NES ESOL Exam Question And Answers (All Quizzes with Answers 2023), Exams of Nursing

Download NES ESOL Exam Question And Answers (All Quizzes with Answers 2023) and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NES ESOL Exam Question And Answers (All Quizzes with Answers 2023) Morpheme - Correct Answer ✅in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) Acculturation - Correct Answer ✅Borrowing culture traits from another group. Incorporating new traits WITHOUT altering its own culture. Register - Correct Answer ✅The form of a language that is appropriate to a given situation. Varies depending on setting, relationships, linguistic interaction. Often students learn classroom langauge and are unable to speak in informal settings. Slang - Correct Answer ✅Any nonstandard form of a language. Derogative sense (words & phrases not proper for social interaction). Gives sense of community. Phonology - Correct Answer ✅SOUNDS of a langauge. The smallest unit of sound that can hold meaning is a (phoneme). Phonemic Awareness vs. Phonics - Correct Answer ✅Phonemic awareness precedes phonics instruction. Phonics = direct correspondence between letters & sounds (require presence of print). Alphabetic principle. Both needed as child prepares to read. NES ESOL Exam Question And Answers (All Quizzes with Answers 2023) Phonemes & Graphemes - Correct Answer ✅Phonetic alphabet /k/. Alphabetic symbols used to describe phoneme. Graphemes - an illustrative series of lettesr to describe sounds (phonemes). C in cold. K in kilogram. Long "i" as in "fly" or "igh" in sigh. Morphology - Correct Answer ✅the study of the structure of words. Words are constructed out of letters. The smallest meaningful unit of a morphological system is a (morpheme). EX: Boy can stand alone or boys with other letters. (Many English exceptions: man --- men). Syntax - Correct Answer ✅Basic structure of a sentence. Order of words to make sense. Phonetics - Correct Answer ✅The study of the sounds of language. Phones have distinct properties with respect to production. Real measureable sounds rather than sound unites (phonemes). Minimal Pairs - Correct Answer ✅A pair of words that differ by only a single sound and are recognized by speakers as different words. i.e. bat/cat or hare/dare Onset & Rime - Correct Answer ✅The sound that initiates a syllable while the vowel & any consonants after the vowel are called the rime. i.e. "Boy" - "B" is onset, "oy" is rime. NES ESOL Exam Question And Answers (All Quizzes with Answers 2023) B-D-TH (then)-V-L-R-Z-J (jane) Nasalization - Correct Answer ✅Sounds produced by allowing some of the sound to go through the nose; m, n and ng sounds in English Homophones - Correct Answer ✅sound exactly alike, but have different spellings and meanings Allophone - Correct Answer ✅Changes in pronunciation depending upon phoneme position in a word. Phones that make up one phoneme ("All the phones"). EX: Keep /k/ = farther forward; /iy/ is a high front. Cool /k/ = farther back; /uw/ is a high back. Ethnocentrism - Correct Answer ✅tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups Assimilation - Correct Answer ✅Individuals are absorbed into the new society after being the member of a different one. Voluntary or forced. Learning new language, values, and norms. Easier for the young. Code-switching - Correct Answer ✅Changing from one mode of speech to another as the situation demands, whether from one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another. NES ESOL Exam Question And Answers (All Quizzes with Answers 2023) Psycholinguistics - Correct Answer ✅the branch of cognitive psychology that studies the psychological basis of linguistic competence and performance Proxemics - Correct Answer ✅study of personal space Circumlocution - Correct Answer ✅an indirect way of expressing something. Using too many words to express a simple idea. Phonemic Awareness - Correct Answer ✅The understanding that words are made up of individual speech sounds. It does not require written language because it is based on speech. Language Interference - Correct Answer ✅The effect of a learner's first language on their production of the language they are learning. This may be negative (as a source of errors) or positive (feature of both languages is the same therefore resulting in correct language production). Communicative Competence - Correct Answer ✅The ability of an individual to comprehend incoming messages and effectively communicate responses in ways that are appropriate for a given situation. NES ESOL Exam Question And Answers (All Quizzes with Answers 2023) Multiple Intelligences - Correct Answer ✅learning theory that suggests people can be strong in one or more of eight natural intelligences: logical/mathematical, visual/spatial, body/kinesthetic, musical/rhythmic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, verbal/linguistic, and/or naturalist Systems of Language - Correct Answer ✅Learning sounds, how words are built (morphology), the meanings of sounds (syntax) and the particular situations these words are used. Need to know the social context. Students learn language systems by listening & observing others as well as explanations. Involve students in groups. Language Domains - Correct Answer ✅Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing. Woodcock-Munoz - Correct Answer ✅Language survey - placement test. Establishes proficiency level in English or Spanish. Norm-referenced measures general intellectual ability. BICS - Correct Answer ✅Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills. Social communication. Basic expressions & linguistic formations to conduct in normal conversation (playground, cafeteria, bus, etc.). Acquire w/in 6-24 months. NES ESOL Exam Question And Answers (All Quizzes with Answers 2023) Additive Bilingualism - Correct Answer ✅Seeks to improve skills in both first and second languages. Uses 2 langauge to reinforce each other. Sheltered English Instruction - Correct Answer ✅Similar to language immersion. With comprehensible input (understandable to the students). Teacher encourages interaction with small groups and cooperative learning. Hands on activities. Students more interactive. Use students background knowledge. Instructional strategies and state objectives. Sheltered instruction vs. ESL Program Models - Correct Answer ✅Sheltered: Focus on mastery of content area. Follows mainstream scope and sequence. Certified sheltered instructor and in content area. ESL: Focus is on language development (English skills). Follow no prescribed scope and sequence. Both encourage self-monitoring and reflection of performance. Primary approach to language development prior to 1960 - Correct Answer ✅Immersion Pull-out ESL - Correct Answer ✅1) Content taught in native language. Seperate English instruction in developing language skills. 2)Methods don't necessarily connect with content. 3)Take majority of school day. NES ESOL Exam Question And Answers (All Quizzes with Answers 2023) DANGER- no content is learned. Difficulty transferring knoweldge of English skills to core curriculum. Avoided unless needed for intense language development (Newcomers). Dual-Immersion Programs - Correct Answer ✅Groups studnets with different 1st languages & encourage to learn each others language. Promotes true bilingualism & respect for cultures. Improves native language skills as a result of explaining (teaching) peers (forces to analyze language). Fewer problems integrating non-English speakers into student body. Developmental Bilingual Education - Correct Answer ✅students continue to maintain their primary language while learning a second language/ Transitional Bilingual Education (ESL) - Correct Answer ✅Methods for teaching second language incorporated. Content area instruction in primary & secondary language. Over time more English. Assessment in 1st language & given direct instruction to obtain CALP. Aligns with Krashen's input hypothesis - Students should receive gradually increasing levels of difficulty. Immersion Programs - Submersion - Correct Answer ✅Very little structured support for English acquisition. Studnets thrust into content area class. Instruction in English only w/ little scaffolding. Lowest results. NES ESOL Exam Question And Answers (All Quizzes with Answers 2023) 5 Categories of discourse - Correct Answer ✅(Under functional-notional approach) 1) Personal - elaborating own thoughts, feelings 2) Interpersonal - to maintain positive social & professional relationships (apologies, invitations). 3) Directive - to change actions of others (instructions, permission, directions). 4)Referential - describes things, actions, events, or people. To discuss abstract concepts. 5) Imaginative - fictional dialogue; creative solutions to concrete problems. 3 Stages of Language Acquisition Continuum - Correct Answer ✅Stage 1: One-Way Communication. Listen but don't speak (Silent Period). Stage 2: Partial Two Way Communication. Listen & Respond w/ gestures or native language. Stage 3: Full Two-Way Communication. Respond w/ language chunks -- sentences. Ausubel's 6 Motivational Needs - Correct Answer ✅1. Exploration 2. Manipulation 3. Activity NES ESOL Exam Question And Answers (All Quizzes with Answers 2023) 1) Sensorimotor Intelligence: 0-2; physical 2) Preoperational Thought: 2-7; physical improvement & conceptual. 3) Concrete Operations: 7-11; Logic. 4) Formal Operations: 11-15; abstract, conceptual. Social Interactionist Model (L1) - Correct Answer ✅Relationships of newborn w/ caregivers. Child speaks in the manner of syntax of those who speak to him. Uses those systems w/ outside systems to interact. (Unexplained improvision by child) Sociocultural Theory (L1) - Correct Answer ✅Vygotsky & Bronfenbrenner. Language result of interpersonal communication. Internalized as intramersonal. "Zone of Proximal Development" & Scaffolding Ausubel's Learning Theory (Cognitive Learning Theories) - Correct Answer ✅Higher-order thinking skills. Internal coding & structuring. Active participant in process. Building blocks of knowledge prerequisite relationships of context. Structuring, organizing sequencing info. Input Hypothesis (Comprehensible Input) (L2) - Correct Answer ✅Stephen Krashen. Info slightly above ability level. Level should raise as ability increases. Self-instruction techniques work better- reciprocal teaching & scaffolding are needed from the teacher. NES ESOL Exam Question And Answers (All Quizzes with Answers 2023) Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis (L2) - Correct Answer ✅Acquisition as means of fluencey over language language learning. Acquisition- subconscious process where vocab & grammar are slowly absorbed as in L1. Learning - conscious study & knowledge of vocab & rules of grammar. Monitor Hypothesis - Correct Answer ✅How grammar influences acquisition. Student monitors consciously the discourse he hears in the future. These rules help refine speech. Temperment influences language monitor. Extroverts tend to ignore rules - Introverts strive for perfection. Steven Pinker (L1) - Correct Answer ✅Agreed with Chomsky's innate language thoery but added -capacity is result of evolution. -people develop a predisposition to language for survival. Communication increases survival odds. Stephen Krashen - Correct Answer ✅Comprehensible Input. Acquisition Learning Monitor Natural Order Input NES ESOL Exam Question And Answers (All Quizzes with Answers 2023) Affective Filter Joshua Fishman - Correct Answer ✅Dialect credibility. Sociolinguist. Survival of obscure lang. which he describes as important artifacts of culture - Gallic, Yiddish, & Welsh. -Societal forces that cause all langauges thrive or disappear. Dell Hymes & Basil Bernstein - Correct Answer ✅Hymes: Sociolinguist. Interactions between language & cultural context. S- setting & scene P - participants E - ends (goals or intentions) A - act sequence (structure of linguistic interaction) K - key (gestures or inflections to create tone or mood) I - instrumentalities (methods of speech) N - norms G - genre Bernstein: restricted code (familiar by cultural group) & elaborated code (unfamiliar by culture). [speech w/in a culture] Jim Cummins - Correct Answer ✅BICS (informal) - Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills NES ESOL Exam Question And Answers (All Quizzes with Answers 2023) 1) Pre-production: silent period. 0-6 months. 500 words. Learning BICS. 2) Early production: 3m - 1yr. 1,000 words. 1-2 word responses. Chunks. 3)Speech Emergence: 1-3yrs. 7,000 words. Sentence phrases. 4) Intermediate fluency: 3-4yrs.12,000 words. CALP. Engage in discourse. Sociocognitive Approach - Correct Answer ✅- True competence is demonstrated in ability to express oneself in different social contexts. - Conversation in social context emphasized (primary). - Ability to modify in different contexts & audiences. Tells if person has true language proficiency. Communicative Strategy Approach - Correct Answer ✅(Dialogues) - Comprehension comes before productino of speech or writing. - Goal: create meaningful communication. - Teacher needs to create a positive learning environment. - Lang. acquired through interaction. - Prescribed vocab & expressions needed. Audiolingual Method - Correct Answer ✅- Repetition of structural patterns. - Grammar taught inductively after learned the structure. NES ESOL Exam Question And Answers (All Quizzes with Answers 2023) - New vocab. is rigidly controlled - Linguistic patterns learned by rote. Community Language Learning Method - Correct Answer ✅- Lower affective filters. - Teacher as counselor making students comfortable. - Stages: 1) dependent on teacher 2) contact w/ target group 3) speak to target group members 4) speak freely (refine skills) Functional-Notional Method - Correct Answer ✅(Communicative Approach) - Emphasizes organized syllables of language. - Teachers divide language into units, bu social context. - Situations in which student is forced to express himself in English "notions" - expressions of language. - To equip w/ notions for every common social situation. NES ESOL Exam Question And Answers (All Quizzes with Answers 2023) Reading Method - Correct Answer ✅-Practical & academic benefits. but only appropriate for those not living in English speaking community & for whom reading is the most important skill. - Improve reading (establishing curent events & historical knoweldge). - Grammar limited to what is necessary for reading comprehension & fluency. - No pronunciation or convention skills. - Focus on Vocab. Direct Method - Correct Answer ✅-Lessons begin w/ dialogue. - Translation. - Series of questions. - Learn rules of grammar through induction (generalize from practice). - Do not read advanced lit until mastery. Grammar-Translation Method - Correct Answer ✅(In ESL classroom). - Taught in primary language - Little use of English - Vocab Lists - Grammar rules - Read text & translate - Little spoken work NES ESOL Exam Question And Answers (All Quizzes with Answers 2023) - sentence transformations (replace antecedents w/ nouns). Serna vs. Portales - Correct Answer ✅When a substantial group of students w/ LEP was present, bilingual ed was required. Keyes vs. School District - Correct Answer ✅Denver, CO. Bilingual Ed. LEP students should receive instruction in native language and English until English proficiency is acheived. Castenada vs. Pickard - Correct Answer ✅1981. Required plan for LEP Students. Qualified staff of ESOL Evaluative protocol. Problem: Did not apply nessarily to bilingual education as was supposed to. Meyer vs. Nebraska - Correct Answer ✅Benchmark Case after WWI -schools cannot limit learning by forcing English only learning. - Offer instruction in other languages than English. - Parents have right to choose Ed. preferences. NES ESOL Exam Question And Answers (All Quizzes with Answers 2023) Flores vs. Arizona - Correct Answer ✅Appeal to do more to fund ELL students instruction. Aspira vs. NY Board of Education - Correct Answer ✅Testing for students in English & their native language required. Lau vs. Nichols - Correct Answer ✅1974. Class action suit by Chinese students who were not getting help learning English. Required programs for ELL students. Equal Education Opportunity Act 1974 - Correct Answer ✅- prohibits discrimination against faculty, staff, and students, including racial segregation of students - requires school districts to take action to overcome barriers to students' equal participation - Required programs, Eglish and native langauge, mainstream, consultants & trainings, more fed $ given. No Child Left Behind (NCCLB) - Correct Answer ✅2002. Terminatedthe bilingual education act. - did away with native language programs (bilingual ed). - students must be tested in English annually. - programs are left up to schools. NES ESOL Exam Question And Answers (All Quizzes with Answers 2023) Felton Case - Correct Answer ✅Agostini v. Felton 1999. - Landmark decision overuled Agular v. Felton. - It is not a violation of 1st Amendment for a state-sponsored ed initiative to allow public school teachers to instruct at religious schools for learning disabilities students. Bilingual Education Act - Correct Answer ✅1968. On cuff of Civil Rights Movement. Law that provided federal assistance to school districts for developing bilingual education programs.