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Normal hemoglobin value for males and females - ANSWER_Males: 13.5- Females: 12.5- Normal MCV (mean corpuscular volume) value - ANSWER_78- Normal TSH Range - ANSWER_0.4- Normal Free T4 range - ANSWER_10- Substances that can cause a false + drug test for codeine - ANSWER_poppy seeds Substances that can cause a false + drug test for benzodiazepines - ANSWER_Zoloft Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) normal range - ANSWER_10- Drug Category A and examples - ANSWER_Controlled studies show no risk Vitamins within RDA, insulin, thyroxine Drug Category B and examples - ANSWER_No evidence of risk in humans Buspirone, zolpidem, clozapine, lurasidone Beta-lactam antimicrobials (PCNs, cephalosporins, select macrocodes,azithromycin, erythromycin), acetaminophen, ibuprofen (1st & 2nd trimesters)
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Drug Category C and examples - ANSWER_Risk cannot be ruled out bupropion, lamotrigine, SSRIs (except paroxetine), TCAs, duloxetine, mirtazapine, trazodone, venlafaxine, aripiprazole, Haldol, ziprasidone, risperidone Drug Category D and examples - ANSWER_Positive evidence of risk paroxetine, valproate, carbamazepine, lithium alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam ACE Inhibitors (-prils), ARBs (-sartans), ibuprofen (3rd trimester), tetracyclines Drug Category X and examples - ANSWER_Absolutely Contraindicated in pregnancy Accutane, misoprostol, thalidomide, flurazepam, temazepam, triazolam Types of inferential statistics - ANSWER_p-value, Pearson's r correlation, ttest,ANOVA T-test - ANSWER_Compares whether the means of two groups are statistically different ANOVA - ANSWER_tests the differences of 3 or more groups Pearson's r correlation - ANSWER_tests the relationship between 2 variables HLB-B*1502 - ANSWER_Allele that some asian's have which makes them unable to metabolize carbamazepine, increasing their risk for Steven's-Johnson syndrome which can lead to toxic epithelial necrolysis. Asians must be tests for this gene prior to beginning therapy.
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Which therapy uses miracle questions, exception-finding questions, and scaling questions? โ ANSWER Solutions-Focused Therapy Who with bipolar disorder is more likely to have a manic episode: men or women?
- ANSWER Men Who with bipolar disorder is more likely to present with mixed episodes: men or women? โ ANSWER Women Who with bipolar disorder is more likely to have rapid cycling: men or women? โ ANSWER Women Who with bipolar disorder is more likely to have comorbid alcohol used disorder and eating disorders: men or women? โ ANSWER Women Schedule II Drugs โ ANSWER morphine, codeine, fentanyl, methadone, Percocet, oxycontin, Dilaudid, amphetamines, methylphenidate. Schedule III Drugs โ ANSWER Appetite suppressants, butalbital, testosterone, suboxone Schedule IV Drugs โ ANSWER benzodiazepines, Ambien, Lunesta, Provigil, Nuvigil, phenobarbital, dextropropoxyphene (Darvon), and pentazocine (Talwin) Schedule V Drugs โ ANSWER buprenorphine, cheritussin (Robitussin) with codeine, promethazine (Phenergan) with codeine, diphenoxylate/atropine (Lomotil) Role of hypothalamus โ ANSWER homeostasis; basic needs (eating drinking, temperature regulation, sleep-wake cycle).
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Braine stem reponsibility and parts โ ANSWER Pons, Midbrain, medulla oblongata Regulates BP, respirations, level of arousal, and digestions. Relays information to the cerebellum Thalamus โ ANSWER transmits sensory information to the cerebrum. influences affect, mood, and body movements associated with strong emotions. Kohlberg โ ANSWER Stages of Moral Development 6 Domains in Diagnosing Neurocognitive Disorders - ANSWER_1. Complex Attention
- Executive Function
- Learning Memory
- Language
- Perceptual Motor Ability
- Social cognition Mesolimbic Pathway โ ANSWER Responsible for POSITIVE symptoms of schizophrenia all antipsychotics block DA receptors (specifically D2) in this pathway Excess DA in this pathway leads to + symptoms (psychosis) Reward-oriented Associated with mood disorders, psychoses, and drug abuse Mesocortical Pathway โ ANSWER Responsible for NEGATIVE symptoms of schizophrenia, cognition, planning and behavior.
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Substances that can cause a false + drug test for cocaine โ ANSWER NSAIDs, amoxicillin, most antibiotics Substances that can cause a false + drug test for amphetamines โ ANSWER Prozac, Wellbutrin, Trazodone, Nefazodone, Sudafed, OTC decongestants. Schizophrenia Prevalence: Non-twin siblings of a schizophrenic parent Dizygotic twins of a schizophrenic parent Monozygotic twins of a schizophrenic parent โ ANSWER 8% 12% 47% Birth defects caused by benzodiazepines โ ANSWER Cleft palate, floppy baby syndrome Birth defects caused by carbamazepine โ ANSWER Neural tube defects Birth defects caused by depakote โ ANSWER Neural tube defects (spina bifida), cleft palate, atrial-septal defects, long-term developmental deficits CYP450 Inhibitors โ ANSWER bupropion, clomipramine, cimetidine, clarithromycin, fluoroquinolone, grapefruit, ketoconazole, nefazodone, SSRIs CYP450 Inducers โ ANSWER carbamazepine, nicotine, hypericum (St. John's wort), phenytoin, phenobarbital
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Normals lab value for AST (aspartate aminotransferase) โ ANSWER 5- Normal lab value for ALT (alanine aminotransferase) โ ANSWER 5- Normal lab value for Alkaline Phosphastase โ ANSWER 44-147; male be increased in gallbladder disease & with bone injury /rapid bone growth Creatine Kinase (normal range) โ ANSWER <240. Measures muscle injury (heart, brain, and skeletal). Increased in MI (CK-MO), myositis, NMS BUN (normal range) โ ANSWER 10-20. Creatinine โ ANSWER 0.4-0.8 or less than 1. Normal GFR โ ANSWER >90 mL/min. If a patient is on psychotropics, as long as their GRF is >60, no dose adjustments need to be made. What is the best measure of kidney function? โ ANSWER GFR (glomerular filtration rate) Normal Plate Count - ANSWER_140,000-340, Phenelzine - ANSWER_An MAOI that patients with atypical depression respond particularly well to.
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Medicare + Choice - ANSWER_Was a part of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 that significantly increase the number of managed care insurance plans available to recipients. This was replaced with the Medicare Advantage Plan in 200. List of the Second Generation (atypical) Antipsychotics (9) - ANSWER_Clozaril (clozapine), Zyprexa (olanzapine), Latuda (lurasidone), ziprasidone, Risperdal (risperidone), Invega Sustenna (palperidone), Fanapt (iloperidone), Seroquel (quetiapine), Saphris (asenapine), List of First Generation (typical) Antipsychotics (10) - ANSWER_Haldol (haloperidol), Prolixin (fluphenazine), Navane (thiothixene), Thorazine (chlorpromazine), Loxitane (loxapine), Mellaril (thioridazine), Trilafon (perphenazine), Orap (pimozide), Solian amisulpride), Stellazine (trifluoperazine) List the 6 common benzodiazepines in order from shortest to longest half-life - ANSWER_Xanax (alprazolam): 6-10 hrs Serax (oxazepam): 8 hrs Ativan (lorazepam): 12-18 hrs Klonopin (clonazepam): 30-40 hrs Valium (diazepam): 100 hrs Librium (chlordiazepoxide): 36-200 hrs List of SNRIs (6) - ANSWER_Cymbalta (duloxetine), Pristiq (desvenlafaxine), Effexor (venlafaxine), Fetzima (levomilnacipran), Savella (milnacipran), Strattera (atomoxetine) Action of Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) - ANSWER_They target serotonin, norepinephrine, and histamine-1 receptors
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List the Tricyclic Antidepressants (9) - ANSWER_Pamelor (nortriptyline), Elavil (amitriptyline), amoxapine (no branded), Anafranil (clomipramine), Norpramin (desipramine), Tofranil (imipramine), Vivactil (protriptyline), Sinequan/Silenor (doxepin), Surmontil (trimipramine) FINISH acronym for SSRI withdrawal - ANSWER_Flu-like symptoms Irritability Nausea Imbalance/instability/incoordination/dizzy (motor) Sensory disturbances Headache, hyperarousal (anxiety/agitation) Signs of NMS (Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome) - ANSWER_Initial Symptoms: altered sensorium, hyperreflexia, fever Then signs of autonomic instability: extreme muscle rigidity, hypotension, tachycardia, diaphoresis, tachypnea, hyperthermia, coma, death. Check for increased WBCs (leukocytosis)/LFTs/CPK Signs of Lithium toxicity - ANSWER_Confusion, diplopia, nausea/diarrhea, ataxia, lethargy, fatigue, clumsiness, weakness, muscle cramping, severe tremor, blurred vision, nystagmus, increased DTRs, altered mental status, cardiac dysrhythmias Who is covered by Medicaid? - ANSWER_Low-income children Low-income pregnant women Elderly & disable individuals who qualify for the supplemental security income program
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Mild: 10- Moderate: 16- Severe: 21- PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire 9) - ANSWER_9 questions 1-4 minimal depression 5-9 mild depression 10-14 moderate depression 15-19 moderately severe depression 20-27 severe depression MADRS (Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale) - ANSWER_ questions 44= very severe 31= severe 25= moderate 15= mild 7= recovered Mini-cog - ANSWER_Screens for cognitive impairment. 3-item recall with a clock-drawing test (CDT). 0/3 word recall=cognitive impairment 1-2 word recall and abnormal CDT=cognitive impairment 1-2 word recall and normal CDT= no cognitive impairment 3/3 word recall= negative screen for dementia
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MMSE (Mini mental status exam) - ANSWER_Screens for cognitive impairment and used to follow cognitive function over time. High education may score falsely high. 30-point questionnaire: Intact 25- Mild 21- Moderate 10- Severe < or = MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) - ANSWER_Screens for mild cognitive decline. 30-point questionnaire. > or = 26 considered normal Carl Rogers - ANSWER_Humanistic approach; unconditional positive regard; described the individual as an energy field existing within the universe 4 focuses of IPT (interpersonal therapy) - ANSWER_1. Complicated bereavement
- Role Dispute
- Role Transition
- Interpersonal Deficits Maslow's Hierarchy - ANSWER_1. Physiologic Needs (food, water, warmth, rest) 2.Safety/security
- Belongingness and love
- Esteem
- Self-actualization (achieving one's full potential)
- Self-transcendence
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Mastery: Personal sense of identity Failure: identity confusion, poor self-identification in group settings Intimacy vs Isolation - ANSWER_Age: 20- Mastery: committed relationships, capacity to love Failure: Emotional isolation, and egocentrism Generativity vs Stagnation - ANSWER_Age: 35- Mastery: ability to give time and talents to others and ability to care for others Failure: self-absorption, inability to grow-change as a person, inability to care for others Integrity vs Despair - ANSWER_age 65+ Mastery: fulfillment and comfort with life, willingness to face heath, insight and balanced perspective on life's events Failure: biternes, sense of dissatisfaction with life, despair over impending death. Piaget Stages - ANSWER_1. Sensorimotor
- Pre-operational
- Concrete Operational
- Formal Operational Sensorimotor Stage - ANSWER_0-2 years Infants develop object permanence (the realization that people exist even when they cannot be seen) Pre-operational - ANSWER_3-6 years
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Egocentrism prominent during this stage. Children develop language, symbolic thinking. Concrete Operational - ANSWER_7-11 years Development of logical thought, but it is still more concrete than abstract. Developing the understanding of the concept of conservation. Formal Operational - ANSWER_12+ years Development of hypothetical-deductive reasoning, may have an imaginary audience, personal fable, propositional thinking Freud Stages - ANSWER_1. Oral 0-18 months
- Anal 18 mos-2 years
- Phallic 3-6 years
- Latency 7-11 years
- Genital 12+ years Oral Stage - ANSWER_Age: 0-18 mos Activities: put everything in their mouth. sucking, chewing, feeding, crying Failure: schizophrenia, paranoia, substance abuse Anal Stage - ANSWER_Age: 18 mos - 2 years Activities: fixated on toilet training and sphincter control, activities of expulsion and retention Failure: depressive disorders Phallic Stage - ANSWER_Age: 3-6 years
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- Person must understand retributive element of punishment
- Person must be in the best place to make peace with his or her religion. Cranial Nerve I - ANSWER_Olfactory Sensory Smell; tested by having patient smell common things like coffee ground through each nare while occluding the opposite nare (eyes must be closed) Cranial Nerve II - ANSWER_Optic Sensory Sight; tested using Snellen chart. Also, examiner views optic disc with ophthalmoscope, peripheral vision with confrontation test Cranial Nerve III - ANSWER_Oculomotor Motor Extraocular movements, tested with CNs IV and VII. Pupils and corneal light reflex. Check for PERRLA Cranial Nerve IV - ANSWER_Trochlear Motor Extraocular movements, tested with CNs III and VII. Innervates superior oblique muscle, turns eyes down and laterally (out) Cranial Nerve V - ANSWER_Trigeminal Both Sensation of touch and pain on the face. Movement of facial muscles (chewing).
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Specifically, have patient clench down and palpate the master muscle for tone. Cotton wisp test, and poke with pins with eyes closed on face. Cranial Nerve VI - ANSWER_Abducens Motor Extraocular movements, tested with CNs III and IV. Turns eyes laterally (outwards) Cranial Nerve VII - ANSWER_Facial Both Facial expressions. Sensation on face. Saliva and tears secretion. Taste (identify sugar, vinegar, and salt with eyes closed). Movement of facial muscles: frown, smile, raise eyebrows, puff out cheeks Cranial Nerve VIII - ANSWER_Acoustic (vestibulocochlear) Sensory Hearing: Weber and Rinne test, Whisper Test. Audiometer. Equilibrium, sensation. Cranial Nerve IX - ANSWER_Glossopharyngeal Both Taste on anterior 2/3 tongue. Tongue movement. Test with vagus nerve. Cranial Nerve X - ANSWER_Vagus Both Carotid blood pressure regulation, lower HR, gag reflex (put tongue depressor on back of tongue), taste, stimulated digestive organs. Test with glossopharyngeal nerve). Check for elevation of uvula by having pt open mouth, say "ahh". Cranial Nerve XI - ANSWER_Spinal Accessory
