New CNPR Exam/NAPSR Final Exam, Exams of Nursing

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New CNPR Exam/NAPSR Final Exam

How are drugs sorted into therapeutic groups and classes?

• First by conditions that they are used to treat, and then by their mechanisms of action
• First by their mechanisms of action, and then their therapeutic effects
• First by their side effects, and then by their therapeutic effects
• First by their toxicity, and then by their effectiveness
• First by their mechanisms of action, and then their therapeutic effects (Cam) Bone marrow transplants...
• ...Require that the patient first undergo chemotherapy or radiation to kill the diseased stem cells and promote white blood cell production
• ...Are type of stem cell therapy, unless patient's own cells are reinjected.
• ...Are always a type of stem cell therapy
• ...Can help people with leukemia, a condition in which the body does not produce enough white blood cells
• ...Can help people with leukemia, a condition in which the body does not produce enough white blood cells (Cam)
• ...Require that the patient first undergo chemotherapy or radiation to kill the diseased stem cells and promote white blood cell production (Correct) What does AMA stand for?
• American Medical Academy
• American Medical Accreditation
• American Medical Association
• Association of Medical Assistants
• American Medical Association (Cam) What section of a drug's package insert describes situations in which the drug should not be used because the risks outweigh the therapeutic benefits?
• Adverse reactions
• Contraindications
• Overdosage
• Warning/precautions
• Contraindications (Cam) What is tertiary care?
• Adding medications together to achieve a better clinical effect

• Highly specialized medical and surgical care provided by a large medical center for unusual or complex medical problems
• Receiving medical or surgical care that does not require an overnight stay in the treatment facility
• Seeing a physician for routine checkups and general healthcare
• Highly specialized medical and surgical care provided by a large medical center for unusual or complex medical problems (Cam) Which of the following is NOT one of the stages in the classic approach to brand development strategy covered in your manual?
• Brand personality
• Brand positioning
• Brand quality
• Brand values
• Brand personality (Cam)
• Brand quality (Correct) "Brand quality" is NOT one of the stages in the classic approach to brand development strategy covered in your manual. The classic approach typically focuses on elements like brand personality, brand positioning, and brand values to establish and develop a brand's identity and presence in the market. "Brand quality" may be an implicit aspect of a brand's image, but it's not typically considered a distinct stage in brand development strategy. What are vasodilators used to do?
• Decrease vascular resistance and increase blood flow
• Mimic pathogens to stimulate the immune system
• Narrow the blood vessels
• Stimulate the CNS to make the heart beat faster
• Decrease vascular resistance and increase blood flow (Cam) What is the name of the condition that occurs after a specific dose of a drug is given at such regular intervals that absorption and elimination (and therefore drug plasma concentration) have become fairly constant?
• Homeostasis
• Steady rate
• Titration
• Tolerance
• Steady rate (Cam) The condition that occurs after a specific dose of a drug is given at such regular intervals that absorption and elimination (and therefore drug plasma concentration) have become fairly constant is referred to as "steady state."

Homeostasis, in medical terms, refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable and balanced internal environment despite external changes and fluctuations. It involves various physiological processes and mechanisms that regulate factors such as temperature, blood pressure, pH, and the concentration of various substances within the body. Homeostasis is essential for the proper functioning of bodily systems and is critical for overall health. When homeostasis is disrupted, it can lead to various medical conditions and imbalances. (Equilibrium) Which statement is TRUE about ocular administration?

• Ocular administration is primarily for drugs that must cross the blood-brain barrier
• Ocular administration is used primarily to treat the eye
• Ocular administration is used when a drug must enter the bloodstream immediately
• Ocular administration is used when a drug must produce immediate effects on the brain or spinal cord
• Ocular administration is used primarily to treat the eye (Cam) Which entity/entities invest the most money in pharmaceutical R&D?
• Canadian pharmaceutical companies
• The NIH
• The U.S. Government
• U.S. Pharmaceutical companies
• U.S. Pharmaceutical companies (Cam) How are most drugs excreted?
• Via the bloodstream
• Via the heart
• Via the kidneys
• Via the skin
• Via the kidneys (Cam) Over the last few decades, what has happened to legal limitations on sales' reps discussions about "off-label" uses?
• Limitations have decreased
• Limitations have increased significantly
• Limitations have increased slightly
• Limitations have remained the same
• Limitations have decreased (Cam)
• Limitations have increased significantly (Correct) Over the last few decades, legal limitations on sales representatives' discussions about "off-label" uses have generally increased significantly. The promotion of off-label uses, which refers to the practice of marketing a drug for purposes not approved by regulatory

agencies (such as the FDA in the United States), has faced greater scrutiny and regulation. This increased regulation is primarily aimed at ensuring the safety and effectiveness of pharmaceutical products and protecting patients from potentially harmful or ineffective uses of medications. Various legal and regulatory changes have been put in place to address and restrict off-label marketing practices in the pharmaceutical industry. According to your manual, which of the following is an example of a branding "fundamental"?

• The brand logo
• The brand name
• The brand packaging
• The brand promise
• The brand packaging (Cam) What does it mean if two drugs are "at parity"?
• Both drugs are essentially in a neutral position
• Both drugs are generics
• Both drugs have exclusive preferred status
• The two drugs are bioequivalent
• The two drugs are bioequivalent (Cam)
• Both drugs are essentially in a neutral position (Correct) If two drugs are "at parity," it means that both drugs are essentially in a neutral position. They are considered equivalent or equal in terms of their status within a formulary or treatment options. This typically implies that there is no preferential or exclusive status for either drug, and they are treated as equally viable options. In summary, "at parity" means that there is no significant distinction or preference between the two drugs in a given context. Who is the most likely to benefit from electronic sampling programs?
• Everyone would benefit equally from electronic sampling programs
• Physicians in hospitals who are too busy to see representatives
• Physicians in rural areas who are not as frequently visited by representatives
• Physicians in urban areas who are too busy to see representatives
• Everyone would benefit equally from electronic sampling programs (Cam) When referring to medication dosage, which abbreviation means "one-half":
• MS
• OH
• SM
• SS
• SM (Cam)
• SS (Correct)

The abbreviation "SS" is used to mean "one-half" when referring to medication dosage. It stands for "semis," which is a Latin term for "half." So, when you see "SS" in medication instructions, it means you should take or administer half of the specified dosage. What is internist?

• A physician who practices internal medicine
• A physician's intern
• A type of oncologist who specializes in chemotherapy
• An internal sales representative
• A physician who practices internal medicine (Cam) An internist is a physician who practices internal medicine. Internal medicine is a medical specialty that focuses on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases and disorders, particularly those related to internal organs. Internists are often referred to as "doctors for adults" and provide comprehensive medical care to adult patients, managing a wide range of health conditions and illnesses. They are skilled in diagnosing complex medical problems and coordinating care for their patients. Which of the following is a type of white blood cell?
• Erythrocytes
• Insulin
• Lymphocytes
• MHCs
• Lymphocytes (Cam) Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell. White blood cells, or leukocytes, play a crucial role in the body's immune system and help defend against infections and diseases. Lymphocytes are a specific subtype of white blood cells that are primarily responsible for the immune response and include T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. They are involved in identifying and attacking pathogens, producing antibodies, and regulating the immune response. Why are novice sales representatives often placed in charge of negotiating MCO formularies?
• To become more familiar with the healthcare industry
• To become more familiar with their territories
• P&T committees are more receptive to new faces
• They are not. This job is usually reserved for more experienced reps
• They are not. This job is usually reserved for more experienced reps (Cam) What distinguishes pharmacodynamics from pharmacokinetics?
• Pharmacodynamics studies a drug's ex vivo effects
• Pharmacodynamics studies how drugs affect the body
• Pharmacodynamics studies the how the body affects drugs
• Pharmacodynamics studies the time required for a drug's absorption

• Pharmacodynamics studies how drugs affect the body (Cam) What proportion of the drugs tested on human subjects are eventually approved by the FDA?
• About 20%
• About 60%
• About 70%
• About 95%
• About 20% (Cam) According to a study discussed in your manual, how do most physicians prefer to receive their drug samples?
• By borrowing them from hospitals
• By ordering them over the internet
• By trading them for services
• Directly from sales representatives
• Directly from sales representatives (Cam) Which of the following is an example of a "central" value?
• "I buy Advil to show that I'm a modern consumer"
• "I like Advil because we were both born in the 80s"
• "I prefer Advil because I like the flavor"
• "I prefer Advil because it's easier to swallow"
• "I prefer Advil because it's easier to swallow" (Cam) "I prefer Advil because it's easier to swallow" is an example of a "central" value. Central values are core, functional benefits or reasons that drive consumer preferences and influence their choices. In this case, the ease of swallowing the medication is a practical, functional benefit that can be a central factor in a consumer's decision to choose Advil over other pain relief options. The other options provided are not central values; they are more likely to be peripheral or superficial reasons for choosing a product. Which of the following specialists likely has the MOST emergency calls?
• Cardiology
• Psychiatry
• Urology
• All specialists have the same number of emergency calls
• Cardiology (Cam) The specialist likely to have the MOST emergency calls is Cardiology. Cardiologists deal with heart-related conditions, and heart-related emergencies are relatively common, making cardiology a specialty with a higher likelihood of receiving emergency calls. While other specialists may also encounter emergencies, cardiology often deals with critical and life-threatening cardiac events. Psychiatry and urology may have

emergencies, but the volume of emergency calls is typically higher for specialties like cardiology in a medical context. What affects the rate of active transport?

• The availability of carriers, but not energy
• The availability of energy, but not carriers
• The availability of carriers and energy
• Neither the availability of carriers nor the availability of energy
• The availability of energy, but not carriers (Cam)
• The availability of carriers and energy (Correct) The rate of active transport is primarily affected by the availability of carriers and energy. Active transport processes in cells require the presence of specific carrier proteins (often referred to as pumps or transporters) in the cell membrane and the expenditure of energy, typically in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These carrier proteins actively move ions or molecules against their concentration gradient, which is why they require energy to function. The availability of carriers is essential because they facilitate the transport process, and energy is needed to power the transport against the concentration gradient. Over the last few decades, what has happened to the FDA approval time for new drugs?
• It has been lengthened to ensure safer drug products
• It has been lengthened to limit DTC marketing
• It has been shortened to improve drug quality
• It has been shortened to reduce the cost of new drug development
• It has been lengthened to ensure safer drug products (Cam) Which of the following would NOT help improve compliance?
• Patients liking their providers
• Patients using only one pharmacist
• Pharmacists understanding how generics differ from brand name drugs
• Support groups
• Support groups (Cam)
• Patients using only one pharmacist (Correct) "Patients using only one pharmacist" is the option that would NOT help improve compliance. In fact, using only one pharmacist may not necessarily improve medication compliance. Medication compliance, which involves patients taking their medications as prescribed, can be influenced by various factors, including patient-provider relationships, knowledge about medications, and support systems. Which entity chooses a drug's trade name?
• The drug's inventor
• The drug's manufacturer

• The FDA
• The United States Pharmaceutical Council
• The drug's manufacturer (Cam) What type of stem cells are obtained from embryos and can develop into any cell type?
• Multipotent
• Pluripotent
• Totipotent
• All stem cells can develop into any cell
• Totipotent (Cam)
• Pluripotent (Correct) Stem cells obtained from embryos that can develop into any cell type are known as pluripotent stem cells. Pluripotent stem cells have the potential to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types but are not capable of giving rise to an entire organism. They are more limited in their developmental potential compared to totipotent cells, which can give rise to all cell types, including those needed to form a complete organism, or an individual. Multipotent stem cells, on the other hand, can differentiate into a limited range of cell types within a particular tissue or organ. Totipotent stem cells are cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into the three primary germ cell layers of the early embryo and into extra- embryonic tissues such as the placenta. As the price a patient pays for a prescription increases, what happens to the likelihood that the patient will fill it?
• It decreases
• It increases
• It remains unaffected because the prescription is needed
• It remains unaffected because the prescription's increased cost is offset by its perceived value
• It decreases (Cam) Most voluntary movements come from which type of muscle tissue?
• Cardiac and smooth
• Only skeletal
• Skeletal and cardiac
• Skeletal and smooth
• Cardiac and smooth (Cam)
• Only skeletal (Correct) Most voluntary movements come from skeletal muscle tissue. Skeletal muscles are the primary type of muscle tissue responsible for conscious, voluntary movements, such as walking, running, lifting objects, and many other activities that we control intentionally. Smooth muscles and cardiac muscles, which make up the walls of internal organs and the heart, respectively, are not typically under conscious control and are responsible for involuntary movements and functions in the body.

Which of the following is NOT one of the body's major organ systems?

• The cardiovascular system
• The cellular system
• The gastrointestinal system
• The musculoskeletal system
• The cellular system (Cam) How do most drugs exert their primary physiological effects?
• By activating synapses between different types of tissues
• By binding to cell receptors that are sensitive to their presence
• By inhibiting synapses between different types of tissues
• Through genetic mutation
• By binding to cell receptors that are sensitive to their presence (Cam) Most drugs exert their primary physiological effects by binding to cell receptors that are sensitive to their presence. These drug-receptor interactions can either activate or inhibit specific cellular processes or signaling pathways, leading to the desired therapeutic effects or the suppression of certain biological functions. What is the most reliable source of information for determining therapeutically equivalent drug products?
• AMA guide
• Blue book
• FDA drug list
• Orange book
• Orange book (Cam) What does "Subcutaneous" mean?
• Beneath the intervention
• Beneath the muscle tissue
• Beneath the skin
• Beneath the suture
• Beneath the skin What should a sales representative do if all of the prime spaces in a drug cabinet are occupies?
• Ask staff for permission to move some of the other products in the cabinet
• Ask staff for permission to throw away expired products in the cabinet
• Ask the doctor if he still needs some of the other products in the cabinet
• Surreptitiously move your largest competitors' products out of the way
• Ask staff for permission to move some of the other products in the cabinet (Cam) Which of the following testing methods in not commonly used for Allergy Testing?
• Prick test
• Urine test

• Intradermal test
• Patch test
• Urine test (Cam) The FDA defines API as the active ______ ingredient in a drug, which produces the desired change in the body
• Pharmaceutical
• Positive
• Potent
• Primary
• Pharmaceutical (Cam) What are the 2 legal classifications of wholesalers?
• Distributors and supply chains
• Pharmacists and NAMs
• Primary and secondary wholesale distributors
• Retailers and institutions
• Primary and secondary wholesale distributors (Cam) What term describes the usage of a medication for purposes other than the FDA- approved indications on the labeling?
• Contraindicative indication
• Off-indication usage
• Off-label usage
• Secondary indication
• Off-label usage (Cam) What is the acronym for pharmacokinetics?
• KN
• PC
• PK
• pT
• PK (Cam) Which of the following is not a purpose of the Arthrocentesis diagnostic test?
• To aid in the diagnosis of certain joint disorders
• To determine the cause of joint inflammation or effusion
• To look for crystals in joint fluid
• To monitor joint density
• To monitor joint density (Cam) To monitor joint density is not a typical purpose of the arthrocentesis diagnostic test. Arthrocentesis, also known as joint aspiration, is a medical procedure where a needle is inserted into a joint to withdraw synovial fluid. The primary purposes of arthrocentesis are: To aid in the diagnosis of certain joint disorders, such as infections, inflammatory

conditions, or autoimmune diseases. To determine the cause of joint inflammation or effusion (accumulation of excess fluid in the joint). To look for crystals in joint fluid, which can be indicative of conditions like gout or pseudogout. What is typically NOT a characteristic of a pharmaceutical sales rep?

• Pharmaceutical sales reps are authentic and real
• Pharmaceutical sales reps are creative
• Pharmaceutical sales reps are focused
• Pharmaceutical sales reps are not concerned about competitors
• Pharmaceutical sales reps are not concerned about competitors (Cam) What entity grants drug patents?
• FDA
• The FDA if the drug is over-the-counter and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office if the drug is prescription
• The FDA if the drug is prescription and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office if the drug is over-the-counter
• The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
• The FDA if the drug is over-the-counter and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office if the drug is prescription (Cam)
• The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (Correct) The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is the entity responsible for granting drug patents. The USPTO is in charge of granting patents for various inventions, including pharmaceutical products. These patents provide inventors and companies with exclusive rights to make, use, and sell their inventions for a specified period, which can be important for protecting the intellectual property of new drugs and innovations in the pharmaceutical industry. The FDA, on the other hand, is responsible for regulating the safety and efficacy of drugs and approving them for marketing in the United States. Which of the following refers to all active and inert pharmaceutical ingredients in a drug, including fillers and colors?
• Formulation
• Mycoplasma
• Peptide
• Saccharide
• Formulation (Cam) What is the difference between potency and efficacy?
• Doctors prefer more potent drugs
• Drug manufacturers prefer more potent drugs
• Potency refers to the drug's effectiveness, while efficacy refers to its strength
• Potency refers to the drugs strength, while efficacy refers to its effectiveness
• Potency refers to the drugs strength, while efficacy refers to its effectiveness (Cam)

The neurological examination is a series of simple questions and tests that provide crucial information about the nervous system. It is an inexpensive, non-invasive way to determine what might go wrong. The neurological examination is divided into several components. Which of the below is not one of them?

• Mental status
• Cranial nerves
• Sensory system
• Heart rate
• Cranial nerves (Cam)
• Heart rate (Correct) How many names must a drug have?
• At most three
• At least three
• At most five
• At least five
• At least three (Cam) How has a longer development time increased the cost of bringing a new drug to market?
• By decreasing patient attrition
• By decreasing the cost of capital
• By increasing the cost of capital
• By increasing the number of product recalls
• By increasing the cost of capital (Cam) Senior citizens consume over _____ times as many pharmaceuticals as people under 65
• Three
• Five
• Ten
• Fifteen
• Five (Cam)
• Three (Correct) What agency regulates the distribution and use of narcotics?
• DEA
• FTC
• OIG
• TSA
• DEA (Cam) Drug Enforcement Agency What is passive diffusion?
• A type of pinocytosis

• Membrane transport via vesicles
• The use of energy to help a substance pass from a low concentration gradient to a high one
• When a substance freely moves through a membrane from high concentration gradient to a low one
• When a substance freely moves through a membrane from high concentration gradient to a low one (Cam) Passive diffusion is a process in which molecules move across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, driven by the natural tendency of particles to spread out and reach an equilibrium. This movement occurs without the need for energy input (i.e., it does not require the expenditure of cellular energy such as ATP) What are the MAIN categories of drugs under FDA jurisdiction?
• Active drugs and active placebos
• Biopharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals
• Non-prescription and nutraceuticals
• Prescription and non-prescription
• Prescription and non-prescription (Cam) Which of the following is a natural uterotonic agent?
• Hemoglobin (Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and organs. It also plays a role in carrying carbon dioxide, a waste product, from the tissues back to the lungs, where it can be exhaled.)
• Leukotriene
• Oxytocin
• Vitamin K
• Oxytocin (Cam) Oxytocin is a natural uterotonic agent. It is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. Oxytocin plays a crucial role in uterine contractions during labor and in the milk ejection reflex during breastfeeding. It is commonly used in medical practice to induce or augment labor and to control postpartum hemorrhage due to its uterotonic properties. What are all metabolites?
• Active substances
• Inactive substances
• Injections
• Products of metabolism
• Products of metabolism (Cam) When a drug is administered orally, where does first-pass metabolism occur?
• Intestine

• Liver
• Pancreas
• Stomach
• Stomach (Cam)
• Liver (Correct) First-pass metabolism occurs primarily in the liver when a drug is administered orally. This process involves the drug being absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and then transported to the liver via the portal vein before it enters the systemic circulation. In the liver, various enzymes metabolize the drug, which can result in the modification or inactivation of the drug before it reaches the rest of the body. First-pass metabolism is an important consideration in drug absorption and bioavailability, as it can significantly affect the amount and activity of the drug that ultimately reaches its target site in the body. This process may also influence the dosing and administration of certain drugs to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. What is the medical term for "Swelling"?
• Assay (laboratory test or analysis performed to assess the presence, concentration, or activity of a substance, such as a drug, hormone, or biomarker.)
• Edema
• Instillation (refers to the process of slowly dropping or applying a liquid, such as medication or eye drops, into a body cavity,)
• Protease (A protease is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids.)
• Edema (Cam) Which of the following is NOT a part of the Seven Step Cascade of Emotion?
• Be a consultant, not a rep
• Identify what your product does
• Reflect
• Visualize the power of 10
• Be a consultant, not a rep (Cam)
• Identify what your product does (Correct) Which part of a clinical research paper is frequently referred to as the "Road map"?
• Abstract
• Findings
• Letter to the editor
• Methods
• Abstract (Cam) Which of the following is a main active ingredient in lung surfactants?
• Animal lung extract
• Germicides

• Sympathomimetic drugs
• Theophylline
• Animal lung extract (Cam) What does parenteral mean?
• Child prescriptions
• Injection
• Oral
• Tablet
• Injection (Cam) Which term denotes a type of substance that enhances the action of a drug or antigen?
• Adjuvant
• Indicated
• Ligase
• Peptide
• Adjuvant (Cam) The term that denotes a type of substance that enhances the action of a drug or antigen is "Adjuvant." Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines to improve the body's immune response to the vaccine and make it more effective in producing an immune response. If a sales representative's product is placed on the second tier of a standard three-tier formulary, which of the following is most likely true?
• It has not been reviewed by the P&T committee
• It is in a neutral position unless it is "at parity" with other drugs
• Is probably has "exclusive preferred" status if it is not "at parity" with any other drugs
• It will essentially sell itself if it is granted exclusive preferred status
• It is in a neutral position unless it is "at parity" with other drugs. (Cam) This means it doesn't have an exclusive preferred status, and its placement is generally based on factors like cost, efficacy, and formulary decisions. Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic transport mechanisms?
• Active transport
• Homeostasis
• Passive diffusion
• Pinocytosis (Pinocytosis is a form of endocytosis, a cellular process by which cells engulf fluids, dissolved solutes, and small particles by wrapping the cell membrane around the material and forming a small vesicle or vacuole.)
• Homeostasis (Cam) Which statement accurately describes a relationship between drug agonists and antagonists?
• Agonists and antagonists can be used together

• Agonists and antagonists should not be used together
• Antagonist drugs activate receptors, while agonists block access to receptors
• Antagonists are endogenous whereas agonists are man-made
• Agonists and antagonists should not be used together (Cam)
• Agonists and antagonists can be used together. (Correct) Agonists activate receptors, while antagonists block or inhibit the activation of receptors. In some cases, using both together can achieve a specific therapeutic effect. What is the study of the effects and movement of drugs in the human body?
• Anatomy
• Antology
• Clinical pharmacology
• Pathology
• Clinical pharmacology (Cam) According to your manual, what is a common complaint that physicians have about traditional sampling methods?
• That drug sample supply is too unpredictable
• That patients are less likely to take free samples because they think they are lower quality
• That patients do not like seeing drug representatives in their offices
• That they receive too many drug samples
• That drug sample supply is too unpredictable (Cam)
• That they receive too many drug samples. (Correct) Excessive drug samples can clutter their offices and potentially lead to wasted medications, among other issues. Which of these entities is formed by two or more hospitals or other healthcare entities to negotiate reduced rates with its aggregated purchasing power?
• GPO
• In-state wholesaler
• PPO
• RPO
• GPO (Cam) Group purchasing organization What is another name for a drug derived from a biologic compound?
• Large molecule
• Oligonucleotide
• Organism
• Small molecule
• Large molecule (Cam)

What is the most common policy regarding pharmaceutical reps dispensing drug samples in hospitals?

• By federal law, drug sampling is permitted in all hospitals
• By federal law, it is up to individual physicians, not the hospital
• Drug sampling is encouraged, but not required
• Drug sampling is often forbidden
• Drug sampling is often forbidden (Cam) Which of the following would help you build trust with a physician?
• Asking if he or she is having any problems with the managed care coverage of your products
• Repeating a question you already asked
• Surprising the office staff with a new poster in the break room
• None of these would help you build trust with a physician
• Asking if he or she is having any problems with the managed care coverage of your products (Cam) This demonstrates your concern for their specific needs and shows that you are interested in addressing their challenges. The other options are not as directly related to building trust with a physician. What term denotes the difference between the usual effective dose and the dose that induces severe or life-threatening side effects?
• Dose-response relationship
• Margin of safety
• The placebo effect
• Therapeutic window
• Margin of safety (Cam) What are excipients?
• A type of cell receptor to which antagonists bind to decrease the effects of the body's natural agonists
• Another term for generic equivalents
• Sites of action besides the target sites of action
• The inert ingredients in a drug formulation
• The inert ingredients in a drug formulation (Cam) They are substances other than the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in a medication. Excipients serve various purposes in pharmaceutical formulations, such as providing bulk, enhancing stability, improving the taste or appearance of the drug, aiding in drug release, and more. They are essentially the "inactive" components of a drug product. What is another term for the AWP (Average Wholesale Price)?
• Dock-to-dock price

• Float price
• List price
• Non-stock price
• List price. (Cam) The AWP is a commonly used reference price for pharmaceuticals, and it is often referred to as the list price in the context of drug pricing and reimbursement. Which of these is most likely used for a uterotonic agent?
• To induce labor
• To make the urine more alkaline
• To supplement oral food intake
• To treat hyperthyroidism
• To induce labor (Cam) Ordinary x-rays are the most common imaging tests as these provide a picture of the inside of the body. Which of the following is not a common medical imaging test?
• Arthography (A)
• Computed tomography (CT)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) (Cam)
• Arthography (A) (Correct) is not a common medical imaging test when compared to the other options listed. Arthrography is a specialized type of imaging used to visualize the inside of joints, typically by injecting a contrast medium. While it has its uses, it is not as commonly employed as standard X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, or PET scans for general medical imaging. Why are oral drugs often taken on an empty stomach?
• To be more wholly absorbed by the stomach
• To minimize absorption by the intestine
• To minimize nausea
• To pass through the stomach more quickly
• To be more wholly absorbed by the stomach (Cam) What is one factor that differentiates community health centers from hospitals?
• Community health center formularies are more restrictive
• Community health centers have higher reimbursement rates
• Newer brand name drugs are easier to access at community health centers
• None of these
• None of these (Cam) Community health center formularies are more restrictive. (Correct) Community health centers often have more limited formularies compared to hospitals.

Their focus is primarily on providing essential and cost-effective healthcare services to the community, and they may have stricter formulary restrictions on the drugs they prescribe. This is in contrast to hospitals, which typically have a broader range of medications available for various medical conditions. How does drug sampling provide a social benefit?

• Doctors donate their unused drug samples to charities
• Doctors often use drug samples to treat patients who otherwise could not afford it
• It allows patients to try out different prescription medications before consulting with physicians
• Drug sampling provides a social benefit in all of these ways
• Drug sampling provides a social benefit in all of these ways (Cam)
• Doctors often use drug samples to treat patients who otherwise could not afford (Correct?) it is one way that drug sampling provides a social benefit. Drug samples can help provide necessary medications to patients who may not have the financial means to purchase them, thus improving access to essential treatments for those in need. Which medical term denotes the use of a stethoscope to listen to the heart?
• Auscultation
• Cardioversion (A medical procedure in which an electrical shock is delivered to the heart to convert an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) back to a normal rhythm)
• Catheterization (A medical procedure in which a thin, flexible tube (catheter) is inserted into a specific part of the body)
• Echocardiography (A medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to create detailed images of the heart's structure and function.)
• Auscultation (Cam) What do enteric coatings do?
• Facilitate vomiting
• Help drugs dissolve in the stomach
• Helps drugs enter the bloodstream more quickly
• Prevent dissolution in the stomach
• Prevent dissolution in the stomach (Cam) What is the duration of exclusivity for orphan drugs?
• 6 months
• 1 year
• 7 years
• 15 years
• 7 years (Cam) The duration of exclusivity for orphan drugs in the United States is 7 years. Orphan drug status is granted to medications developed to treat rare diseases or conditions, and this exclusivity period provides certain incentives to drug manufacturers to invest in the

development of these drugs. During the 7-year exclusivity period, other manufacturers are generally not allowed to market the same drug for the same rare disease or condition. What do National Account Managers do?

• Act as the sales reps' primary point of contact with the rest of the corporation
• Manage the FDA approval process
• Negotiate contracts with MCOs and PBMs
• Sell only to pharmacies
• Negotiate contracts with Managed Care Organizations (MCOs) and Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs). (Cam) They are responsible for managing relationships with these organizations, negotiating pricing and access agreements, and ensuring the company's products are available and covered by the healthcare plans they oversee. They do not typically sell directly to pharmacies or manage the FDA approval process, though they may work closely with sales representatives as part of their role. What does it usually mean if a drug recall is "voluntary"?
• Pharmacies may choose whether to return the drug or dispense it
• The FDA has determined that the drug is perfectly safe, but ineffective
• The manufacturer has recalled the product on its own, but negotiated with the FDA beforehand
• The manufacturer has recalled the product without negotiating with the FDA
• The manufacturer has recalled the product without negotiating with the FDA (Cam)
• The manufacturer has recalled the product on its own, but negotiated with the FDA beforehand (Correct) If a drug recall is described as "voluntary," it typically means that the manufacturer has recalled the product on its own, but negotiated with the FDA beforehand. In a voluntary recall, the decision to recall the product comes from the manufacturer's initiative, often due to concerns about safety or quality, and they work with the FDA to coordinate the recall and ensure the proper steps are taken to address the issue. The FDA plays a regulatory oversight role in these cases to protect public health and safety. Which phase of clinical trials is also known as the "pivotal" phase?
• Phase I
• Phase III
• Phase IV
• Phase IX
• Phase III (Cam) During which phase of clinical trials is the new drug's safety and effectiveness first tested in the target group?
• Preclinical
• Phase I

• Phase II
• Phase III
• Phase I (Cam)
• Phase II (Correct) The new drug's safety and effectiveness are first tested in the target group during Phase II of clinical trials. Phase I trials typically involve testing in healthy volunteers to assess initial safety, while Phase II trials involve a larger group of patients who have the condition the new drug is intended to treat. This phase helps evaluate both safety and preliminary effectiveness in the target patient population. How do antacids work?
• By increasing blood flow to the stomach
• By lowering gastric pH
• By raising gastric pH
• By suppressing cholesterol formation by the liver
• By lowering gastric pH (Cam)
• By raising gastric pH (Correct) Antacids work by raising gastric pH, making the stomach less acidic. They achieve this by neutralizing or reducing the acidity of gastric acid in the stomach. This can help alleviate symptoms of heartburn, indigestion, and acid reflux, as it reduces the acidity that contributes to these discomforts What is one of the biggest time wasters for a pharmaceutical sales rep?
• Caterers
• Pharmacists
• Receptionists
• Travel time
• Caterers (Cam)
• Travel time (Correct) Travel time is one of the biggest time wasters for a pharmaceutical sales representative. Pharmaceutical sales reps spend a significant amount of time traveling to different healthcare facilities and medical offices to meet with healthcare professionals, which can be time-consuming and sometimes inefficient. What happens when equilibrium is reached?
• Equal numbers of molecules cross the membrane in both directions
• Molecules stop moving
• The concentration gradient decreased indefinitely
• The concentration gradient increases indefinitely
• Equal numbers of molecules cross the membrane in both directions (Cam) What are the most common vectors used in gene therapy?
• Autologous antigens

• Liposomes
• Naked DNA
• Viruses
• Liposomes (Cam)
• Viruses (Correct) The most common vectors used in gene therapy are viruses. Viral vectors are modified viruses that can deliver therapeutic genes into a patient's cells. These modified viruses are often used because they have evolved to efficiently deliver genetic material into host cells, making them valuable tools in gene therapy. While liposomes and naked DNA can also be used, viral vectors are more commonly employed in gene therapy due to their efficiency and effectiveness in delivering genes. What is the percentage fee that the dispenser pays the wholesaler for distribution?
• Margin fee
• Recharge
• Standard fee
• Upcharge
• Margin fee (Cam)
• Upcharge (Correct) What is the difference between a chronic (or continuing) reaction, and a delayed reaction?
• Chronic reactions are exaggerated, whereas delayed reactions are idiosyncratic
• Chronic reactions occur only during treatment, whereas delayed reactions only occur during withdrawal
• Chronic reactions persist for a long time, whereas delayed reactions take some time to develop
• Delayed reactions are always idiosyncratic, but chronic reactions are not
• Chronic reactions persist for a long time, whereas delayed reactions take some time to develop (Cam) Chronic reactions persist for a long time, often throughout the course of treatment or exposure to a substance, while delayed reactions take some time to develop and may not become apparent until a significant period has passed since exposure. What is clinical effect?
• Federally funded research condition
• The effect of maximum dosage
• The response produced by a medication
• The use of treatment drugs in chemotherapy
• The response produced by a medication (Cam) Which of the following is an example of noncompliance?
• A patient forgetting to take a drug at a specified time of day
• A patient taking a drug, but only because it has been court-mandated

• A pharmacist dispensing a generic equivalent of a drug instead of the brand name
• A physician refusing to prescribe a drug because her or she does not trust the clinical studies on it
• A physician refusing to prescribe a drug because her or she does not trust the clinical studies on it (Cam)
• A patient forgetting to take a drug at a specified time of day (Correct) A patient forgetting to take a drug at a specified time of day is an example of noncompliance. Noncompliance refers to a patient's failure to adhere to the prescribed treatment regimen, which may include missing doses or not taking the medication as directed by the healthcare provider. The other options do not represent noncompliance by a patient. What is the average circulation time of blood?
• About a minute
• About 5 minutes
• About 5 to 10 minutes depending on the patient's age and health conditions
• About 10 minutes
• About a minute (Cam) What is one way in which pharmaceutical selling is different from selling in most other industries?
• In pharmaceutical sales, the decisions-makers, consumers, and payers are usually the same entity
• Pharmaceutical selling takes less time because doctors are so busy
• Representatives do NOT sell to the end user of the product
• Representatives DO sell to the end user of the product
• Representatives do NOT sell to the end user of the product (Cam) From what types of entities do primary wholesale distributors buy most of their drugs?
• Brokerages
• Buying clubs
• Manufacturers
• Physicians
• Manufacturers (Cam) What is the Office of the Inspector General (OIG)?
• A department in pharmaceutical companies
• An arm of the Department of Health and Human Services
• An arm of the European Medicines Agency
• An arm of the FDA
• An arm of the Department of Health and Human Services (Cam) What are doctors required to consider when deciding whether or not to prescribe a particular drug?
• Quantity of life over quality

• That no drugs which adverse effects should ever be used
• The inferiority of OTC drugs
• The severity of the disorder being treated and the effect it has on the patients quality of life
• The severity of the disorder being treated and the effect it has on the patients quality of life (Cam) Which entity assigns a new drug it's generic names?
• The drugs inventor
• The Food and Drug Administration
• The United States Adopted Name Council
• The United States Pharmaceutical Council
• The United States Adopted Name Council (Cam) Drugs can be used _____ days beyond their expiration date.
• 2 - 7 days, depending on the most current monograph
• 2 - 90 days, depending on state laws
• 7 - 90 days, depending on the type of drug and it's therapeutic class
• None of these
• None of these (Cam) What is necessary for a drug to be excreted extensively via the kidneys?
• The drug must be water-soluble, and not bind too tightly to proteins in the bloodstream
• The drug must have a phospholipid bilateral and be non-water-soluble
• The drug must have a phospholipid bilayer and bind well to proteins in the bloodstream
• The drug must not be water-soluble
• The drug must be water-soluble, and not bind too tightly to proteins in the bloodstream (Cam) For a drug to be excreted extensively via the kidneys, it is generally necessary for the drug to be water-soluble and not bind too tightly to proteins in the bloodstream. Water- soluble drugs are more readily filtered by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. Drugs that are highly protein-bound in the bloodstream are less likely to be filtered by the kidneys because they are bound to proteins and not in their free, water-soluble form. Therefore, water solubility and the degree of protein binding are crucial factors that influence renal excretion of drugs. Which organization or individual initiates the clinical trial and finances the study?
• Clinical research organization
• Investigator
• Researcher
• Sponsor
• Clinical research organization (Cam)
• Sponsor (Correct)

The organization or individual that initiates the clinical trial and finances the study is typically referred to as the "sponsor." The sponsor can be a pharmaceutical company, a government agency, an academic institution, or other entities interested in conducting the clinical research. Sponsors are responsible for funding the trial, providing the study drug (if applicable), and overseeing the study's design, conduct, and regulatory compliance. They play a central role in bringing new drugs and medical treatments to the market through the clinical trial process. The _____ name describes the atomic or molecular structure of a drug

• Chemical
• Generic
• Pharmaceutical
• Proprietary
• Chemical (Cam) The name that describes the atomic or molecular structure of a drug is the "chemical name." The chemical name provides a precise and standardized description of a drug's chemical composition and structure, making it useful for scientists, chemists, and researchers. It is often quite complex and not suitable for everyday use. In contrast, the generic and brand names (generic name and proprietary name) are used for practical identification and marketing purposes, respectively. Under PhRMA Code, is it acceptable or unacceptable for a pharmaceutical sales rep to take a physician and the physicians spouse to a fundraising dinner?
• Acceptable if only the physician attends
• Acceptable if only the physician attends, and the total is under $100
• Acceptable if the total is under $100
• Unacceptable
• Unacceptable (Cam) Under the PhRMA Code (Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America), it is generally considered unacceptable for a pharmaceutical sales representative to take a physician and the physician's spouse to a fundraising dinner. The PhRMA Code provides guidelines and ethical standards for interactions between pharmaceutical company representatives and healthcare professionals. The PhRMA Code places limitations on the value and nature of gifts, meals, and entertainment provided to healthcare professionals to avoid any potential undue influence on medical decision-making. While there may be some specific circumstances and local regulations that could influence the application of these guidelines, generally taking a physician and their spouse to a fundraising dinner would likely not align with the accepted standards outlined in the PhRMA Code. The Hatch-Waxman Act is considered the most significant drug-related ___ affecting the pharmaceutical industry since 1962.
• Experiment