client’s refusal on the narcotics count record. What have you failed to do during this process? A. You have failed to have another nurse witness the 0.8 mLs and the 0.2 mLs of waste. B. You have failed to have another nurse witness the 0.8 mLs of waste. C. You have failed to have another nurse witness the 0.2 mLs of waste. D. You have failed ask another nurse to verify the calculation of the dosage. Correct Response: A You have failed to have another nurse witness the 0.8 mLs and the 0.2 mLs. All controlled substances are documented on the narcotics record as soon as they are removed, and all controlled substances that are wasted for any reason, either in its entirety or only partially, must be witnessed or documented by the wasting nurse and another nurse. Both nurses document this wasting. It should not be necessary for you to ask another nurse to verify this calculation; the nurse is accountable and responsible for accurate dosage calculations. 23. Place these steps of the medication reconciliation process in the correct sequential order from # 1 to # 5. Do NOT include steps that are not part of the medication reconciliation process. 1: Compile a list of newly prescribed medications and other preparations 2: Compile a list of current medications and other preparations 3: Compile a list of only current vitamins, over the counter medications, herbal remedies, nutritional and dietary supplements 4: Compare the two lists and make note of any discrepancies and inconsistencies 5: Employ critical thinking and professional judgments during the comparisons of the two lists 6: Communicate and document the new list of medications to the appropriate healthcare providers A. 3,2,1,4,6 B. 2,1,4,5,6 C. 1,2,3,5,4 D. 4,1,3,2,6 Correct Response: B The procedure for this medication reconciliation process is: 2. Compile a list of current medications and other preparations 1. Compile a list of newly prescribed medications 4. Compare the two lists and make note of any discrepancies and inconsistencies 5. Employ critical thinking and professional judgments during the comparisons of the two lists 6. Communicate and document the new list of medications to the appropriate healthcare providers 24. Which of the following clients is at greatest risk for extravasation? A. The client with heart failure who is receiving Ringer’s lactate B. The client with cancer who is receiving bendamustine C. The client who is receiving potassium supplementation intravenously D. The client who is receiving total parenteral nutrition Correct Response: B The client with cancer who is receiving bendamustine is at greatest risk for extravasation. Extravasation occurs when vesicant and other vein irritating drugs infiltrate into the tissue. In severe cases, extravasation can lead to necrosis and the loss of an affected limb. Bendamustine is a vesicant chemotherapy drug. Extravasation is not associated with the intravenous administration of Ringers lactate or potassium supplementation intravenously because this solution and medication are not vesicants. These intravenous preparations can lead to infiltration but not extravasation. Lastly, the client who is receiving total parenteral nutrition is at risk for other complications such as infection, but not extravasation. 25. Select the complication of intravenous therapy that is accurately paired with one of its interventions. A. Infection: Lowering the limb to promote circulation B. Infiltration: The application of cold to the site C. Extravasation: The aspiration of contents including blood from the IV cannula D. Hematoma: The administration of dexrazonxane Correct Response: C In addition to other interventions, intravenous fluid contents including blood are aspirated from the IV cannula. Other interventions include immediate cessation of the infusion, elevating the limb, applying warm compresses initially to rid the area of any remaining drug that is in the tissues which is then followed by cool compresses to reduce any swelling, and the administration of an ordered substance specific medication such as dexrazoxane. One of the interventions for infection include the elevation, not lowering, of the affected limb; infiltration is treated with the application of warm, not cold, compresses and one of the interventions for hematoma is the application of pressure and heat and not the administration of dexrazonxane. 26. The CRIES scale is used to: A. Assess motor functioning. B. Assess sensory functioning. C. Evaluate responses to a tactile stimulation. D. Evaluate responses to a pain analgesic. Correct Response: D The CRIES scale is used to evaluate the neonate’s response to a pain analgesic; this pain scale is also used to assess pain among neonates. Observational behavioral pain assessment scales for the pediatric population are used among children less than three years of age. Some of these standardized pediatric pain scales, in addition to the CRIES scale, include the FACES Pain Scale, the Toddler Preschooler Postoperative Pain Scale (TPPPS), the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS), the Faces Legs Activity Cry Consolability Pain Scale (FLACC), the Visual Analog Scale (VASobs) the Correct Response: D All of these vital signs are normal for the toddler who is 2 years old. The normal vital signs for the toddler are:  Respiratory rate: From 20 to 40 per minute  Pulse rate: From 90 to 140 beats per minute  Blood pressure: Diastolic from 50 to 80 mm Hg and systolic from 80 to 112 mm Hg 2. You measure your 5 year old client’s vital signs as:  Respiratory rate: 32 breaths per minute  Pulse: 100 beats per minute  Blood pressure: 85/55 The mother asks you if these vital signs are normal. You should respond to this mother’s question by stating: A. “The respiratory rate is a little too fast but the other vital signs are normal.” B. “The pulse rate is a little too fast but the other vital signs are normal.” C. “The blood pressure is a little low but the other vital signs are normal.” D. “All of these vital signs are normal for a child that is 2 years of age.” Correct Response: A The respiratory rate is a little too fast for this 5 year old preschool client. The normal respiratory rate for this client should be from 22 to 30 per minute. The normal pulse rate and blood pressure for the preschool child are from 80 to 110 beats per minute and a diastolic from 50 to 78 mm Hg and a systolic from 82 to 110 mm Hg. 3. Which of the following data points about your client’s hemodynamic values would you report to the doctor as abnormal? A. Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure: 22 mm Hg B. Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure: 22 mm Hg C. Pulmonary Artery Diastolic Pressure: 10 mm Hg D. Central Venous Pressure: 5 mm Hg Correct Response: B You would report the pulmonary artery wedge pressure of 22 mm Hg because the normal pulmonary artery wedge pressure is from 4 to 12 mm Hg. The other normal hemodynamic values are:  Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure: 15 to 26 mm Hg  Pulmonary Artery Diastolic Pressure: 5 to 15 mm Hg  Central Venous Pressure: 1 to 8 mm Hg 4. The doctor orders a midstream urine specimen for your client who is an alert, oriented and ambulatory female client. What element should you include in your instructions to this client on the proper manner to collect this specimen? A. The need to cleanse the perineal area with circular wipes. B. The need to cleanse the perineal area from the “dirtiest” to the “cleanest”. C. The need to use a new antiseptic wipe for each wipe from the inner to the outer labia. D. The need to use a new antiseptic wipe for each wipe from the outer to the inner labia. Correct Response: C You would instruct your female client to use a new antiseptic wipe for each wipe from the inner to the outer labia. A principle of asepsis is the cleansing of areas from the cleanest to the dirtiest and NOT the reverse; therefore, the inner labia are cleansed before the outer labia. The female perineal area is prepped with straight strokes and wipes; and the male wipes with a circular pattern around the urinary meatus. 5. Select the step of blood glucose level monitoring that is NOT accurate. A. Turn the finger down so the blood will drop with gravity. B. Wipe off the first drop of blood using sterile gauze. C. Prick the side of the finger using the lancet. D. Prick the pad of the finger using the lancet. Correct Response: D Pricking the pad of the finger using the lancet is NOT a step in the procedure for obtaining a blood glucose sample for testing. Instead, the side of the finger is pricked with the lancet. The procedure for checking the client’s blood glucose levels in correct sequential order is as follows:  Verify and confirm that the code strip corresponds to the meter code.  Disinfect the client’s finger with an alcohol swab.  Prick the side of the finger using the lancet.  Turn the finger down so the blood will drop with gravity.  Wipe off the first drop of blood using sterile gauze.  Collect the next drop on the test strip.  Hold the gauze on the client’s finger after the specimen has been obtained.  Read the client’s blood glucose level on the monitor. 6. Select the arterial blood gas that you would report to the client’s physician because it is not within normal parameters and it is also a significant change for the client. A. PaO2: 65 mm Hg B. PaCO2: 40 mm Hg C. Arterial blood pH: 7.39 D. SaO2: 96% Correct Response: A You would report the client’s PaO2 of 65 mm Hg because it is not within normal parameters and it is also a significant change for the client. The normal partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) is from 75 to 100 mm Hg. The other blood gases, above, are within normal limits, as follows:  Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2): 38 - 42 mmHg  Arterial blood pH: 7.38 - 7.42  Oxygen saturation (SaO2): 94 - 100% 7. Which lipid level would you report to the doctor because it is not normal and it is also a significant change in the client? A. Triglycerides: 75 mg/dL B. Total cholesterol: 6.5 mmol/L C. High-density lipoprotein (HDL): 60 mg/dL D. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): 955 mg/dL Correct Response: B You would report a total cholesterol level of 6.5 mmol/L because this value exceeds the high normal for total cholesterol which is 5.5 mmol/L and the normal range is from 3 to 5.5 mmol/L. The other lipid levels are normal as follows:  Triglycerides: 50-150 mg/dL  High-density lipoprotein (HDL): 40-80 mg/dL  Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): 85-125 mg/dL 8. Which laboratory value would you report to the doctor because it is not normal and it is also a significant change in the client? A. Albumin: 40 g/L B. Amylase: 40 U/L C. Direct bilirubin: 17 µmol/L  Fecal and/or urinary incontinence  Impaired circulation  Alterations in terms of the fluid balance  Altered neurological sensory functioning  Changes in terms of skin turgor  Boney prominences 13. Your client has a cuffed tracheostomy tube that now needs suctioning. You prepare and pre oxygenate the client and you have lubricated the tip of the suction catheter with a water soluble jelly. As you insert the suction catheter you reach a point of resistance. What should you do first? A. Inflate the cuff if the cuff is deflated. B. Deflate the cuff if the cuff is inflated. C. Remove the inner cannula of the tube. D. Call the doctor about this airway obstruction. Correct Response: B The first thing that you should do when you insert the suction catheter and you reach a point of resistance is to deflate the cuff when it is inflated and the second thing that you should do is to remove the inner cannula and suction out the mucous plug. You would not call the doctor because there is an airway obstruction; you should correct this problem with the measures above. 14. You will be providing nursing care prior to, during and after electroconvulsive therapy for your client who is severely depressed. Which of the following is an appropriate nursing intervention for this client? A. Maintain the client with NPO status for at least 4 hours prior to this procedure. B. Teach the client about the fact that they may experience muscle flaccidity. C. Teach the client about the fact that they may have a headache after the ECT. D. Maintain the client on continuous hemodynamic monitoring after the ECT. Correct Response: C You would teach the client about the fact that they may have a headache after the ECT. Other components of the teaching about the aftermath of the procedure that the client should know about include the fact that the client may have muscle soreness, not muscle flaccidity, confusion, amnesia and hypertension. The client should be maintained as NPO for at least 6 hours before ECT; and it is not necessary to maintain the client on continuous hemodynamic monitoring after the ECT, however, the client’s vital signs should be monitored. 15. Which neurological complication can occur when a vest restraint is too tight around the client’s body? A. Strnagulation B. Skin breakdown C. Skin pallor D. Numbness Correct Response: D The neurological complication can occur when a vest restraint is too tight around the client’s body is numbness and tingling that, unless corrected, can lead to neurological damage. Strangulation, skin breakdown and skin pallor can also occur when a restraint is too tight, however, these restraint complications are respiratory, integumentary system and circulatory system complications rather than neurological complications. 16. Which is a sign of thrombocytopenia? A. The appearance of petechiae B. Aplastic anemia C. The appearance of thrombophlebitis D. Elevated platelets Correct Response: A The appearance of petechiae is a sign of thrombocytopenia which is a low platelet count. Other signs and symptoms include purpura, easy bruising, epistaxis, and spontaneous hemorrhage and bleeding. Thrombocytopenia can occur as the result of several disorders and therapeutic treatments and interventions including aplastic anemia, HIV infection, a genetic disorder, cancer, particularly cancer that affects the bones, some viral pathogens like those that cause mononucleosis, as well as from therapeutic radiation therapy, chemotherapy and some medications such as Depakote. 17. You are caring for a client who has just had a thoracentesis. Which complication should you be aware of during the immediate post-operative period of time? A. Infection B. Pneumothorax C. Aspiration D. Dyspnea Correct Response: B The complication that you should be aware of during the immediate post-operative period of time after a thoracentesis is a pneumothorax. The signs and symptoms of pneumothorax and hemothorax include dyspnea, chest pain, shortness of breath and pain. The treatment of a pneumothorax includes the correction of the underlying cause whenever possible and the placement of a chest tube to remove the blood and/or air in the pleural space which will re-expand the affected lung and recreate the negative pressure of the pleural space. Infection would not be evident during the immediate post-operative period; and, aspiration is not a complication of a thoracentesis. 18. During your system specific assessment of your client’s peripheral pulses, you note that the client’s posterior tibia pulse is weak and thready. You would document this finding as: A. The client’s posterior tibia pulse is Grade B B. The client’s posterior tibia pulse is Grade C C. The client’s posterior tibia pulse is 1 D. The client’s posterior tibia pulse is 2 Correct Response: C You would document this finding as “The client’s posterior tibia pulse is 1”. The strength, volume and fullness of the peripheral pulses are categorized and documented as follows:  0: Absent pulses  1: Weak pulse  2: Normal pulse  3: Increased volume  4: A bounding pulse Grades and grading are not used in reference to pulses. 19. Which tool or scale would you use for a focused neurological assessment of your client? A. The Lazarus Cognitive Appraisal Scale B. The Hamilton Rating Scale C. The McGill Scale D. The Rancho Los Amigos Scale Correct Response: D The tool or scale that you would use for a focused neurological assessment of your client is the Rancho Los Amigos Scale. Levels of consciousness, which is part of a complete focused neurological assessment, can be determined and measured by using the standardized Glasgow Coma Scale for adults and children or the Rancho Los Amigos Scale. The Rancho Los Amigos Scale determines the patient’s level of awareness and functioning which can range from a 1 to an 8 when a 1 is the complete lack of all responsiveness to all stimulation and an 8 is when a patient is fully alert, oriented, appropriate and purposeful. The McGill Pain Assessment is used to assess pain levels; the Lazarus Cognitive Appraisal Scale is used to assess levels of stress and coping; and the Hamilton Rating Scale is used to measure and assess depression. linens in the client’s room until they are deemed safe for disposal by a person who is competent to make this decision, and how and when to report concerns about the client’s treatment such as when implanted seeds inadvertently leave the client’s body. 2. Which of the following is an adverse effect to therapeutic radiation therapy? A. Fibrosis B. Alopecia C. Oral dryness D. Xerostomia Correct Response: A Fibrosis is an adverse effect to therapeutic radiation therapy. Radiation fibrosis can affect bones, nerves, ligaments, muscles, blood vessels, tendons, and the heart in addition to the lungs. Fibrosis occurs as the result of abnormal fibrin and protein accumulation within normal irradiated tissue. Alopecia, and oral dryness which is also referred to as xerostomia, are side effects and complications to radiation, but not adverse effects. Other side effects, complications and adverse effects associated with therapeutic radiation therapy are:  Skin damage  Damage to the mucosa  Dental caries and oral infections  Fatigue  Nausea and vomiting  Anorexia  Diarrhea  Bone marrow suppression and immunosuppression  Radiation pneumonia  Cataracts 3. Your client is receiving phototherapy. What nursing intervention would you implement for this client? A. Placing the client in the Trendelenburg position B. Monitoring the color of the stools C. Using a Hoyer lift for patient transfers D. Monitoring the arterial blood gases Correct Response: B You would monitor the color of the stools for the client who is receiving phototherapy. Phototherapy is used to treat psoriasis, but it is most commonly employed for the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice which can occur among both full term and pre term infants. You would also monitor and document the client’s:  Skin for changes in color that may indicate an increase or decrease in the amount of bilirubin in the client’s blood  Laboratory bilirubin levels to determine whether or not the client’s bilirubin levels are decreasing as the result of the phototherapy  Volume, color and characteristics of the stool because phototherapy can lead to frequent, loose stools as well as a color change to green colored stools 4. Select the risk factor that is accurately paired with its disorder. A. Hypokalemia: Hypermagnesemia B. Hyponatremia: Dehydration C. Hyperkalemia: Ketoacidosis D. Hypercalcemia: Hypoparathyroidism Correct Response: C Ketoacidosis is a risk factor for hyperkalemia. The risk factors for the other electrolyte disorders above are listed below.  