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NCTRC CTRS EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
What ages are considered the early childhood stage? - Correct Answers -Birth- What are key developmental elements that occur during the early childhood stage? - Correct Answers -Development of fundamental motor skills, communication skills, and social skills, rapid body changes, important emphasis on play What ages are considered the children stage? - Correct Answers -6- What are key developmental elements that occur during the children stage? - Correct Answers -Social world expands, becomes involved in organized activities, still very involved in play, improved hand eye coordination, friends become more important than family What ages are considered the adolescence stage? - Correct Answers -13- What does it mean to advocate? - Correct Answers -To recommend or plead for a specific cause or policy and speak on behalf of another What is the health insurance portability and accountability act? - Correct Answers -It states that healthcare personnel cannot release patient information unless given permission by the patient What is normalization? - Correct Answers -That people with disabilities have the same needs and desires as people without disabilities. Normalization would imply that people with disabilities should have the same opportunities as anyone without a disability in their life should be as typical as possible. What are key developmental elements that occur during the adolescence stage? - Correct Answers -Peer groups become more important than family, they struggle to become more independent, body becomes, mature, interest in intimate, relationships, near the end, family regains, importance What ages are considered the early adulthood stage? - Correct Answers -21-
What are key developmental elements that occur during early adulthood stage? - Correct Answers -Establish independence through education and occupation, serious, intimate, relationships, lifelong leisure pursuits What ages are considered the middle adulthood stage? - Correct Answers -30- What are key developmental elements that occur during middle adulthood stage? - Correct Answers -Family and career take priority, involved in children's leisure, pursuits, family oriented What ages are considered the older adulthood stage? - Correct Answers -45- What are key developmental elements that occur during older adulthood stage? - Correct Answers -Weight gain, reduction in strength and flexibility, common midlife crisis, and depression What ages are considered the senior adulthood stage? - Correct Answers -60- What are key developmental elements that occur during senior adulthood stage? - Correct Answers -Great amounts of free time, beginning to experience, health, problems, freedom to travel and participate in activities of their choosing What ages are considered the old old stage? - Correct Answers -75-death What are key developmental elements that occur during old old stage? - Correct Answers -Physical deterioration can be rapid, as well as cognitive deterioration in the world may become smaller due to deaths Maslow's hierarchy - Correct Answers -Based on needs with the lowest level being physiological in nature, then safety needs, social needs, and self-esteem needs with the highest level being self actualization Social learning theory - Correct Answers -By observing a behavior, a person learns by also observing the consequence of that behavior and modeling behaviors is important Experiential learning model - Correct Answers -One learns by reflecting on doing or what one has done Self-determination theory - Correct Answers -The motivation behind choices people make without external influence and interference. The degree to which a persons behavior is self motivated or self determined. What are the three principles of behavior change? - Correct Answers -Self efficacy, the attribution model, and the concept of learned helplessness
In structuring a group session, what are the three important parts? - Correct Answers - The opening of the session, the body of the session, and the closing of the session What happens during the opening of the group session? - Correct Answers -The clients relax and get to know each other and find out what is going to occur during the session What happens during the body of the group session? - Correct Answers -The focus of the group session that focuses on the goals and objectives for the session What happens during the closing of the session? - Correct Answers -Clients process the activity by going through what they think, feel, and anything else that relates to the behavior that was displayed during the activity/body of the session The rehabilitation act of 1973 - Correct Answers -Trained recreation, workers to work with people with disabilities, money to make activities, accessible, people with disabilities cannot be discriminated against in any programs supported with federal monies The rehabilitation act of 1978 - Correct Answers -Provided grants to make recreation activities, more accessible, provided money to pay for the initiation of new recreation programs to provide activities to assist individuals with mobility and socialization The education of all handicapped children act of 1975 - Correct Answers -Insured children with disabilities, a free and appropriate education, included recreation as a related service, required, parents and teachers to write an individualized education plan for all children with disabilities Individuals with disabilities, education act of 1990 - Correct Answers -Change the name of the education of all handicapped children act, required more fully the inclusion of children with autism and traumatic brain injury, includes transition and assistive technology services Individuals with disabilities, education act of 1997 - Correct Answers -Behavioral plans must be developed, transition services need to be included beginning at age 14 The Americans with disabilities act of 1990 - Correct Answers -Defines person with a disability, civil rights law and prohibits discrimination. On the basis of disability, focuses on employment, government services, public transit, public accommodation, and telecommunications. What is the definition of a person with a disability according to the Americans with disabilities act? - Correct Answers -An individual who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits, one or more major life activities, has a record of such an impairment, and is regarded as having such an impairment
What are the joint commission and the commission for the accreditation of rehabilitation facilities? - Correct Answers -Agencies that provide accreditation for hospitals and agencies that provides healthcare services What is perceived freedom? - Correct Answers -Implies that people think they have a choice and in this instance, it is used in relation to leisure What is intrinsic motivation? - Correct Answers -People must be motivated from within to have a truly leisure experience. External factors cannot be motivating the reason. What is locus of control? - Correct Answers -Relates to the amount of control a person feels he has over the events that occur in his life Flow theory - Correct Answers -The experience of concentration, absorption, deep involvement, joy, and sense of accomplishment... What people describe as the best moments of their life Flow - Correct Answers -Occurs when the challenge of an activity and matches a persons skills, and they tend to lose track of time and self-awareness Quality of life - Correct Answers -Relates to one's lifestyle and sense of well-being The leisure ability model - Correct Answers -It is composed of functional intervention, leisure, education, and recreation participation with the ultimate goal of a satisfying leisure lifestyle, and independent functioning of the client The Health protection/health promotion model - Correct Answers -Has the two components of helping a patient recover from threats to health and helping a client achieve optimal health through use of prescriptive activities, recreation, and leisure The service delivery model - Correct Answers -The four components are diagnosis/needs assessment, treatment/rehabilitation of a problem or need, educational services, and prevention/health promotion activities. The ultimate goal is quality of life. The therapeutic recreation outcome model - Correct Answers -Extension of the service delivery model, looks at the products (outcomes) of the delivery of therapeutic recreation services, takes into account changes in functional capacities and health status which will ultimately impact quality of life. The leisure and well-being model - Correct Answers -The outcome for this model is well-being with the main areas of enhancing lesion experiences and developing resources, and these two areas are cyclical in nature Who were the standards of practice developed by? - Correct Answers -The American therapeutic recreation Association
What is epilepsy? - Correct Answers -A chronic brain disorder characterized by reoccurring attacks of abnormal sensory, motor, and psychological activity What is cerebral palsy? - Correct Answers -A developmental disorder that is characterized by problems, controlling movements. This is not a progressive disease. What is muscular dystrophy? - Correct Answers -A group of related diseases that affect the muscular skeletal system. This is a progressive disease. What is a spinal cord injury? - Correct Answers -Injury to the spinal cord may create weakness or numbness in the extremities past the site of the injury. Usually acquired through trauma location of injury has a large impact. What is multiple sclerosis? - Correct Answers -A disease that impacts the nervous system that causes deterioration of the myelin sheath. Can never have a complete recovery. What is diabetes mellitus? - Correct Answers -Has a large amounts of sugar in the blood and urine What is a person who is considered legally blind? - Correct Answers -Has visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye after correction or to a field of vision that is limited to an angle of 20° or less out of the normal 180° field of vision What are hearing impairments? - Correct Answers -Hearing losses are measured by the degree of speech heard per decibel level. The higher the number value, the more significant the loss. What is schizophrenia? - Correct Answers -Abnormalities in one or more of the following five domains: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized, thinking, grossly disorganized, or abnormal motor behavior, and negative symptoms What are delusions? - Correct Answers -Fixed beliefs that will not change, even though there's evidence that the belief is untrue What are auditory hallucinations? - Correct Answers -When people report voices that are distinct from their own thoughts What is disorganized thinking? - Correct Answers -When an individual switch is quickly from one topic to another an answer to a question that may be only marginally related or not related at all What is grossly disorganized motor behavior? - Correct Answers -Anything from downright silliness to extreme agitation
What is bipolar and related disorders? - Correct Answers -Those disorders that have a strong impact on emotions. Moods will swing. What is depression? - Correct Answers -A person must feel depressed most of the day for more days than not, and have two or more of the following symptoms: significant weight, loss, or gain, sleeplessness, or sleeping all the time, overall feeling of tiredness, feelings of hopelessness, inability, to concentrate, or make decisions, and thoughts of suicide What is a personality disorder? - Correct Answers -Enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individuals culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset and adolescence or early adulthood, is stable, overtime, and leads to distress or impairment What is addiction? - Correct Answers -Diction represents a powerful kind of attraction, for what may initially appear to be harmless kind of pleasure or personal release, but ultimately totally controls the individual and leads to shattering life consequences What are some common assessment that are used in rehabilitation units and hospitals?
- Correct Answers -The functional independence measure, the American, spinal injury, Association scale, the Rancho los amigos scale of cognitive functioning, the Glasgow coma, scale, and the children's coma scale What assessment needs to be done at an inpatient physical rehabilitation hospital in order to receive Medicare reimbursement? - Correct Answers -The inpatient rehabilitation family patient assessment instrument What are some common assessment is used in long-term care facilities? - Correct Answers -The global deterioration scale, the mini mental state, examination, and for Medicare reimbursement they must use the minimum data set for resident assessment and care screening What are commonly used in psychiatric settings? - Correct Answers -The multiaxial assessment system in the cross cutting symptom measures What are some sources that you can gain assessment information from? - Correct Answers -Medical records, educational records, interviews with family and friends, and other members of the treatment team What do you need to have the understanding of in order to select the most appropriate assessment tool? - Correct Answers -Reliability, validity, practicability, and availability What is reliability? - Correct Answers -Refers to the estimate of consistency of measurement
What is the criteria part of an objective? - Correct Answers -Describes how well/often the client must perform the behavior What topics need to be included in a discharge plan? - Correct Answers -Major goals, or problems, services received by the patient, the patient's response to the intervention or services, receives condition of the patient when discharged, and specific referrals/information or instructions given to the patient or patient's family What is SOAP documentation? - Correct Answers -It is primarily used in hospital settings and stands for subjective, objective, analysis, and plan. Subjective is a direct quote from a patient, objective is data that is gathered by observation of actions or behaviors, analysis is the interpretation from the subjective and objective behavior, and plan is what is recommended based on the info What is SOAPIE documentation? - Correct Answers -Builds off of SOAP notes, but adds intervention and evaluation When is charting by exception used? - Correct Answers -In agencies that have clearly detailed, clinical pathways or long-term care facilities. The only time it is necessary to chart is when there is a variance or exception from the typical course of recovery. What is an electronic health record? - Correct Answers -Refers to a patient's computerized health record that allows the team to have easy access to a patient's records and easily enter assessment, data, and progress notes What is international classification of diseases 10th edition? - Correct Answers -Used to classify disease and is written as a code. Each code represents a disease/disability/disorder that a patient presents and is used to compare reports of disease occurrences between countries What is the international classification of functioning, disability, and health? - Correct Answers -The ICF provides codes that health professionals score on the Laker scale to reflect a clients level of impairment with a body structure and function and barriers and facilitators, that affect impairment and difficulty What are the general charting guidelines? - Correct Answers -Right legibly, always use black pen, don't tamper with the record, if an error was made, draw a single line through it, do not vent anger or frustration with the family or patient in the chart, document services provided, and document, if services are refused, document, any incidents, sign, and date every entry What are the three major factors that influence the selection and implementation of intervention activities? - Correct Answers -Activity contents and process, client characteristics, and resource factors
What are the nine factors concerning activity characteristics of which the CTRS should be aware? - Correct Answers -Activities must have a direct relationship to the client goal. Functional intervention activities should focus on the ability of the activity to help the client reach goals. Functional intervention and leisure education activities should have very predominant characteristics that are related to the goal. Activity characteristics are important considerations for the successful implementation of a program. Client should be able to place an activity in some context in order for them to see it as useful. A single activity is not likely to produce change. Consider types of activities with choice. Program to the clients outcomes and priorities. Client involvement in activities should be enjoyable. What is an activity analysis? - Correct Answers -It helps the CT your ass, examined and activities, physical, social, emotional, and cognitive requirements in order to determine the skills, equipment, and materials necessary to successfully participate in the activity What is a task analysis? - Correct Answers -Breaking down a scale into its components or steps. Each task step becomes one measurable outcomes, for which objectives are prepared and progress is monitored What is a facilitation? - Correct Answers -A method or procedure used to intervene with client problems or needs What is positive reinforcement? - Correct Answers -The provision of a reinforcer that will cause the behavior to be repeated What is a reinforcer? - Correct Answers -Anything that causes a behavior to be repeated. It can be attention, food, etc.. What is modeling? - Correct Answers -The demonstration of desired behaviors What are the steps in risk management? - Correct Answers -Risk identification, risk evaluation, risk management, strategies, and risk management implementation, and reporting What should be included in an agency's plan of operation? - Correct Answers -Patient management functions and program management functions What should be included in a tr departments plan of operations? - Correct Answers -A written philosophy, that reflects the philosophy of the agency, overall goals for the program, and the purpose and function of TR within the agency What is the therapeutic recreation accountability model? - Correct Answers -Suggests that a thorough program design is important for creating accountable programs that can potentially provide client outcomes
What are the two parts of Medicare? - Correct Answers -Part A provides for hospital care, skilled, nursing care, home, health, care, and hospice services, and part B provides supplemental medical insurance, such as physician services, outpatient services, emergency department, visits, and medical equipment What is Medicaid? - Correct Answers -A combined program of state and federal insurance for qualified needy individuals. When finances have been depleted by medical care, Medicaid will pay the difference between income and cost of care. What does a risk management plan do? - Correct Answers -Evaluate the amount of risk that an area or piece of equipment may present and establish policies and procedures that staff must follow to reduce risk What is a revenue and expense/operating budget? - Correct Answers -It delineates the day today expenses and revenues for a year What is a capital expenditure budget? - Correct Answers -Is related to long-range planning, and usually spends 3 to 5 years What is a program budget? - Correct Answers -Focuses on reading, goals and objectives or allocating resources, basin, costs, and benefits of specific programs What is zero based budgeting? - Correct Answers -Requires a manager, is reevaluating the programs within their department annually What does a flexible budget? - Correct Answers -It allows a manager to adjust a budget, dependent upon unexpected occurrences What are the qualities of professionalism? - Correct Answers -An appropriate educational background, a professional organization as your major reference, individual beliefs and autonomy and self-regulation, believe in the value of your profession, having a calling to the profession, contributing to the body of knowledge, providing professional and community service, continuous, growing and learning, and following the TR process What are professional boundaries? - Correct Answers -Invisible structures imposed by legal and ethical standards What are the four states that require TR licensure? - Correct Answers -Utah, North Carolina, New Hampshire, and Oklahoma What is a least restrictive environment? - Correct Answers -Oh, it refers to placing a child in an environment where he can have the greatest success and adaptations would only be made when evidence indicates that a person with a disability needs changes to function
What is assessability? - Correct Answers -Making sure that everyone can participate in everything. This includes architectural accessibility program accessibility, and the skills required to access the resources now available to people with disabilities.
