NFDN 2006 FINAL EXAM 2024-2025, Exams of Nursing

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NFDN 2006 FINAL EXAM 2024-

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According to the population health promotion model, which of the following is false?

a) focus is on individual behaviour change b) focus is on populations throughout the life span c) focus is on upstream investment d) works on multiple levels

a

Jim, a community health nurse, senses from his co-worker's non verbal behaviour that she doesn't like him because of his race. His best response is:

a) Report her. Racism is against the constitution in Canada.. b) Approach her with his observation and check out if his perception matches her intention.. c) Avoid her. Less contact will result in less conflict.. d) To look for a new job. Racists never change.

b

In what order did the following views of health evolve?

a) biomedical, socioenviromental, behavioural. b) biomedical, bioenviromental, socioeconomic. c) biomedical, behavioural, socioenvironmental. d) medical, sociobiological, environmental

c

Community health nurses (CHNs) need to be aware of changing patterns in the cultural composition of the community for which of the following reasons?

a) To be proactive in their program planning. b) To promote Western medical traditions. c) To develop ethnocentrism. d) To promote equality in community care

a

Strategies that reduce negative health consequences of unhealthy behaviours are called:

a) protective factors. b) harm reduction. c) risk avoidance. d) risk reductions

b

Community health nurses work with clients and empower them to become part of the identification of their problems and participants in developing solutions using which health promotion strategy?

a) Mutual aid. b) Advocacy. c) Social marketing. d) Health communication

b

Literacy is linked to some of the determinants of health and associated with which one of the following outcomes?

a) Capacity building. b) Community development. c) Community mobilization d) Health status

d

Rules governing smoking in public places is an example of:

a) Stages of change. b) Public policy. c) Harm reduction. d) Risk reduction

b

The success of new ideas, according to Diffusion of Innovation Theory, is most dependent on:

a) Experts as the spokesperson for the new idea. b) most people thinking like we do. c) Excellent evidence. d) similarity to the past way of doing things

d

By asking clients how they prefer to be addressed, and who makes health decisions in their family, the community health nurse is demonstrating

a) Lack of cultural awareness. b) Cultural competence. c) Cultural safety. d) Ethnocentrism

b

Which of the following strategies outlined by the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion builds individual capacity and empowers clients through health education?

a) Reorienting health services. b) Building healthy public policy. c) Developing personal skills. d) Creating supportive environments

c

The best approach when confronting someone about behaviour you are uncomfortable with is:

a) Focus on behaviour, don't attack the person. Use perception checking.. b) Direct conflict. Tell them exactly how you feel about them.. c) Avoid conflict. Don't mention it. People will change toward you once they see how competent you are.. d) Form an alliance with people who like you. There is strength in numbers.

A

Understanding the effect of culture on behaviour is important to the community health nurse, because culture fits which of the following characteristics?

a. Culture is a blueprint for the behaviour of minority groups. b. transmitted to all individuals. c. Culture is a learned process that is transmitted by the family, ethnic group, and society. d. Culture determines the client's capacity to respond to a health problem

c

How is cultural competence demonstrated by a CHN in dealing with a Chinese population? (Select all that apply.)

a. The nurse provides educational materials in English and Chinese. b. The nurse provides care while paying attention to individual beliefs about pain, touch, modesty, and eye contact. c. The nurse delivers care while verbalizing all medical and nursing procedures being conducted. d. The nurse provides care without regard for cost or outcomes because the public health department requires it. e. The nurse provides care that acknowledges the differences in ways individuals respond to illness and treatment.

a, b, e

Cultural competence is being stressed in nursing programs for which one of the following reasons?

a. Technological changes have made nursing more sophisticated. b. Self-determination of clients is minimized, where cultural differences are considered. c. Culture is a determinant of health that influences and is influenced by other determinants. d. Cultural care is universal care, and all people need to be treated the same

c

True or false: Public health is an organized community approach to prevent disease, promote health, and protect populations.

true

What are the 4 subspecialties of forensic nursing

1. forensic psychiatric nurses
2. forensic correctional nurses
3. forensic nurse examiners
4. death investigators working with medical examiners