Hypokalemia: Diarrhea, vomiting, and diaphoresis as well as some medications like diuretics and laxatives, and with other disorders and diseases such as ketoacidosis. Hypermagnesemia is not a risk factor for hypokalemia.  Hyponatremia: Thyroid gland disorders, cirrhosis, renal failure, heart failure, pneumonia, diabetes insipidus, Addison’s disease, hypothyroidism, primary polydipsia, severe diarrhea or vomiting cancer, and cerebral disorders. Dehydration is a risk factor associated with hypernatremia, not hyponatremia.  Hypercalcemia: Hyperparathyroidism, not hyperparathyroidism, some medications such as thiazide diuretics and lithium, some forms of cancer such as breast cancer and cancer of the lungs, with multiple myeloma, Paget’s disease, non weight bearing activity and elevated levels of calcitriol as occurs with sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. 5. Select the risk factor that is accurately paired with its disorder. A. Hypernatremia: Hepatic failure B. Hypocalcemia: Vitamin A deficiency C. Hypermagnesemia: Cushing’s disease D. Hypomagnesemia: Crohn’s disease Correct Response: D Crohn’s disease is a risk factor for hypomagnesemia. Other electrolyte disorder risk factors include:  Hypernatremia: Dehydration, renal failure, hyperglycemia and Cushing’s disease  Hypocalcemia: Vitamin D deficiency, Crohn’s disease, sepsis and pancreatitis  Hypermagnesemia: Addison’s disease, renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis and dehydration 6. Select the electrolyte that is accurately paired with its normal level. A. Phosphate: From 0.81 to 1.45 mmol/L. B. Chloride: From 60 to 110 mEq/L. C. Calcium: From 6.5 - 10.6 mg/dL. D. Potassium: From 3.7 to 7.2 mEq/L. Correct Response: A The normal level of phosphate is from 0.81 to 1.45 mmol/L. The other normal levels for these electrolytes are:  Chloride: From 97 to107 mEq/L.  Calcium: From 8.5 - 10.6 mg/dL.  Potassium: From 3.7 to 5.2 mEq/L. 7. Identify this cardiac rhythm strip. Fill in the blank. A. Idioventricular Rhythm B. Bundle Branch Block C. Sinus bradycardia D. Atrial Flutter Correct Response: C Sinus bradycardia is a sinus rhythm that is like the normal sinus rhythm with the exception of the number of beats per minute. Sinus bradycardia has a cardiac rate less than 60 beats per minute, the atrial and the ventricular rhythms are regular, the P wave occurs prior to each and every QRS complex, the P waves are uniform in shape, the length of the PR interval is form 0.12 to 0.20 seconds, the QRS complexes are uniform and the length of these QRS complexes are from 0.06 to 0.12 seconds. 8. Identify this cardiac rhythm strip. Fill in the blank. This pressure on the superior vena cava prevents the normal return of the body’s circulating blood to the heart. The signs and symptoms of superior vena cava syndrome include tachypnea, dyspnea, venous stasis, a loss of consciousness, edema, seizures, respiratory and/or cardiac arrest and not syncope of unknown origin. This is a life threatening medical emergency. 13. Your client has presented in the emergency department with a sudden onset of shortness of breath, dysphagia, dyspnea, coughing, and pain in the chest, arms, neck, and back. Which of the following would you most likely suspect? A. Hypovolemic shock B. Septic shock C. A dissected thoracic aortic aneurysm Correct Response: C You would most likely suspect that this client is affected with a dissected thoracic aneurysm. Thoracic aorta rupture and dissections can present with symptoms that can include shortness of breath, dysphagia, dyspnea, coughing, and pain in the chest, arms, jaw, neck, and/or back. The signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock vary according to the stage of the shock; some of the signs and symptoms include hypotension, tachycardia, a lack of tissue perfusion, hyperventilation, decreased cardiac output, decreased urinary output, oliguria, anuria, metabolic acidosis, increased blood viscosity, and multisystem failure. The signs and symptoms of septic shock include the classical signs of infection in addition to hypotension, confusion, metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, abnormal breath sounds like crackles and rales, a widened pulse pressure, and decreased cardiac output. 14. Intussusception occurs when: A. Part of the intestine slides into another part of the intestine. B. The appendix ruptures. C. An ileostomy stoma retracts below the abdominal surface. D. Lungs are infiltrated. Correct Response: A Intussusception occurs when a part of the intestine slides into another part of the intestine. This medical emergency can lead to poor perfusion to the intestine. The signs and symptoms of intussusception include knee to chest posturing, abdominal pain, bloody stool, fever, constipation, vomiting and diarrhea. A ruptured appendix occurs when an infected appendix ruptures; a stoma retraction occurs when an ileostomy stoma retracts below the abdominal surface; and pneumonia occurs when the lungs become infiltrated. 15. Which intervention would you expect to render to the client in a sickle cell anemia crisis? A. The administration of a thrombolytic medication B. The administration of hyroxyurea C. Placing the client in the Trendelenburg position D. Placing the client in the lithotomy position Correct Response: B You would expect to administer hydroxyurea which prevents the sickling of the client’s red blood cells. You would not administer a thrombolytic medication; however, you would likely administer analgesic medications for the pain associated with the sickle cell crisis. The lithotomy position is used for procedures involving the pelvis, including gynecological examinations; and the Trendelenburg position is used when the client is in shock and with significant hypotension. 16. You are having a nice dinner in a fancy restaurant. As you are eating, you hear the gentleman eating at the next table start to bang the table, hold his throat and forceably cough. What should you do? A. Perform the Valsalva maneuver B. Encourage the person to continue coughing C. Perform the Heimlich maneuver D. Begin CPR and prepare for ACLS measures Correct Response: B You would encourage the person to continue coughing because this person has a partial airway obstruction. You would perform the Heimlich maneuver when the person has a complete airway obstruction. CPR and ACLS may be necessary later, but not now as based on the fact that the person only has a partial airway obstruction. Lastly, the Valsalva maneuver is done when one exerts pressure against resistance. 17. Pelvic inflammatory disease is most often caused by: A. Trichomoniasis B. E. coli C. Staphylococcus aureus D. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Correct Response: D Pelvic inflammatory disease is most often caused by the Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis pathogens; and it most often occurs as the result of untreated salpingitis, pelvic peritonitis, a tubo ovarian abscess and/or endometritis. Unlike Neisseria gonorrhoeae, trichomoniasis and infections caused by E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus are not associated with the onset of pelvic inflammatory disease which can lead to infertility, increased risk for ectopic pregnancies, sepsis, septic shock and death when left untreated. 18. What type of immunity occurs when a person has an infectious, communicable disease like the measles? A. Adaptive immunity B. Passive natural immunity C. Active natural immunity D. Active artificial immunity Correct Response: C The type of immunity occurs when a person has an infectious, communicable disease like the measles is active natural immunity. Active immunity occurs as the result of our bodily response to the presence of an antigen, with the development of antibodies. Active immunity can be both natural and artificial. Natural active immunity occurs when the body produces antibodies after the client is infected with a pathogen; and artificial active immunity occurs when the body produces antibodies to an immunization vaccine such as those for pneumonia and a wide variety of childhood infectious diseases. Adaptive immunity is the acquisition of antibodies or activated T cells in the body. Passive immunity occurs when an antibody is introduced into the body by either natural or artificial means. Passive natural immunity occurs when the fetus and neonate receive immunity as a natural process through the placenta; and passive artificial immunity occurs when the client receives an injection of immune globulin. 19. Your client is experiencing general malaise. Which stage of infection is this client in? A. The incubation stage B. The illness stage C. The prodromal stage D. The convalescence stage Correct Response: C The prodromal stage, or phase, of the infection process is characterized with general malaise, joint and muscular aches and pains, anorexia, and the presence of a headache. The prodromal stage begins with the onset of symptoms and this stage is characterized with the replication and reproduction of the pathogen. The incubation stage is asymptomatic; the illness stage is the period of time that begins with continuation of the signs and symptoms and it continues until the symptoms are no longer as serious as they were before; and the convalescence stage is the period of recovery during which time the symptoms completely disappear. 20. Which statement about automated external defibrillators is accurate? A. They are not as effective as regular defibrillators. B. They are replacing regular defibrillators in acute care settings. C. Only BLS certified people in the community should use them.