NIULPE STUDY GUIDE 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS 2024/2025 CORRECT, Exams of Organization and Business Administration

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NIULPE STUDY GUIDE 100%

VERIFIED ANSWERS

2024/2025 CORRECT

LOW-PRESSURE STEAM BOILER

A BOILER THAT OPERATES AT A MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE (MAWP) OF NOT MORE

THAN 15 PSI. PRIMARILY USED FOR HEATING BUILDINGS SUCH AS SCHOOLS, APARTMENTS,

WAREHOUSES, AND FACTORIES, AND FOR HEATING DOMESTIC WATER.

HIGH-PRESSURE STEAM BOILER

A BOILER THAT OPERATES AT A MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE (MAWP) OF MORE

THAN 15 PSI. ALSO KNOWN AS POWER BOILERS. USED IN GENERATING ELECTRICITY AND IN

INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL LOCATIONS

FIRETUBE STEAM BOILER

A BOILER IN WHICH HOT GASES OF COMBUSTION PASS THROUGH TUBES THAT ARE SURROUNDED BY

WATER. MAY BE EITHER HIGH PRESSURE OR LOW PRESSURE. FIRETUBE BOILERS ARE USED WHERE

MODERATE PRESSURES ARE NEEDED AND LARGE QUANTITIES OF STEAM ARE NOT REQUIRED.

COMMON TYPES INCLUDE: HORIZONTAL RETURN TUBULAR BOILER, SCOTCH MARINE BOILER, AND

VERTICAL FIRETUBE BOILER.

ADVANTAGES OF FIRETUBE BOILERS

DESIGN FOR PRESSURE UP TO A MAXIMUM OF 350 PSI AND APPROXIMATELY 2000 BHP.

ADVANTAGES: CAN BE FACTORY ASSEMBLED, INITIAL COST IS LESS THAN A WATERTUBE BOILER,

REQUIRES LITTLE OR NO SETTING, CONTAINS LARGER VOLUME OF WATER FOR A GIVEN SIZE

COMPARED TO A WATERTUBE BOILER, REQUIRES LESS HEADROOM.

STEAM PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP

20 - 259, 30-274, 40-287, 50-298, 60-307, 70-316, 80-324, 90-331, 100-338, 150-366, 200-388, 250-

406, 300-422 (PSI-DEGREES)

HEATING SURFACE

A PART OF A BOILER WITH WATER ON ONE SIDE AND HEAT AND GASES OF COMBUSTION ON THE

OTHER. BY INCREASING THE HEATING SURFACE, MORE HEAT IS TRANSFERRED FROM THE GASES OF

COMBUSTION.

THERMAL EFFICIENCY

WHEN LARGER QUANTITIES OF STEAM ARE GENERATED, THE THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF A BOILER

INCREASES. THERMAL EFFICIENCY IS THE RATIO OF THE HEAT ABSORBED BY A BOILER (OUTPUT) TO

THE HEAT AVAILABLE IN THE FUEL (INPUT) INCLUDING RADIATION AND CONVECTION LOSSES.

MODERN FIRETUBE BOILERS WITH IMPROVED DESIGN AND TEAT TRANSFER RATES HAVE ACHIEVED

THERMAL EFFICIENCY RATES AS HIGH AS 90% TO 95%

FURNACES

A FURNACE IS A LOCATION WHERE THE COMBUSTION PROCESS TAKES PLACE. A FURNACE IS ALSO

KNOWN AS A FIREBOX OR COMBUSTION CHAMBER. PLACING AN INTERNAL FURNACE WITHIN THE

BOILER SHELL GREATLY INCREASES THE HEATING SURFACE. THIS ALSO INCREASES HEAT ABSORPTION

THROUGH RADIANT HEAT TRANSFER.

DRY-BACK BOILER

A FIRETUBE BOILER WITH A REFRACTORY-LINED REAR DOOR THAT DIRECTS THE GASES OF

COMBUSTION FROM THE FURNACE TO THE FIRST PASS OF TUBES OR FROM ONE SECTION OF TUBES

TO ANOTHER.

WET-BACK BOILER

A FIRETUBE BOILER WITH THREE TUBE SHEETS AND A WATER-COOLED TURNAROUND CHAMBER,

WITH A WATER LEG FORMED BETWEEN THE REAR TUBE SHEET AND THE CHAMBER. THIS WATER LE

DIRECTS THE GASES OF COMBUSTION FROM THE FURNACE T O THE FIRST PASS OF THE TUBES AND

THEN THROUGH SUCCEEDING PASSES.

HORIZONTAL RETURN TUBULAR BOILER (HRT)

A FIRETUBE BOILER THAT CONSISTS OF A SHELL THAT CONTAINS THE SHEETS AND FIRE TUBES

MOUNTED OVER A FIREBOX OR FURNACE. HRT BOILERS ARE FIRED WITH FUEL, OIL, GAS, WOOD, OR

COAL.

SCOTCH MARINE BOILER

A FIRETUBE BOILER WITH AN INTERNAL FURNACE. SCOTCH MARINE BOILERS WEE USED ON SHIPS

FOR MANY YEARS AND HAVE A CORRUGATED OR PLAIN FURNACE, COMBUSTION CHAMBER, AND

TUBES PASSING THROUGH THE BOILER TO THE FRONT TUBE SHEET. MODERN SCOTCH BOILERS HAVE

BEEN MODIFIED SO THAT THE FURNACE IS COMPLETELY SURROUNDED BY WATER. INCREASES

BOILER EFFICIENCY

VERTICAL FIRETUBE BOILERS

A ONE-PASS FIRETUBE BOILER THAT HAS TUBES IN A VERTICAL POSITION. THE GASES OF

COMBUSTION CANNOT BE RETAINED IN THE BOILER BY THE USE OF BAFFLES. THE COMBUSTION

CHAMBER OF A VERTICAL FIRETUBE BOILER IS SUPPORTED BY STAYBOLTS.

SLUDGE

SOFT, MUDDY RESIDUE PRODUCED FROM IMPURITIES IN WATER THAT ACCUMULATES IN LOW SPOTS

IN A BOILER.

SEDIMENT

HARD SANDY PARTICLES OF FOREIGN MATTER THAT HAVE PRECIPITATED OUT OF WATER.

DRY-TOP BOILER

A VERTICAL FIRETUBE BOILER WITH AN UPPER TUBE SHEET THAT IS DRY. A DRY-TOP BOILER

PRODUCES STEAM THAT IS SLIGHTLY SUPERHEATED, WHICH CAN CAUSE TUBES IN THE UPPER TUBE

SHEET TO LEAK. DRY TOP BOILERS ARE RARELY USED

WATERTUBE STEAM BOILER

A BOILER THAT HAS WATER INSIDE THE TUBES WITH HEAT AND GASES OF COMBUSTION AROUND

THE TUBES. DESIGNED TO OPERATE AT PRESSURES AS HIGH AS 3206 PSI, A POINT KNOWN AS THE

CRITICAL PRESSURE OF STEAM. CARRY A SMALLER VOLUME OF WATER PER UNIT OF OUTPUT THAN

FIRETUBE BOILERS. THEY ARE ALSO CAPABLE OF HANDLING LARGE STEAM LOADS AND RESPOND

QUICKLY TO FLUCTUATING STEAM LOADS

CRITICAL PRESSURE OF STEAM

3206 PSI. IS THE PRESSURE AT WHICH THE DENSITY OF WATER AND STEAM ARE THE SAME. BOILERS

OPERATED AT THIS PRESSURE ARE CALLED CRITICAL PRESSURE BOILERS AND ARE TYPICALLY USED

FOR POWER GENERATION.

PRINCIPLES OF WATERTUBE BOILER OPERATION

UNLIKE A FIRETUBE BOILER, A WATERTUBE BOILER HAS THE HEAT AND GASES OF COMBUSTION

SURROUNDING THE TUBES. THE HEATED WATER INSIDE THE TUBES BECOMES LESS DENSE, CAUSING

IT TO RISE. THE STEAM BUBBLES THAT FORM AT THE HEATING SURFACES RISE AND FINALLY BREAK

THROUGH THE WATER SURFACE IN THE STEAM DRUM. THE COOLER WATER DROPS TO THE BOTTOM.

A MUD DRUM IS THE LOWEST PART OF THE WATERTUBE BOILER.

FACTORS THAT CAUSE WATER CIRCULATION IN A BOILER

THE DIFFERENCE IN DENSITY BETWEEN THE DENSER LIQUID IN DOWNCOMER TUBES AND THE LESS-

DENSE MIXTURE OF STEAM BUBBLES AND LIQUID IN HOTTER "STEAMING" RISER TUBES.

THE DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE BETWEEN THE FLUID IN THE DOWNCOMER TUBES AND RISER

TUBES.

THE BUOYANCY OF STEAM BUBBLES, WHICH CAUSES THE BUBBLES TO RISE FASTER THAN THE WATER

SURROUNDING THEM.

STRAIGHT-TUBE BOILER

A WATERTUBE BOILER WITH BOX HEADERS CONNECTED TOGETHER BY STRAIGHT, INCLINED WATER

TUBES. IN A STRAIGHT TUBE BOILER, THE WATER ENTERS A BOX HEADER AND CIRCULATES THROUGH

THE INCLINED TUBES TO ANOTHER BOX HEADER WHERE THE STEAM SEPARATES FROM THE WATER.

BENT-TUBE BOILER

A WATERTUBE BOILER WITH MULTIPLE DRUMS CONNECTS BY SHAPED TUBES. CIRCULATION

BECOMES MORE COMPLEX IN A BENT-TUBE BOILER. BENT-TUBE BOILERS OPERATE AT HIGHER

PRESSURES AND HIGHER STEAM CAPACITIES THAN STRAIGHT-TUBE BOILERS. COMMON BENT-TUBE

BOILER CONFIGURATIONS INCLUDE A, D, AND O STYLES.

MEMBRANE BOILER

A WATERTUBE BOILER THAT USES STRIPS OF METAL ALLOY WELDED BETWEEN THE TUBES TO FORM

A SEAL. THIS ELIMINATES THE NEED FOR A SEAL-WELDED INNER CASING. THE GASES OF

COMBUSTION PASS ACROSS THE TUBES TO HEAT WATER. MEMBRANE BOILERS ARE USED WHERE

SPACE IS LIMITED.

FLEX-TUBE BOILER

A WATERTUBE BOILER IN WHICH REPLACEABLE SERPENTINE TUBES ARE CONNECTED TO THE UPPER

AND LOWER DRUMS AND SURROUND THE FIREBOX. THE TUBES HAVE A TAPERED BUSHING WELDED

ON THE ENDS, WHICH IS FITTED INTO THE HEADERS BY A PRESS FIT. THIS ALLOWS THE TUBES TO BE

REPLACED WITHOUT WELDING. THE SERPENTINE SHAPE ALLOWS THE PIPES TO EXPAND AND

CONTRACT

ELECTRIC BOILER

A BOILER THAT PRODUCES HEAT USING ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE COILS OR ELECTRODES. ELECTRIC

BOILERS DO NOT BURN A FUEL.

RESISTANCE-COIL BOILER

ELECTRICITY FLOWS THROUGH A COILED CONDUCTOR. RESISTANCE CREATED BY THE COILED

CONDUCTOR GENERATES HEAT. RESISTANCE-COIL BOILERS ARE USED AS LOW CAPACITY BOILERS AND

ARE MORE COMMON THAN ELECTRODE BOILERS.

ELECTRODE BOILER

HEAT IS GENERATED BY ELECTRIC CURRENT FLOWING FROM ONE ELECTRODE TO ANOTHER

ELECTRODE THROUGH THE BOILER WATER. CONDUCTIVITY OF THE BOILER WATER WILL AFFECT THE

FLOW OF ELECTRICITY AND THE AMOUNT OF HEAT GENERATED.

REFUSE BOILER

A BOILER THAT USES THE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE THAT WOULD NORMALLY GO TO LANDFILLS.

USING SOLID WASTE IN REFUSE BOILERS HELPS MINIMIZE THE IMPACT OF LANDFILLS ON THE

ENVIRONMENT. MOST REFUSE BOILERS ARE WATERTUBE BOILERS USING SPECIAL TUBE AND

FURNACE DESIGNS TO HANDLE THE SLAGGING AND CORROSIVE NATURE OF THE FUEL.

WASTE BOILER

A BOILER THAT USES FUEL FROM AN INDUSTRIAL PROCESS THAT WOULD NORMALLY BE WASTED.

WASTE BOILERS CAN USE THE HEAT FOR THE INCINERATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE SUCH AS WOOD,

BARK, SAWDUST, GARBAGE, TIRES, USED OIL, INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS, AND BLACK LIQUOR

RESIDUE FROM THE PAPER INDUSTRY.

HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR

A BOILER THAT USES HEAT RECOVERED FROM A HOT GAS STREAM, SUCH AS HOT EXHAUST GASES

FROM A KILN OR FROM A GAS TURBINE. IT DOES NOT REQUIRE A BURNER TO BURN A FUEL BECAUSE

THE HOT GASES ALREADY EXIST AS WASTE FROM ANOTHER PROCESS. HRSGS HAVE FOUR MAJOR

SECTIONS: THE ECONOMIZER, EVAPORATOR, SUPERHEATER, AND PREHEATER

COMPRESSIVE STRESS

STRESS THAT OCCURS WHEN TWO FORCES OF EQUAL INTENSITY ACT FROM OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS

AND PUSH TOWARD THE CENTER OF AN OBJECT.

TENSILE STRESS

STRESS THAT OCCURS WHEN TWO FORCES OF EQUAL INTENSITY ACT ON AN OBJECT, WHICH PULLS

THE OBJECT IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS.

SHEAR STRESS

STRESS THAT OCCURS WHEN TWO FORCES OF EQUAL INTENSITY ACT PARALLEL TO EACH OTHER BUT

IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS.

STAYS

THROUGH STAYS ARE USED TO PREVENT BULGING IN BOILERS. STAYBOLTS HOLD THE INNER AND

OUTER WRAPPER SHEETS OF VERTICAL FIRETUBE BOILERS TOGETHER. DIAGONAL STAYS MAY BE

NEEDED IN THE UPPER STEAM SPACE OF MODIFIED HRT BOILERS TO HOLD FLAT AND CURVED

SURFACES TOGETHER.

BAFFLES

BAFFLES ARE USED TO DIRECT THE GASES OF COMBUSTION SO THAT THEY COME IN CLOSE CONTACT

WITH THE BOILER HEATING SURFACE. BAFFLES ARE CONSTRUCTED OF STEEL PLATES OR REFRACTORY

MATERIAL AND MUST BE MAINTAINED FOR OPTIMUM EFFICIENCY.

WATERWALLS

WATERWALLS INCREASE THE HEATING SURFACE AND THE LIFE OF THE FURNACE REFRACTORY. A

WATERWALL IS A SET OF TUBES THAT IS PLACED IN THE FURNACE AREA OF WATERTUBE BOILERS

AND USED TO INCREASE THE HEATING SURFACE OF BOILERS AND THE SERVICE LIFE OF REFRACTORY.

PACKAGE BOILER

A BOILER THAT COMES COMPLETELY ASSEMBLED WITH ITS OWN PRESSURE VESSEL, BURNER, DRAFT

FANS, AND FUEL TRAIN. ARRIVE READY FOR OPERATION. CAN BE EITHER FIRETUBE OR WATERTUBE

FIELD-ERECTED BOILER

A BOILER THAT IS ASSEMBLED AT THE FINAL SITE BECAUSE OF SIZE AND COMPLEXITY. USED TO

GENERATE ELECTRICITY OR LARGE AMOUNTS OF STEAM. CAN BE SEVERAL STORIES HIGH.

TURBINE

A MACHINE THAT CONVERTS THE ENERGY FROM EXPANSION OF HIGH-PRESSURE STEAM INTO THE

MECHANICAL ENERGY OF ROTATION. TURBINES REQUIRE SUPERHEATED STEAM FOR STEAM

EXPANSION WITHOUT CONDENSATION. THE TURBINE SHAFT IS CONNECTED TO A GENERATOR SHAFT

TO PRODUCE ELECTRICAL POWER

GENERATOR

A GENERATOR IS A DEVICE THAT CONVERTS MECHANICAL ENERGY, USUALLY FROM A ROTATING

SHAFT, INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY BY MEANS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION.

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

THE PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY AS A RESULT OF A CONDUCTOR PASSING THROUGH A MAGNETIC

FIELD

COGENERATION

THE PROCESS OF GENERATING ELECTRICITY AND THEN USING THE WASTE HEAT FROM THE

GENERATING PROCESS FOR HEATING BUILDINGS, PROVIDING PROCESS HEAT, OR FURTHER

ELECTRICAL GENERATION.

STEAM SYSTEMS

1 - STEAM DRUM, 2- SAFETY VALVE, 3- SUPERHEATER, 4- AUTOMATIC NONRETURN VALVE, DRAIN, 5-

MAIN STEAM STOP VALVE, 6- MAIN STEAM LINE, 7- DISTRIBUTION LINE, 8- PRESSURE REDUCING

STATION, 9- LOAD, 10- STEAM TRAP, 11- CONDENSATE RETURN.

FEEDWATER SYSTEMS

1 - CONDENSATE RETURN LINE, 2- SURGE TANK, TRANSFER PUMP, 3- DEAERATOR TANK, 4- VENT, 5-

FLOAT, 6- FEED VALVE, 7- WATER LINE, 8- INTERNAL OVERFLOW VALVE, 9- WASTE, 10- SUCTION LINE,

11 - FEEDWATER PUMP, 12- SECOND FEEDWATER PUMP, 13- SUCTION VALVES, 14- DISCHARGE

VALVES, 15- CHECK VALVES, 16- FEEDWATER DISCHARGE LINE, 17- CLOSED FEEDWATER HEATER, 18-

INLET VALVE, 19- OUTLET VALVE, 20- BYPASS LINE AND VALVE.

ONE POUND OF WATER EQUALS

ONE POUND OF STEAM

WATER WEIGHS APPROXIMATELY

8.3 LBS PER GALLON

FEEDWATER SYSTEM FROM HEATER TO BOILER

1 - CLOSED FEEDWATER HEATER, 2- OUTLET VALVE, 3- BYPASS LINE AND VALVE, 4- MAIN FEEDWATER

STOP VALVE, 5- BOILER, 6- CONTROL ELEMENT (FEEDWATER REGULATOR), 7- STEAM LINE, 8-

SHUTOFF VALVE, 9- CONTROL ELEMENT LINE, 10- SHUTOFF VALVE, 11- FEEDWATER REGULATING

VALVE, 12- SHUTOFF VALVES, 13- BYPASS VALVE, 14- STOP VALVE, 15- CHECK VALVE, 16- BLOWDOWN

VALVE, 17- ECONOMIZER.

LOW-PRESSURE GAS SYSTEM

1 - GAS LINE, 2- GAS COCK, 3- PILOT SOLENOID VALVE, 4- PILOT, 5- MANUAL RESET VALVE, 6- ZERO

GAS GOVERNOR, 7- VAPORSTAT, 8- MAIN GAS SOLENOID VALVE, 9- INJECTOR, 10- FORCED DRAFT

FAN, 11- BUTTERFLY VALVE, 12- VENTURI, 13- MIXING CHAMBER, 14- BLOCK AND HOLDER, 15-

ADJUSTABLE RING, 16- SECONDARY GAS COCK, STRAINER FILTER, DRIP LEG.

HIGH-PRESSURE GAS SYSTEM

1 - GAS LINE, 2- DRIP LEG, 3- STRAINER/FILTER, 4- PRESSURE GAUGE, 5- MAIN GAS COCK, 6- GAS

PRESSURE REGULATOR, 7- PRESSURE GAUGE 2, 8- PRESSURE-RELIEF VALVE, 9- LOW-GAS PRESSURE

SWITCH, 10- SAFETY SHUTOFF VALVE, 11- SAFETY SHUTOFF VALVE 2, 12- TEST VALVE, 1 3 - LEAKAGE

TEST VALVE, 14- MANUAL SHUTOFF VALVE, 15- FIRING-RATE VALVE, 16- HIGH-GAS PRESSURE

SWITCH, 17- FORCED DRAFT FAN, 18- BURNER REGISTER, 19- GAS PILOT LINE, 20- SHUTOFF VALVE,

21 - PILOT GAS-PRESSURE REGULATOR, 22- PRESSURE GAUGE, 23- PRESSURE-RELIEF VALVE 2, 24-

SAFETY SHUTOFF VALVE 3, 25- ORIFICE, 26- PILOT FLAME.

FUEL OIL SYSTEM

1 - FUEL OIL TANKS, 2- STEAM REGULATOR, 3- THERMOMETER, 4- STOP VALVES, 5- DUPLEX

STRAINERS, 6- SUCTION GAUGE, 7- SUCTION VALVES, 8- DISCHARGE VALVES, 9- FUEL OIL PUMPS, 10-

DISCHARGE LINE, 11- RELIEF VALVE, 12- TO FUEL OIL RETURN LINE, 13- PRESSURE GAUGE, 14 - STEAM

FUEL OIL HEATERS, 15- INLET VALVES, 16- OUTLET VALVE, 17- THERMOMETERS, 18- ELECTRIC

HEATER, 19- THERMOMETER, 20- SIMPLEX STRAINER, 21- PRESSURE GAUGE, 22- TO BURNER, 23-

BACK PRESSURE VALVE, 24- TEMPERATURE/PRESSURE INTERLOCK SWITCHES.

PULVERIZED COAL SYSTEMS

1 - COAL BUNKER, 2- COAL CONVEYOR, 3- COAL SCALE, 4- COAL CHUTE, 5- COAL FEEDER, 6-

PULVERIZER, 7- MOTOR DRIVE, 8- HOT AIR, 9- EXHAUSTER, 10- TO BURNERS.

DRAFT

THE FLOW OF AIR OR GASES OF COMBUSTION CAUSED BY A DIFFERENCE IN PRESSURE BETWEEN

TWO POINTS.

NATURAL DRAFT

NATURAL DRAFT IS PRODUCED BY THE NATURAL ACTION RESULTING FROM TEMPERATURE

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AIR AND GASES OF COMBUSTION. NATURAL DRAFT IS PRODUCED WITHOUT

A FAN USING ONLY A STACK.

MECHANICAL DRAFT

MECHANICAL DRAFT IS PRODUCED BY USING A MECHANICAL DEVICE, SUCH AS A FAN.

FORCED DRAFT

FORCED DRAFT IS MECHANICAL DRAFT PRODUCED BY A FAN SUPPLYING AIR TO A FURNACE. FORCED

DRAFT SYSTEMS PRODUCE A PRESSURE IN THE FURNACE THAT IS SLIGHTLY ABOVE ATMOSPHERIC

PRESSURE.

INDUCED DRAFT

INDUCED DRAFT IS DRAFT PRODUCED BY PULLING AIR THROUGH THE BOILER FURNACE WITH A FAN.

INDUCED DRAFT SYSTEMS PRODUCE A PRESSURE IN THE FURNACE THAT IS SLIGHTLY BELOW

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.

INSTRUMENTATION

A GROUP OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED DEVICES THAT ARE PART OF A MONITORING

AND CONTROL SYSTEM.

CONTROL SYSTEM

A SYSTEM OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND CONTROLLERS THAT WORK TOGETHER TO CONTROL

A PROCESS. EVERY BOILER HAS ITS OWN CONTROL SYSTEM.

FITTINGS

A COMPONENT DIRECTLY ATTACHED TO A BOILER THAT IS REQUIRED FOR THE OPERATING OF THE

BOILER. BOILER FITTINGS INCLUDE: VALVES, GAUGES, AND OTHER COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR

SAFE AND EFFICIENT OPERATION.

SAFETY VALVE

AN AUTOMATIC, FULL-OPENING, POP-ACTION VALVE, OPENED BY OVERPRESSURE IN A BOILER, USED

TO RELIEVE THE OVERPRESSURE BEFORE DAMAGE OCCURS.

SAFETY VALVE BLOWDOWN

DROP IN PRESSURE BETWEEN POPPING PRESSURE & RESEATING PRESSURE (USUALLY 2 TO 8 PSI

BELOW POPPING PRESSURE) AS A SAFETY VALVE RELIEVES BOILER OVERPRESSURE

POPPING ACTION

AS SOON AS THE STEAM PRESSURE STARTS TO OVERCOME THE FORCE OF THE SPRING, THE VALVE

WILL SLOWLY START TO OPEN. THIS ALLOWS THE STEAM TO ENTER THE HUDDLING CHAMBER AND

FORCE THE VALVE TO POP OPEN.

SAFETY VALVE DATA PLATE

A PLATE THAT IS ATTACHED TO A PIECE OF EQUIPMENT THAT PROVIDES IMPORTANT INFORMATION

ABOUT THAT EQUIPMENT. EACH BOILER SAFETY VALVE HAS A PLATE ATTACHED. DATA PLATES MUST

PROVIDE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION: MANUFACTURER NAME OR TRADEMARK,

MANUFACTURER DESIGN OR TYPE NUMBER, SIZE OF VALVE IN INCHES, SEAT DIAMETER, POPPING

PRESSURE SETTING IN PSIG, BLOWDOWN IN LB/SQ INCH, CAPACITY IN LB/HR, LIFT OF THE VALVE IN

INCHES, YEAR BUILT OR CODE MARK, ASME SYMBOL, SERIAL NUMBER.

STEAM PRESSURE GAUGE

A BOILER FITTING THAT DISPLAYS THE AMOUNT OF PRESSURE INSIDE A BOILER, STEAM LINE, OR

OTHER PRESSURE VESSEL.

PRESSURE SCALES

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

THE PRESSURE CAUSED BY THE WEIGHT OF A COLUMN OF WATER. THE CORRECTION FACTOR FOR

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE IS 0.433 PSI PER VERTICAL FOOT.

STEAM SEPARATOR

A STEAM SEPARATOR, OR DRUM INTERNAL, IS A DEVICE THAT IS LOCATED IN THE STEAM DRUM OF A

BOILER AND USED TO INCREASE THE QUALITY OF STEAM. SEPARATORS WORK ON THE BASIC

PRINCIPLE OF CHANGING THE DIRECTION OF THE FLOW OF STEAM, CAUSING THE HEAVIER WATER

DROPLETS TO SEPARATE FROM THE STEAM. THE PURPOSE OF A STEAM SEPARATOR IS TO REMOVE AS

MUCH MOISTURE FROM THE STEAM AS POSSIBLE. THROUGH THIS REMOVAL, A STEAM SEPARATOR

DOES THE FOLLOWING: CONSERVES ENERGY OF STEAM, PREVENTS WATER HAMMER OR TURBINE

DAMAGE DUE TO THE CARRYOVER OF WATER, PROTECTS VALVES, PISTONS, CYLINDERS OF

RECIPROCATING ENGINES, AND TURBINE BLADES FROM THE EROSIVE ACTION OF WET STEAM.

DRY PIPE SEPARATOR

A CLOSED-END PIPE THAT IS PERFORATED AT THE TOP, HAS DRAIN HOLES ON THE BOTTOM, AND

REMOVES MOISTURE FROM STEAM.

CYCLONE SEPARATOR

A CYLINDRICAL DEVICE THAT SEPARATES WATER DROPLETS FROM STEAM USING CENTRIFUGAL

FORCE.