Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

Neurogenics Midterm Exam Questions with Answers Latest 2024/2025 Updates, Exams of Neurology

Neurogenics Midterm Exam Questions with Answers Latest 2024/2025 Updates

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 07/15/2024

hesigrader002
hesigrader002 🇺🇸

4.1

(40)

3.6K documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Neurogenics Midterm Exam Questions with Answers Latest 2024/2025 Updates and more Exams Neurology in PDF only on Docsity!

1 / Neurogenics Midterm Exam Questions with Answers Latest 2024/ Updates

  1. what is a neuro- genic communica- tion disorder?
  2. what are some ex- amples of neuro- genic communica- tion disorders?
  3. what are some settings in which SLPs provide thera- py for a neurogenic communication dis- oder?
  4. Why is it impor- tant to know & understand neuro- genic communica- tion disorders even if you never plan on working in a clinical setting? -a problem with communication as a result of damage to the brain or other part of the nervous system -An impairment in the ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend concepts of verbal, non-verbal, and graphic symbol systems. May also affect hear- ing/speech. o Aphasias o Dysarthria o Apraxia of speech o Right hemisphere disorders o Traumatic brain injury o Dementia o Schizophrenia · Skilled nursing facility · Acute care facility · Rehabilitation facility · Outpatient rehabilitation facility · Home healthcare · Hospice care · Children's hospital · Schools SLPs treat communicative difficulties that result from neurogenic disorders in a variety of other settings as well
  5. cognition ability to process thought

2 / Neurogenics Midterm Exam Questions with Answers Latest 2024/ Updates

  1. language symbol set used to communicate meaning (ex. verbal, written, sign)
  2. speech sounds that the mouth makes to produce words

3 / Neurogenics Midterm Exam Questions with Answers Latest 2024/ Updates

  1. cognition compo- nents
  2. language compo- nents
  3. speech compo- nents
    • attention
    • memory
    • sequencing -problem solving -executive functioning phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, and prag- matics respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation, prosody
  4. what is cognition? the mental process of knowing in which we acquire and act upon knowledge
  5. general cognitive functions perceiving remembering understanding judging reasoning
  6. perceiving noticing something with senses
  7. remembering store information gathered through perception
  8. understanding know meaning of information
  9. judging form an opinion about the information
  10. reasoning doing something with the information
  11. divisions of cogni- tion arousal orienting orientation problem solving inferencing executive functions

4 / Neurogenics Midterm Exam Questions with Answers Latest 2024/ Updates

  1. arousal ability to respond to stimuli

3 /

  1. orienting ability to direct attention to stimuli
  2. orientation ability to know who you are, where you are, when you are
  3. problem solving ability to choose, apply, and evaluate a strategy to solve a problem
  4. inferencing ability to interpret the overall meaning of details
  5. (^) executive functions ability to employ lower level cognitive functions to meet goals
  6. (^) attention a persons ability to hold focus on a stimulus in the environment
  7. vigilance ability to stay alert
  8. sustained attention the^ ability^ to^ hold^ attention^ on^ a^ single^ stimulus over a period of time
  9. selective attention ability^ to^ hold^ attention^ on^ a^ stimulus^ while ignoring competing stimuli
  10. alternating atten- tion ability to alternate attention back and forth between stimuli (ex. different tasks)
  11. (^) divided attention ability to focus on two stimuli simultaneously (ex. mul- titasking)
  12. (^) memory the storage of information
  13. working memory ability to hold infinite amount of information for imme- diate processing & manipulation
  14. short term memory ability to retain information for 30 seconds up to a few hours
  15. long term memory ability to retain information over days, months, or years

4 / (non) declarative memory ability to remember facts (declarative: consciously; non declarative: unconsciously)

  1. procedural memory ability to remember sequences of actions needed to complete a task
  2. episodic memory ability to recall specific & recent events (ex. vacation)
  3. semantic memory ability to recall general knowledge
  4. what do cognitive disorders affect?
  5. expressive lan- guage executive functioning, attention, memory, problem solving (ex. TBI) words we assign to our ideas to express the meaning of our thoughts to others (spoken & written)
  6. receptive language ability to understand spoken & written language (com- prehension)
  7. parts of language 1. content (semantics) 2.form (grammar) 3.use (pragmatics)
  8. content the meaning of language
  9. form the shape/form of language (phonology, morphology, syntax)
  10. use the practical use of language
  11. what do language disorders affect?
  12. what do speech dis- orders affect?
  13. speech, language, and cognition deficits occur?

5 / semantics, syntax, morphology, phonology, and/or pragmatics (ex. aphasia) respiration, phonation, articulation, prosody (ex. dysarthria) separately or co-occur

6 /

  1. deficits in language and cognition usu- ally?
  2. parts of cognition that remain intact in healthy again
  3. parts of cognition that decline and are non pathological in healthy aging
  4. parts of language that stay intact in healthy aging
  5. parts of language that decline slightly but are non-patho- logical in healthy aging
  6. speech healthy ag- ing co-occur
    • orientation -sustained attention -divided attention for basic tasks -long term memory -procedural memory -executive functions -selective attention -divided attention for complex tasks -short term memory -episodic memory -declarative memory -working memory -processing of functional verbal language -overall comprehension -processing of verbal language slows -reading slows -word finding (ex. names) speech and voice production remain overall typical
  7. prevalence how commonly a disease or condition occurs in a population
  8. incidence rate of occurrence of new cases of a disease or con- dition

7 /

  1. 3 most common (prevalence) migraine, stroke, alzheimers

8 /

58.^3 most^ common^ (in- cidence) stroke, alzheimers, parkinsons

  1. CNS -brain and spinal cord -encased in bone
  2. PNS -cranial & spinal nerves -12 pairs of cranial nerves -31 pairs of spinal nerves -encased in soft tissue
  3. descending efferent (brain to body)
  4. ascending afferent (body to brain)
  5. Paul Broca -discovered that speech is localized in the left front of the brain and found that, that part of the brain was crucial for speech production -damage to area is called Broca's aphasia
  6. Karl Wernicke -found that receptive language and speech distur- bances come from an area near the temporal lobe -Wernicke's area
  7. neuroscience to- -molecular neuroscience day: levels of analy- -cellular neuroscience sis -systems neuroscience -behavioral neuroscience -cognitive neuroscience
  8. molecular science most elementary level. The concept that brain matter consists of molecules that play crucial roles in brain function. They are messengers that allow neuron com-

9 / munication

  1. cellular science how molecules work together
  2. systems neuro- different circuits of neurons that work together to cre- science ate a function (ex. vision, movement)

10 /

  1. behavioral neuro- science
  2. cognitive neuro- science
  3. neuroscience to- day: scientific process how neural systems work together to produce integrat- ed behaviors neural mechanisms responsible for the higher levels of human mental activity
    • observation
    • replication
    • interpretation
    • verification
  4. observation experiments designed to test a particular hypothesis
  5. replication repeat the experiment on different subjects
  6. interpretation depends on state of knowledge or mind set
  7. verification experiment can be reproduced by other scientists
  8. superior/inferior high/low
  9. anterior/posterior front/back
  10. lateral/medial away from midline/towards midline
  11. proximal/distal nearest point to limb attachment/farthest point to limb attachment
  12. peripheral/central toward the outside/toward the center
  13. ipsilateral/contralat- eral same side/opposite side
  14. supine/pronate face up/face down
  15. 3 primary types of white matter 1.association fibers 2.commissural fibers 3.projection fibers

11 /

  1. association fibers located within a single cerebral hemisphere. they con- nect different areas within the hemispheres

12 /

  1. commissural fibers located between the two cerebral hemispheres and connects the two
  2. projection fibers brain to spinal cord -transmits motor movements from CNS to PNS (effer- ent) -transmits sensory info from the PNS to CNS (afferent)
  3. What three gross structures consti- tute the brain? 1.cerebrum (cortical) 2.brainstem (subcortical) 3.cerebellum (subcortical)
  4. cerebrum largest and most prominent part of the brain
  5. functions of cere- brum
  6. what is the cere- brum made up of? consciousness, language, cognition, body movements gyri, sulci, and fissures
  7. gyri ridges of the brain
  8. sulci valleys of the brain
  9. fissures deep grooves of the brain -they divide each hemisphere into 4 lobes
  10. cerebral cortex surface tissue of the cerebrum (gray matter)
  11. gray matter -unmyelinated neurons -processing and regulating
  12. white matter -myelinated axons -transmission of impulses
  13. 3 layers of cerebral meninges
    1. dura mater

13 / dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

14 / "tough mother" a protective outer layer of tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord

  1. arachnoid mater "spider mother" -middle layer of tissue that wraps brain and spinal cord -supplies blood to surface of the brain and contains many blood vessels
  2. subarach noid space a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid mem- brane and above the pia mater that contains the cere- brospinal fluid
  3. pia mater "gentle/soft mother" most delicate inner layer that closely hugs surface of the brain and spinal cord & is rising and falling the grooves of the brain
  4. Cerebral Spinal Flu- id (CSF) fluid between meninges -protects brain & spinal cord from trauma -delivers nutrients to nervous system tissue -removes waste from cerebral metabolism -if you don't sleep, brain cant get rid of waste
  5. ventricular system a system of fluid-filled cavities inside the brain -2 lateral ventricles -third ventricle -fourth ventricle
  6. which fissure sep- arates the left and right hemispheres?
  7. What major band of commissural fibers connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?
  8. split brain syn- drome

15 / longitudinal fissures the corpus callosum left^ and^ right hemisphere^ can no^ longer communicate

16 /

  1. montreal procedure Created by Wilder Penfield, a procedure to treat epilepsy in which the neurons that produced seizures were surgically destroyed -this procedure allows us to study the two hemispheres and map out the brain
  2. Right cerebral hemisphere
  3. what does damage to the right cerebral hemisphere cause? nonlinguistic functions: facial expressions, body lan- guage, gestures, prosody, visuospatial processing, at- tention prosopagnosia, amuse
  4. prosopagnosia inability to recognize faces
  5. amusia the impaired detection of frequency changes (tone deafness)
  6. Left Cerebral Hemi- sphere
  7. what does damage to the left hemi- sphere cause? expressive language: brocas areas receptive language: wernicke's area damage to brocas area: brocas aphasia damage to wernickes area: wernickes area
  8. Frontal Lobe -broca's area: expressive language -prefrontal cortex: personality & memory -primary motor cortex (aka motor homunculus): motor movements -left primary motor cortex: motor plans for right side of body -PLUS motor plans for speech (damage=apraxia of speech)

17 / -right primary motor cortex: motor plans for left side of body

  1. Parietal Lobe -primary sensory cortex: sensory info -AKA sensory strip (sensory homunculus) -receives tactile/proprioceptive info

18 /

  1. parietal association cortex -left primary sensory cortex: info from right side of body -right primary sensory cortex: info from left side of body processing and integration of sensory information from primary sensory cortex
  2. Motor Hounculus -aka "little man" -motor strip -motor movement control
  3. sensory homuncu- lus -sensory strip -processing of sensory information
  4. Temporal Lobe -wernicke's area: receptive language -hippocampi "seahorse": moves experiences from short term memory to long term memory -primary auditory cortex: receives neural impulses of sound from ears -left primary aud cortex: verbal lang -right primary aud cortex: environmental sounds & music
  5. occipital lobe primary visual cortex: recieves visual info from the eyes left primary visual cortex: right eye right primary visual cortex: left eye visual association cortex: processing & interpretation of visual info from primary visual cortex allows for visual perception (damage=visual agnosia)
  6. Which sulci run lat- erally and divide the frontal and tempo- ral lobes?
  7. Which sulci run su- periorly to inferior- ly and divide the

19 / lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure) central sulcus

20 / frontal and parietal lobes?

  1. what are the struc- tures of the subcor- tex? brainstem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, thalamus
  2. brainstem -regulator: arousal, respiration, blood pressure 3 main divisions: -medulla: motor fibers to other side of body -pons: attaches cerebellum to CNS -midbrain: substantia nigra
  3. cerebellum the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance