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1 / Neurogenics Midterm Exam Questions with Answers Latest 2024/ Updates
- what is a neuro- genic communica- tion disorder?
- what are some ex- amples of neuro- genic communica- tion disorders?
- what are some settings in which SLPs provide thera- py for a neurogenic communication dis- oder?
- Why is it impor- tant to know & understand neuro- genic communica- tion disorders even if you never plan on working in a clinical setting? -a problem with communication as a result of damage to the brain or other part of the nervous system -An impairment in the ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend concepts of verbal, non-verbal, and graphic symbol systems. May also affect hear- ing/speech. o Aphasias o Dysarthria o Apraxia of speech o Right hemisphere disorders o Traumatic brain injury o Dementia o Schizophrenia · Skilled nursing facility · Acute care facility · Rehabilitation facility · Outpatient rehabilitation facility · Home healthcare · Hospice care · Children's hospital · Schools SLPs treat communicative difficulties that result from neurogenic disorders in a variety of other settings as well
- cognition ability to process thought
2 / Neurogenics Midterm Exam Questions with Answers Latest 2024/ Updates
- language symbol set used to communicate meaning (ex. verbal, written, sign)
- speech sounds that the mouth makes to produce words
3 / Neurogenics Midterm Exam Questions with Answers Latest 2024/ Updates
- cognition compo- nents
- language compo- nents
- speech compo- nents
- attention
- memory
- sequencing -problem solving -executive functioning phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, and prag- matics respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation, prosody
- what is cognition? the mental process of knowing in which we acquire and act upon knowledge
- general cognitive functions perceiving remembering understanding judging reasoning
- perceiving noticing something with senses
- remembering store information gathered through perception
- understanding know meaning of information
- judging form an opinion about the information
- reasoning doing something with the information
- divisions of cogni- tion arousal orienting orientation problem solving inferencing executive functions
4 / Neurogenics Midterm Exam Questions with Answers Latest 2024/ Updates
- arousal ability to respond to stimuli
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- orienting ability to direct attention to stimuli
- orientation ability to know who you are, where you are, when you are
- problem solving ability to choose, apply, and evaluate a strategy to solve a problem
- inferencing ability to interpret the overall meaning of details
- (^) executive functions ability to employ lower level cognitive functions to meet goals
- (^) attention a persons ability to hold focus on a stimulus in the environment
- vigilance ability to stay alert
- sustained attention the^ ability^ to^ hold^ attention^ on^ a^ single^ stimulus over a period of time
- selective attention ability^ to^ hold^ attention^ on^ a^ stimulus^ while ignoring competing stimuli
- alternating atten- tion ability to alternate attention back and forth between stimuli (ex. different tasks)
- (^) divided attention ability to focus on two stimuli simultaneously (ex. mul- titasking)
- (^) memory the storage of information
- working memory ability to hold infinite amount of information for imme- diate processing & manipulation
- short term memory ability to retain information for 30 seconds up to a few hours
- long term memory ability to retain information over days, months, or years
4 / (non) declarative memory ability to remember facts (declarative: consciously; non declarative: unconsciously)
- procedural memory ability to remember sequences of actions needed to complete a task
- episodic memory ability to recall specific & recent events (ex. vacation)
- semantic memory ability to recall general knowledge
- what do cognitive disorders affect?
- expressive lan- guage executive functioning, attention, memory, problem solving (ex. TBI) words we assign to our ideas to express the meaning of our thoughts to others (spoken & written)
- receptive language ability to understand spoken & written language (com- prehension)
- parts of language 1. content (semantics) 2.form (grammar) 3.use (pragmatics)
- content the meaning of language
- form the shape/form of language (phonology, morphology, syntax)
- use the practical use of language
- what do language disorders affect?
- what do speech dis- orders affect?
- speech, language, and cognition deficits occur?
5 / semantics, syntax, morphology, phonology, and/or pragmatics (ex. aphasia) respiration, phonation, articulation, prosody (ex. dysarthria) separately or co-occur
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- deficits in language and cognition usu- ally?