What are the barriers to health care in rural areas

Name at least 4

• Need to travel great distances to obtain services
• Lack of personal transportation
• Unavailable public transportation
• Lack of telephone services
• Unavailable outreach services
• Unpredictable weather and travel conditions
• Lack of know-how to procure entitlements and services
• Poor provider attitudes and understanding about rural populations

• Language barriers (caregivers not linguistically competent)
• Lack of culturally appropriate care and services

What is the purpose of an occupational and environmental health history assessment

An occupational and environmental health history contains questions that provide the data necessary to rule out or confirm job-induced conditions and health concerns

Name the functions of the parish nurse

personal health counselling, health education, liaison, facilitator, pastoral care

Describe at least six roles of public health nurses

1. advocate - develop most effective plan with the client for identified health issue
2. manager - assists clients in determining the services they need most and how to access them
3. leader - builds and maintains partnerships with community leaders and key stakeholders to identify community needs
4. consultant - access and analyze relevant data from a variety of sources, then use knowledge to facilitate planning health initiatives
5. referral resource - assess current information on health and social needs and services within the community
6. educator - identifies client's learning needs
7. counsellor - encourages clients, reinforces positive behaviours
8. primary caregiver - provides health care needs of clients to fill gaps in care that private sector is unable to respond to

Describe five developments that have influenced the expansion of home healthcare

1. increased demands for cost effectiveness
2. decreased hospital stays, consumer preferences
3. technological advances that are becoming user-friendly
4. proven quality of home health care
5. aging canadian demographics

Define care planning as it applies to home health nursing, provide an example

care planning refers to the HHN, clients, and interprofessional team members working together to ensure adequate health services at home (the most important part is the clients active participation)

examples: setting up a home care support worker, special equipment to facilitate client mobility, or the involvement of community agencies such as Meals on Wheels

True or False: injury prevention occurs at the primary, secondary, and tertiary level

true

True or False: health maintenance is the goal of health promotion

false - health promotion moves beyond health maintenance to incorporate improvement in health resulting in health gains

what is the goal of harm reduction strategies

strategies focus on the eventual goal of abstinence as opposed to abstinence as a prerequisite for program participation

True or False: culture is visible

false

True or False: cultural competence and cultural safety are defined by the health care provider

false

True or False: The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion created a change in the roles assumed by health professionals

true

which two determinants of health have the greatest influence on the health status of Canadians

economic and social inequities

True or False: "working for" is the preferred approach used by community health nurses for community mobilization

false

True or False: Canadians with the lowest health literacy scores are two and a half times more likely to report their health status as "fair" to "poor" than Canadians with high health literacy scores

true

what government body oversees the health protection of the population

Health Canada

how does Health Canada safeguard the populations health (4)

surveillance, prevention, legislation, and research in areas such as environmental health, disease outbreaks, drug products, and food safety

what is essential for community development

partnerships

what are the 3 health promotion approaches and what do each focus on

1. biomedical approach - treatment and prevention of disease
2. behavioural approach - lifestyle changes, especially behavioural risk factors, to promote health
3. socioenvironmental approach - health as a resource and considers psychosocial and environmental risk factors (this approach is seen in the ottawa charter)

what is involved in the process of community development

community members identify health concerns that require the development of capacity building skills to bring about change

the goal is a secure and healthy community with buy-in from all community members

what is cultural competence

an ongoing process, a health care professional respects, accepts, and applies knowledge and skills appropriate to client interactions without allowing one's personal beliefs to influence the interaction

Understanding the effect of culture on behaviour is important to the community health nurse, because culture fits which of the following characteristics?

a. Culture is a blueprint for the behaviour of minority groups. b. transmitted to all individuals. c. Culture is a learned process that is transmitted by the family, ethnic group, and society. d. Culture determines the client's capacity to respond to a health problem

that apply.)

a. The nurse provides educational materials in English and Chinese. b. The nurse provides care while paying attention to individual beliefs about pain, touch, modesty, and eye contact. c. The nurse delivers care while verbalizing all medical and nursing procedures being conducted. d. The nurse provides care without regard for cost or outcomes because the public health department requires it. e. The nurse provides care that acknowledges the differences in ways individuals respond to illness and treatment.

a, b, e

Cultural competence is being stressed in nursing programs for which one of the following reasons?

a. Technological changes have made nursing more sophisticated. b. Self-determination of clients is minimized, where cultural differences are considered. c. Culture is a determinant of health that influences and is influenced by other determinants. d. Cultural care is universal care, and all people need to be treated the same

c

Nurses develop cultural competence in many ways, but mainly in which one of the following ways?

a. By working with clients who are culturally similar to themselves b. By being afraid to make mistakes when confronted with situations that are different c. By refusing to acknowledge cultural differences when conducting a cultural assessment d. By learning from clients as they express their experiences and problem-solving strategies

d

c

How is cultural competence demonstrated by a CHN in dealing with a Chinese population? (Select all

what is cultural blindness

the tendency to act as though all individuals are the same

what is cultural conflict

perceived threat arising from misunderstanding of expectations

what is cultural shock

negative responses of clients unable to adapt to cultural expectations of another group

what is cultural impositon

ignoring alternative healing therapies while promoting western medical traditions

what is ethnocentrism

judging behaviour from one's own standards for behaviour

what special health care considerations do community health nurses need to be aware of with regard to migrant workers

they often have high occupational mobility and may seek health care only when they are too ill to work

its important to teach these clients about disease prevention, health maintenance, etc before the client moves on

A nurse is teaching the importance of childhood immunizations to a group of postpartum mothers. This is considered which level of preventive care

a) Tertiary prevention. b) Secondary prevention. c) Health screening. d) Primary prevention

d

When assessing an unemployed, 18 year old mother of 3 at your community health clinic, a complete picture of her situation would require an assessment including:

a) values assessment. b) social work referral. c) drug screening. d) determinants of health

d

The best example of primary care is:

a) Comprehensive Home Option of Integrated Care (CHOICE) program. b) Public health clinic. c) Emergency department. d) Primary care network

c

A CHN cannot be an expert in all areas. To deal with this the CHN needs to do all of the following except:

a) engage in interdisciplinary collaboration. b) access resources, associations and agencies. c) have broad generalist knowledge. d) working closely with a medical doctor

d

Secondary prevention activities are most closely related to which stage of the natural history of disease?

a) Convalescence. b) Pathogenesis. c) Incubation. d) Prepathogenesis

b

what is convalescence

gradual recovery after an illness

what is pathogenesis

development of disease

what is incubation period

the period between exposure to an infection and the appearance of the first symptoms

what is prepathogenesis

before agent reacts with host

Which of the following is not a community health nursing setting?

a) Public health. b) Dialysis. c) Primary care network. d) Outpost

b

"Works in and with communities" best describes:

a) Primary health care nursing b) Community health nursing. c) Population health nursing. d) Public health nursing

b

Primary health care principles include:

a) equitable distribution of resources, preventative rather than curative, individual and community involvement. b) appropriate technology, governmental regulated, equitable distribution. c) equal distribution of services, prevention rather than cure, individual and community involvement. d) health promotion and cure focused, equitable distribution, appropriate technology

d

Public health nurses, occupational health nurses and out post nurses have this in common

a) are degree prepared. b) have additional education requirements or specialty certifications. c) get paid an additional wage for higher education. d) are community health nurses

d

Teaching new parents to place their babies in the supine position to sleep is an example of:

a) Upstream thinking. b) Primary prevention. c) Secondary prevention. d) Tertiary prevention

b

The five levels of health care include promotive, preventative, curative, rehabilitative and supportive. The rehabilitative level of care focuses on?

a) Restoration to optimal level of function.. b) Acquiring healthier lifestyles and improving levels of wellness.. c) Diagnosis and treatment.. d) Home care, longterm care, and palliative care

a

Which foundational document initiated the shift from curative care to holistic, health promotion based care in Canada?

a) Lalonde Report, 1974. b) Epp, 1986. c) Public Health Agency of Canada, 2002. d) Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, 2006

a

In Canada's early days, after training in hospital school's of nursing most nurses worked

a) in hospitals. b) for doctors. c) as outpost nurses. d) as private duty nurses

d

The first public health issues dealt with in Canada were

a) Farm accidents. b) infectious disease. c) mental health and depression d) exposure to the elements

b

what are the five principles of primary health care

1. accessibility
2. health promotion
3. public participation
4. intersectoral collaboration
5. appropriate technology

identify the 12 determinants of health as outlined by Health Canada

income and social status; social support networks; education and literacy; employment and working conditions; physical environment; biology and genetic endowment; personal health practices and coping skills; healthy child development; gender; culture; social environment; and health services

True or False: in community practice, the dominant needs of the population outweigh the expressed needs of one person or a few people

true

identify two types of community health nursing that existed in Canada in the early twentieth century

visiting nursing and outpost nursing

True or False: the Romanow Report (2002) identified home care as the most rapidly growing area of community health care

true

True or False: The Victorian Order of Nurses (VON) was a partner in public health development in Canada

true

Many of the varied and challenging public health nursing roles that originated in the late 1800s continue to be issues today. Which factors continue to challenge public health nurses? (Select all that apply.)

a. Control of sanitation b. Care of the aged in the hospital setting c. Environmental pollution control d. Natural disasters E. Emerging communicable diseases

c, d, e

Public health nursing emphasizes prevention of disease. What are the challenges associated with such a goal? (Select all that apply.)

a. Increased costs and decreased funding. b. Independence of problem solving and decision making. c. It is easier to measure the effects of prevention. d. It is more difficult to measure the effects of prevention than the effects of treatment. e. Emerging communicable diseases continue to be a health threat.

a, d, e

True or False: in Canada, the terms community health nursing and public health nursing are interchangeable

false

identify two strategies used by community health nurses as they partner with clients to build capacity

empowerment and advocacy

population-focused practice vs traditional direct-care practice

population-focused = problems are identified and results in preventive services or policy development for a population (NOT: diagnoses, interventions, and treatment carried out at the individual level)

traditional direct-care = approach is curative or rehabilitative for the individual

how is population health measured

the determinants of health and health status indicators such as: measures of well-being, life expectancy, incidence and prevalence of disease, mortality rates, burden of illness

what is primary care

the first contact between individuals and the health care system and usually refers to the curative treatment of disease, rehab, immunizations etc.

what is primary health care

comprehensive and includes disease prevention and community development

what is upstream thinking

taking a "big picture" approach; macroscopic and considers the determinants of health and other relevant economic, political, and environmental factors

**population focused

what is downstream thinking

looking at individual health concerns and treatments without considering the sociopolitical, economic, and environmental variables

**curative focus

what defines a healthy community

a healthy community is one in which community members from all sectors work together to address common health issues affecting the determinants of health in the community, to improve the health of the population

Nurses can define communities by which of the following dimensions? a. People b. Place c. Function d. A and B e. A, B, and C

e

Participation, leadership, asking why, and a sense of community are features of which community concept? a. Community development b. Community capacity c. Community partnership d. Community competence

b

When the community health nurse (CHN) puts emphasis on community strengths in order to deal with community health concerns and blends professional knowledge with knowledge of the community to further develop community capacity in a collaborative milieu with community members, the nurse is using which approach to community? a. Community of interest b. Community as client c. Community as partner d. Community as unit of care

c

what are the four steps of the community health nursing process

1. assessment (gathering data)
2. planning (prioritizing community's health concerns, establish goals)
3. intervention (nurse is involved in activities aimed at attaining goals and objectives)
4. evaluation (appraisals of accomplishment of objectives and effects of interventions

what is a windshield survey

informal survey where the health professional drives around the community they are researching, and records his/her observations

what is informant interviewing

qualitative in-depth interviews with people who are involved in the community (usually a wide range)

what is participant observation

when the observer immerses themselves in the community for qualitative research

Which health promotion strategy engages community members to participate in decisions about their health care and regards partnerships as essential?

a) Developing personal skills. b) Capacity Building. c) Community development d) Building healthy public policy

c

what is secondary analysis

the use of existing data, collected for the purposes of a prior study in order to pursue a different research interest

what is community development

process of helping individuals improve the conditions of their lives by increased involvement in the social and economic conditions of their communities

what is capacity building

identifies and works with strengths, relies on collaboration and partnerships, community involvement and the development of skills and resources

Nurses can define communities by which of the following dimensions?

Select one:

a) Function. b) place. c) People d) A, B & C

d

How do Community Health Nurses build Community capacity?

a) Identifying community weaknesses. b) Focusing on community strengths. c) Assessing sustainability of programs in other communities. d) Fundraising for health equipment

b

Community health nurses assess community health using the listed data except?

Select one:

a) Evaluate emergency room visits. b) Assess illness incidence, morbidity and mortality. c) Meet with community leaders after intervention is complete. d) Evaluate major causes of hospitalizations

c

While conducting a community health assessment, a nurse in community health meets with local religious leaders to understand the values, norms, and perceived needs, and influence structures within the community. This process of data collection can best be described as which of the following?

a) Data gathering. b) Data generation. c) Problem identification. d) Data interpretation

b

True or False: screening is a method of secondary prevention

true

Identify programs community nurses implement that involve primary prevention.

a) A health fair offering blood pressure checks. b) Screening for glaucoma c) The use of neonatal intensive care units. d) Educating young women about birth control & prenatal care

d

True or False: Community health nurses use of reflective practice supports practice by improving quality of care

true

A Latino outreach program works with the nurse in community health to train lay Latino health care workers to provide basic services and education within the local Latino community. The concept basic to community-oriented nursing practice that is best described by this intervention is which of the following?

a) Community partnerships b) Community client. c) Community. d) Community health

a

what are community partnerships

relationships that foster the sharing of resources, responsibility, and accountability in undertaking activities within a community.

what are the three dimensions of community health and how are each defined

1. status - data profiles of communities and measures of population health patterns
2. structure - community characteristics, services, and resources
3. process - effective community functioning or problem solving

what is a comprehensive needs assessment

process that identifies needs and challenges in the community and prioritizes them for future action

most thorough, most time consuming and difficult

what is the problem oriented approach

nurse assesses a community in relation to a specific topic or health problem

what is the familiarization approach

involves studying data that is already available

what are the three dimensions of community

people, place, function

possible NANDA diagnoses for the community setting

deficient community health, ineffective community coping, readiness for enhanced community coping

nursing metaparadigm to planning care for a community

client: community as a whole health: well-being and connectedness for the community environment: where the community functions nursing: a partner in working with the community to achieve optimum health

what is visible diversity

characteristics you can see just by looking at someone

what is invisible diversity

characteristics that are underneath, like religion, values, opinions, and education.

what is population projection

estimate of future population size, age, and sex composition

what is a parish nurse

a nurse who works to integrate religious beliefs into nursing practice

what is an occupational health nurse

works toward health and safety of workers by assessing risks, planning and delivering health/safety services and facilitating health promotion activities that lead to a more productive workforce

what is a corrections nurse

responsible for the routine health care of inmates with certain pre-existing medical conditions or illnesses developed while incarcerated

what is an outreach nurse

part of outreach program which provides specialized services to older and at-risk adults so they can improve their ability to live and function in the community

what are the five principles of the Canada Health Act

1. universality
2. accessibility
3. comprehensiveness of services

4. portability
5. public administration

True or false: Population density and population growth are important matters to consider when nurses are assessing the environmental health of a community

True

True or false? Lead poisoning is no longer a major environmental health problem in Canada

False

Identify the most common contributors to outdoor air pollution that have serious adverse health effects

Ozone pollution, smog, acid rain

What are some common sources of indoor air pollution

Environmental tobacco smoke, carbon monoxide, dusts, dust mites, moulds, cockroaches, pests, pets, cleaning products, personal care products (particularly aerosols), and lead.

What is the nurse's advocacy role in risk communication related to environmental health issues

Nurses need to provide the right information, give the information to the right people, and present the information at the right time

List at least five possible health hazards that a nurse might observe while doing a windshield survey of a mid-sized Canadian community

Inadequate collection of waste, standing and polluted water, poor air quality, inferior or unsafe housing, poor road conditions, suspected presence of lead-based paint, noise, or crowding

The community health nurse (CHN) asks a client the following questions: "Do you have any symptoms that improve when you are away from your home or work," "Have you ever been exposed to any radiation or chemical liquids, dust, mists, or fumes," and "Do you wear personal protective equipment?" The nurse is conducting which of the following?

A. Environmental advocacy B. Environmental compliance activity C. Environmental health exposure history D. Environmental risk communication

C

Risk communication includes all the principles of good communication in general, as well as the exchange of information about health or environmental risks. It is a combination of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

A. Shaping the message on the basis of a good risk assessment and presenting it so that the audience can understand it B. Directing the information to those who are affected and to those who may not be affected but are

worried C. Magnifying the risks that are associated with the environmental issue to escalate public interest D. Communicating in a timely manner so that appropriate action can be taken and unnecessary fear can be reduced

A, B, and D

In which of the following scenarios does the CHN use secondary prevention to reduce environmental health risks?

A. Collecting blood specimens from preschool children to check for lead levels B. Meeting with local government officials to request that the city clean up a contaminated vacant lot C. Referring a child diagnosed with toxic lead levels to a neurologist D. Teaching the parents of a 2-year-old about the dangers of lead-based paint in older homes

A

List at least 3 factors that cause infants and children to be most vulnerable to adverse health effects from dangerous environmental situations and exposures

• Underdeveloped brains and organs
• Undeveloped detoxification systems
• Faster respiratory rates
• Behaviors of small children such as hand to mouth activity, crawling on floor

All of the following are common examples of delayed stress responses in disaster workers, except which one? A. Disappointment B. Frustration C. Guilt over not having done more D. Domestic violence E. Anger

A

13. Heightened awareness and openness to consider prevention activities typically occurs during which phase of the disaster management cycle?

A. Disaster mitigation B. Disaster recovery C. Disaster response D. Disaster preparedness

B

Designing automobiles with seat belts and air bags and insisting that young children be transported in safety car seats are examples of which of the following?

A. Disaster vulnerability

B. Disaster preparedness C. Mitigation activities D. Personal preparedness

C

Forensics, repair, remediation, and attribution are initiatives for which stage of the disaster management cycle?

A. Disaster mitigation B. Disaster preparedness C. Disaster response D. Disaster recovery

D

In the response stage of a disaster, ongoing assessments or surveillance reports by CHNs are important for which of the following reasons? (Select all that apply.)

A. To encourage good intentions of aid givers B. To match available resources to the population's emergency needs C. To identify casualties and immunization status D. To provide compassion and dignity

B and C

Which of the following was established to improve Canada's ability to respond effectively and efficiently to outbreaks that threaten the health of Canadians?

A. Public Pandemic Preparedness Plan B. PHAC C. Centers for Disease Control D. EMO

B

What are the responsibilities of the Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response (CEPR)?

Responsible for coordinating services required to handle all health risk and security threats in Canada, and provides program to train and certify health emergency response teams (HERTs) so they can respond to emergency situations in communities

What is food pollution

The transmission of disease during food processing or the addition of chemicals to food to help process it, lengthen its shelf life, or enhance its appearance or taste.

What is noise pollution

any noise that causes stress or has the potential to damage human health

What is a windshield survey

observation of a community while driving a car or riding public transportation to collect data for a community assessment

What is I PREPARE

Tool to assess community environmental health

Investigate potential exposures Present work Residence Environmental concerns Past work Activities Referrals and resources Educate

What is CH2OPD2

Tool for taking environmental exposure history

Community Home Hobbies Occupation Personal habits Diet Drugs

What are the four Rs for reducing environmental pollution

Reduce, recycle, reuse, recover

What are examples of meteorological disasters

weather caused disasters: blizzards, cyclones, droughts, thunderstorms, tornadoes, heatwaves, hailstorm

What is a geological disaster

disaster caused by natural changes in the earth ex. earthquake

What are the two types of man-made disasters

1. conflict
2. accidental

What are the four stages of disaster management

1. Prevention and mitigation
2. Preparedness
3. Response
4. Recovery

True or false: Clinical medicine focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in individuals, and epidemiology focuses on understanding the causes of disease in populations

True

True or false: All elements of the epidemiological triangle must be affected if disease is to occur.

False

True or false: The use of treadmill stress tests is an activity of secondary prevention for cardiovascular disease

True

True or false: The consistency or repeatability of a measure is called the reliability of a measure

True

True or false: Specificity is a type of validity that indicates how accurately the test identifies those people without a particular disease

True

The complex contributory interrelationship of many factors that interact to affect disease is which of the following? A. Epidemiological triangle B. Preclinical pathogenesis C. Web of causality D. Primary prevention

C

Which one of the following illustrates a host factor? A. Radiation B. Crowding C. Pesticides D. Diet

D

Which one of the following best describes a rate? A. A measure of the frequency of a health event in a defined population during a specified period of time B. An investigation of the causes and associations between factors, events, and health C. Simultaneous investigation of outcomes and exposures for a characteristic of interest D. A measure of the level of occurrence of disease exceeding expectations

A

When using the epidemiological method, how does a community health nurse describe the disease, event or injury?

Describes the distribution of the disease, event or injury - who, where, and when it is affecting - and searches for factors that explain the patterns or risk of occurrence of the disease

List the steps that the nurse in community health should take to assess community health problems

• Identify major causes of disease through incidence, morbidity and mortality rates
• discuss community health problems with key community leaders
• hold community focus groups involved in health
• assess community residents health literacy

Identify the five essential characteristics of a successful screening program

1. valid (accurate)
2. reliable (precise)
3. efficient (fast, inexpensive)
4. innocuous (safe)
5. high yield

What is the difference between reliability and validity

reliability = consistency or repeatability of a test

validity = does the test measure what it is supposed to (can it isolate people who are positive or negative for a disease)

Which two diseases caused the greatest numbers of death in the early 1900s?

TB and influenza

What level of prevention: screening for glaucoma

secondary

What level of prevention: environmental control measures

primary

What level of prevention: rehabilitating stroke victims

tertiary

What level of prevention: a health fair exhibit distributing information about radon exposure in the home

primary

What level of prevention: educating young women about birth control and prenatal care

primary

What level of prevention: support groups

tertiary

What level of prevention: a health fair offering blood pressure checks

secondary

What level of prevention: immunizing children against measles

primary

What level of prevention: a midnight basketball program for at-risk youth

primary (preventing problems from developing) or secondary (intervening where problems may be latent)

True or false: Only the successful interaction of an infectious agent and a human host are needed for disease transmission

False

What is primary prevention

seeks to reduce the incidence of disease before it happens (e.g., immunization, malaria chemoprophylaxis, universal precautions for health care workers, safe sex)

What is secondary prevention

seeks to prevent the spread of disease once it occurs (e.g., rapid identification of potential contacts of a reported case, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] testing, immunoglobulin after hepatitis A exposure)

What is tertiary prevention

aims to reduce complications and disabilities related to disease through treatment and rehabilitation (e.g., initiate directly observed therapy for tuberculosis treatment, referral to self-help support group)

What is natural immunity

innate resistance to an infectious agent

What is acquired immunity

resistance formed as a result of previous natural exposure to an infectious agent ex. antibodies

What is active immunity

immunity acquired through immunizations

What is passive immunity

immunity acquired through an immunized individual to a non-immunized individual ex. breastmilk

What is surveillance

Systematic and ongoing observation and collection of data concerning disease occurrence to describe phenomena and detect changes in frequency or distribution. It gathers the who, when, where, and what; these elements are then used to answer why.

Name four diseases that are controlled by routine childhood immunization

Polio, diphtheria, pertussis, measles

Three types of communicable diseases that are reportable to the federal government

those for which we give vaccines, STIs, exotic disease

What is contact tracing

partner notification;confidentially identifying and notifying contacts of individuals found to have reportable diseases and encouraging the contact to seek evaluation and treatment

tertiary prevention

What is directly observed therapy (DOT)

requires that a health care provider directly observe the patient swallowing the pills, whether it is in the hospital, office, or home care setting

Four steps to epidemiological process

1. define health pattern
2. describe the distribution
3. explain the pattern
4. determine influences

What are the three components of the epidemiological triangle

1. agent
2. environment
3. host

What are measles

rubella virus that causes red lesions on the skin

How is hepatitis A transmitted

virus transmitted through the fecal-oral route

through sources like: water, food, sexual contact