- parts of cognition that remain intact in healthy again
- parts of cognition that decline and are non pathological in healthy aging
- parts of language that stay intact in healthy aging
- parts of language that decline slightly but are non-patho- logical in healthy aging
- speech healthy ag- ing co-occur
- orientation -sustained attention -divided attention for basic tasks -long term memory -procedural memory -executive functions -selective attention -divided attention for complex tasks -short term memory -episodic memory -declarative memory -working memory -processing of functional verbal language -overall comprehension -processing of verbal language slows -reading slows -word finding (ex. names) speech and voice production remain overall typical
- prevalence how commonly a disease or condition occurs in a population
- incidence rate of occurrence of new cases of a disease or con- dition
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- 3 most common (prevalence) migraine, stroke, alzheimers
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58.^3 most^ common^ (in- cidence) stroke, alzheimers, parkinsons
- CNS -brain and spinal cord -encased in bone
- PNS -cranial & spinal nerves -12 pairs of cranial nerves -31 pairs of spinal nerves -encased in soft tissue
- descending efferent (brain to body)
- ascending afferent (body to brain)
- Paul Broca -discovered that speech is localized in the left front of the brain and found that, that part of the brain was crucial for speech production -damage to area is called Broca's aphasia
- Karl Wernicke -found that receptive language and speech distur- bances come from an area near the temporal lobe -Wernicke's area
- neuroscience to- -molecular neuroscience day: levels of analy- -cellular neuroscience sis -systems neuroscience -behavioral neuroscience -cognitive neuroscience
- molecular science most elementary level. The concept that brain matter consists of molecules that play crucial roles in brain function. They are messengers that allow neuron com-
9 / munication
- cellular science how molecules work together
- systems neuro- different circuits of neurons that work together to cre- science ate a function (ex. vision, movement)
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- behavioral neuro- science
- cognitive neuro- science
- neuroscience to- day: scientific process how neural systems work together to produce integrat- ed behaviors neural mechanisms responsible for the higher levels of human mental activity
- observation
- replication
- interpretation
- verification
- observation experiments designed to test a particular hypothesis
- replication repeat the experiment on different subjects
- interpretation depends on state of knowledge or mind set
- verification experiment can be reproduced by other scientists
- superior/inferior high/low
- anterior/posterior front/back
- lateral/medial away from midline/towards midline
- proximal/distal nearest point to limb attachment/farthest point to limb attachment
- peripheral/central toward the outside/toward the center
- ipsilateral/contralat- eral same side/opposite side
- supine/pronate face up/face down
- 3 primary types of white matter 1.association fibers 2.commissural fibers 3.projection fibers
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- association fibers located within a single cerebral hemisphere. they con- nect different areas within the hemispheres
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- commissural fibers located between the two cerebral hemispheres and connects the two
- projection fibers brain to spinal cord -transmits motor movements from CNS to PNS (effer- ent) -transmits sensory info from the PNS to CNS (afferent)
- What three gross structures consti- tute the brain? 1.cerebrum (cortical) 2.brainstem (subcortical) 3.cerebellum (subcortical)
- cerebrum largest and most prominent part of the brain
- functions of cere- brum
- what is the cere- brum made up of? consciousness, language, cognition, body movements gyri, sulci, and fissures
- gyri ridges of the brain
- sulci valleys of the brain
- fissures deep grooves of the brain -they divide each hemisphere into 4 lobes
- cerebral cortex surface tissue of the cerebrum (gray matter)
- gray matter -unmyelinated neurons -processing and regulating
- white matter -myelinated axons -transmission of impulses
- 3 layers of cerebral meninges
- dura mater
13 / dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
14 / "tough mother" a protective outer layer of tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord
- arachnoid mater "spider mother" -middle layer of tissue that wraps brain and spinal cord -supplies blood to surface of the brain and contains many blood vessels
- subarach noid space a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid mem- brane and above the pia mater that contains the cere- brospinal fluid
- pia mater "gentle/soft mother" most delicate inner layer that closely hugs surface of the brain and spinal cord & is rising and falling the grooves of the brain
- Cerebral Spinal Flu- id (CSF) fluid between meninges -protects brain & spinal cord from trauma -delivers nutrients to nervous system tissue -removes waste from cerebral metabolism -if you don't sleep, brain cant get rid of waste
- ventricular system a system of fluid-filled cavities inside the brain -2 lateral ventricles -third ventricle -fourth ventricle
- which fissure sep- arates the left and right hemispheres?
- What major band of commissural fibers connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?
- split brain syn- drome
15 / longitudinal fissures the corpus callosum left^ and^ right hemisphere^ can no^ longer communicate
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- montreal procedure Created by Wilder Penfield, a procedure to treat epilepsy in which the neurons that produced seizures were surgically destroyed -this procedure allows us to study the two hemispheres and map out the brain
- Right cerebral hemisphere
- what does damage to the right cerebral hemisphere cause? nonlinguistic functions: facial expressions, body lan- guage, gestures, prosody, visuospatial processing, at- tention prosopagnosia, amuse
- prosopagnosia inability to recognize faces
- amusia the impaired detection of frequency changes (tone deafness)
- Left Cerebral Hemi- sphere
- what does damage to the left hemi- sphere cause? expressive language: brocas areas receptive language: wernicke's area damage to brocas area: brocas aphasia damage to wernickes area: wernickes area
- Frontal Lobe -broca's area: expressive language -prefrontal cortex: personality & memory -primary motor cortex (aka motor homunculus): motor movements -left primary motor cortex: motor plans for right side of body -PLUS motor plans for speech (damage=apraxia of speech)
17 / -right primary motor cortex: motor plans for left side of body
- Parietal Lobe -primary sensory cortex: sensory info -AKA sensory strip (sensory homunculus) -receives tactile/proprioceptive info
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- parietal association cortex -left primary sensory cortex: info from right side of body -right primary sensory cortex: info from left side of body processing and integration of sensory information from primary sensory cortex
- Motor Hounculus -aka "little man" -motor strip -motor movement control
- sensory homuncu- lus -sensory strip -processing of sensory information
- Temporal Lobe -wernicke's area: receptive language -hippocampi "seahorse": moves experiences from short term memory to long term memory -primary auditory cortex: receives neural impulses of sound from ears -left primary aud cortex: verbal lang -right primary aud cortex: environmental sounds & music
- occipital lobe primary visual cortex: recieves visual info from the eyes left primary visual cortex: right eye right primary visual cortex: left eye visual association cortex: processing & interpretation of visual info from primary visual cortex allows for visual perception (damage=visual agnosia)
- Which sulci run lat- erally and divide the frontal and tempo- ral lobes?
- Which sulci run su- periorly to inferior- ly and divide the
19 / lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure) central sulcus
20 / frontal and parietal lobes?
- what are the struc- tures of the subcor- tex? brainstem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, thalamus
- brainstem -regulator: arousal, respiration, blood pressure 3 main divisions: -medulla: motor fibers to other side of body -pons: attaches cerebellum to CNS -midbrain: substantia nigra
- cerebellum the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance