Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

NR 507 Final Exam Advanced Pathophysiology (2025 / 2026) Questions & Verified Answers, Exams of Pathophysiology

NR507 Final Exam Advanced Pathophysiology (2025 / 2026) Questions & Verified Answers. Nr 507 advanced pathophysiology final exam questions, Nr 507 advanced pathophysiology final exam pdf, NR 507 final exam Answers Nr 507 advanced pathophysiology final exam answer key, Nr 507 advanced pathophysiology final exam answers, Nr 507 advanced pathophysiology final exam 2025, NR507 final exam Study Guide, Advanced pathophysiology final exam quizlet, Nr507 final exam study guide pdf, Nr507 final exam study guide quizlet, Nr507 final exam study guide, Nr507 final exam study guide 2025, NR 507 Week 4 Midterm, Advanced pathophysiology final exam quizlet, Nr 507 week 8 final exam quizlet, 2025 Nr 507 week 8 final exam questions, Nr 507 week 8 final exam pdf, Nr 507 week 8 final exam answers, 2025 NR 507 final exam Study Guide, 2025 NR 507 final exam Answers, 2024 NR 507 Final exam Chamberlain University, Advanced pathophysiology final exam quizlet

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 12/14/2024

Lectjohn
Lectjohn 🇺🇸

4.8

(9)

247 documents

Partial preview of the text

Download NR 507 Final Exam Advanced Pathophysiology (2025 / 2026) Questions & Verified Answers and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity!

NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology

Final Exam Week 8 Exam

Questions and Rationalized Answers Guarantee passing score

This exam features: 75 multiple-choice ques & Ans

  1. A 10-year-old develops pneumonia. Physical exam reveals subcostal and intercostal retractions.The child reports that breathing is difficult with feelings that, "I cannot get enough air." What term should the nurse use to document this condition?

a. Cyanosis b. Dyspnea c. Hyperpnea d. Orthopnea : ANS: B - Dyspnea

Rationale: Dyspnea is defined as "a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity." Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration to the skin. Hyperpnea is an increased ventilatory rate and orthopnea is dyspnea that occurs when an individual lies flat.

  1. A 20-year-old presents reporting difficulty breathing when lying down. What term should the nurse use to document this condition?

a. Dyspnea b. Orthopnea c. Apnea d. Tachypnea : ANS: B - orthopnea

Rationale: Orthopnea is dyspnea that occurs when an individual lies flat. Dyspnea is shortness of breath that occurs with activity. Apnea is cessation of breathing, and tachypnea is rapid breathing

  1. What type of breathing will the nurse observe while assessing a patient experiencing both metabolic acidosis and Kussmaul respirations?

a. Audible wheezing or stridor b. Increased rate, large tidal volumes, and no expiratory pause c. Rapid respirations with periods of apnea d. Very slow inhalations and rapid expirations : ANS: B - Increased rate, large tidal volumes, and no expiratory pause

Rationale: Kussmaul respirations are characterized by a slightly increased ventila- tory rate, very large tidal volumes, and no expiratory pause. Audible wheezing is usually associated with conditions such as asthma, and stridor indicates a narrowed airway.

Cheyne-Stokes respirations are characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing, with periods of apnea lasting from 15 to 60 seconds. Kussmaul respirations do not have slow inhalations; bronchiolar disorders have these Characteristics

  1. As a result of a severe head injury, a patient is now experiencing respira- tory abnormalities characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing with periods of apnea. What term should the nurse use when chart- ing this condition?

a. Cheyne-Stokes b. Frank-Starling c. Apnea d. Orthopnea : ANS: A - Cheyne Stokes

Rationale: Cheyne-Stokes respirations are characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing, with periods of apnea lasting from 15 to 60 seconds. Frank-Starling is related to the stretch of fibers. Apnea is cessation of respirations. Orthopnea is dyspnea that occurs when an individual lies flat.

  1. A patient's arterial blood gas reveals decreased carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. What is the most likely cause of this situation?

a. Hyperventilation b. Hypoventilation c. Apnea d. Cyanosis : ANS: A - hyperventilation

Rationale: Individuals with hyperventilation blow off CO2 while individuals with hypoventilation retain CO2. Apnea is cessation of breathing. Cyanosis is a blue color to the skin.

  1. When giving report, what term should the nurse use to describe the cough- ing up of bloody secretions?

a. Hematemesis b. Cyanosis c. Rhinitis d. Hemoptysis : ANS: D - hemoptysis

Rationale: Hemoptysis is the coughing up of bloody secretions. Hematemesis is bloody vomiting. Cyanosis is a bluish color to the skin. Rhinitis is a runny nose.

  1. A 65-year-old diagnosed with emphysema presents to the ER for difficulty breathing. Physical exam reveals both bluish skin and mucous membranes.

What term will the nurse use to document these observations?

a. Cyanosis b. Hemoptysis c. Hematemesis d. Ischemia : ANS: A - cyanosis

Rationale: Cyanosis is a blue color to the skin. Hemoptysis is the coughing up of blood or bloody secretions, and hematemesis is blood in the vomitus. Ischemia is a lack of blood supply to tissues.

  1. A nurse is reviewing the results of an arterial blood gas (ABG) and finds reduced oxygenation of arterial blood. What term should the nurse use to describe this condition?

a. Ischemia b. Hypoxia c. Hypoxemia d. Hypocapnia : ANS: C - hypoxemia

Rationale: Hypoxemia is a reduction of oxygen in arterial blood. Ischemia is a lack of blood supply to tissues. Hypoxia is reduced oxygen in tissues. Hypocapnia is

decreased CO2.

  1. A low ventilation-perfusion ratio of the lung will result in:

a. increased dead space. b. shunting. c. alveolar collapse. d. bronchoconstriction. : ANS: B - shunting

Rationale: Hypoxemia caused by inadequate ventilation of well-perfused areas of the lung is a form of mismatching called shunting, not bronchoconstriction. Inadequate ventilation of well-perfused areas of the lung is not referred to as dead space. Alveolar collapse is called atelectasis.

  1. When the pulmonologist discusses the condition in which a series of alveoli in the left lower lobe receive adequate ventilation but lack adequate perfusion which statement indicates the nurse understands this condition? When this occurs in a patient it is called:

a. A right-to-left shunt

b. Alveolar dead space c. A low ventilation-perfusion ratio d. Pulmonary hypotension : ANS: B - alveolar dead space

Rationale: When certain areas of the alveoli experience inadequate perfusion, it is referred to as dead space. The situation is not referred to as either a right-to-left shunt or as pulmonary hypotension. Shunting is due to a low ventilation-perfusion ratio.

  1. Which of the following lab values would the nurse expect in a patient who has sustained trauma to the lungs and chest wall and is experiencing respiratory failure?

a. Electrolyte imbalances b. Elevated PaCO c. Low hematocrit d. Elevated pH : ANS: B - Elevated PaCO

Rationale: In respiratory failure, inadequate gas exchange occurs such that PaO2 d 60 mm Hg or PaCO2 e 50 mm Hg with pH d 7.25. Electrolyte imbalances do not occur, but changes in blood gas values do. Hematocrit may be unaffected. pH will be decreased.

  1. A 50-year-old presents with hypotension, hypoxemia, and tracheal devia- tion to the left. Tests reveal that the air pressure in the pleural cavity exceeds barometric pressure in the atmosphere. Based upon these assessment find- ings, what does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing?

a. Pleural effusion b. Tension pneumothorax c. Open pneumothorax d. Transudative pneumothorax : ANS: B - tension pneumothorax

Rationale: Tracheal deviation suggests tension pneumothorax, not pleural effusion. With an open pneumothorax, a sucking sound would be heard without tracheal deviation. Tracheal deviation suggests a tension, not transudative pneumothorax.

  1. A 60-year-old with a history of cirrhosis presents with dyspnea, impaired ventilation, and pleural pain. A diagnosis of pleural effusion is made, and a watery fluid is drained. When giving report, the nurse will refer to this fluid as:

a. exudative. b. purulent. c. infected. d. transudative. : ANS: D - transudative

Rationale: Pleural effusions that enter the pleural space from intact blood vessels can be transudative (watery). The fluid is watery; thus, it is not exudative, which is composed of white cells. Effusion is not purulent or infected

  1. An 80-year-old develops pneumonia in the hospital. An assessment iden- tifies that the patient is cyanotic and tachycardic and has developed a fever and a cough. Chest x-ray reveals pus in the pleural space.This symptomology supports which medical diagnosis?

a. Empyema b. Emphysema c. Pleurisy d. Chyle : ANS: A - empyema

Rationale: The presence of pus in the pleural space is termed empyema; emphyse- ma is a total lung disorder. Pleurisy causes pain with inspiration. Chyle is milky fluid with lymph and fat.

  1. Which organism does the nurse suspect is the most likely cause of empye- ma?

a. Virus b. Staphylococcus aureus c. Fungus d. Moraxella catarrhalis : ANS: B - Staphylococcus aureus

Rationale: The most likely cause of empyema is Staphylococcus aureus; it is not due to a virus. Empyema is not due to Moraxella catarrhalis or to a fungal infection.

  1. A 26-year-old recently underwent surgery and is now experiencing dysp- nea, cough, fever, and leukocytosis. Tests reveal a collapsed lung caused by the removal of air from obstructed alveoli. Which term is used to document this condition?

a. Compression atelectasis b. Bronchiectasis c. Absorption atelectasis

d. Hypoventilation : ANS: C - absorption atelectasis

Rationale: Absorption atelectasis results from removal of air from obstructed or hy- poventilated alveoli or from inhalation of concentrated oxygen or anesthetic agents. Compression atelectasis is caused by external pressure exerted by tumor, fluid, or air in the pleural space or by abdominal distention pressing on a portion of lung. Bronchiectasis is a dilation of the bronchi, not atelectasis. Hypoventilation is inadequate alveolar ventilation of the lungs; it is not due to removal of air.

  1. A 15-year-old is diagnosed with restrictive lung disease caused by fibrosis. Which pulmonary function test finding is expected?

a. Increased compliance b. Increased tidal volume c. Decreased respiratory rate d. Decreased functional residual capacity : ANS: D - decreased functional resid- ual capacity

Rationale: Fibrosis progressively obliterates the alveoli, respiratory bronchioles, and interstitium (fibrosing alveolitis), which can result in chronic pulmonary insufficiency, and functional residual capacity declines. Compliance decreases in restrictive dis- ease. In restrictive disease, tidal volume decreases. Respirations may increase with restrictive disease

  1. A 57-year-old presents with cough, sputum production, dyspnea, and de- creased

lung volume and is diagnosed with pneumoconiosis. When taking the patient's history, which finding is the most probable cause of the illness?

a. Inhalation of silica b. Autoimmune disease c. Allergic reactions d. Flail chest : ANS: A - inhalation of silicia

Rationale: The dusts of silica, asbestos, and coal are the most common causes of pneumoconiosis. Pneumoconiosis is neither an autoimmune nor an allergic disorder; it is not due to flail chest.

  1. The most common cause of pulmonary edema is:

a. right heart failure. b. left heart failure. c. asthma.

d. lung cancer. : ANS: B - left heart failure

Rationale: The most common cause of pulmonary edema is left-sided heart disease, not right-sided. Pulmonary edema is not commonly caused by asthma or lung cancer.

  1. Which assessment findings will the nurse observe in a patient diagnosed with severe pulmonary edema?

a. Thick mucous secretions b. Pink, frothy sputum c. Hypocapnia d. Wheezing : ANS: B - pink, frothy sputum

Rationale: In severe edema, pink frothy sputum is expectorated, not thick mucous secretions. Neither hypocapnia nor wheezing is an expected assessment finding associated with pulmonary edema.

  1. A 42-year-old presents with dyspnea; rapid, shallow breathing; inspiratory crackles; decreased lung compliance; and hypoxemia.Tests reveal a fulminant form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury. What is the most likely diagnosis supported by the patient's condition?

a. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

b. Sarcoidosis c. Postoperative respiratory failure d. Malignant respiratory failure : ANS: A - acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Rationale: The patient is experiencing ARDS. The patient's symptoms do not support a diagnosis of sarcoidosis or either postoperative or malignant respiratory failure

  1. Asthma is thought to be caused by:

a. an autosomal recessive trait. b. autoimmunity. c. excessive use of antibiotics as a young child. d. interactions between genetic and environmental factors. : ANS: D - interac- tions between genetic and environmental factors

Rationale: Asthma is an interaction between genetic and environmental factors.

Asthma is not a recessive trait or an autoimmune response. Asthma is not due to excessive antibiotic use in childhood.

  1. A healthcare practitioner is preparing to teach the staff about asthma. Which information should they include? Airway hyperresponsiveness in asth- ma is related to:

a. increased sympathetic nervous system response. b. the release of stress hormones. c. exposure to an allergen causing mast cell degranulation. d. hereditary decrease in IgE responsiveness. : ANS: C - exposure to an allergen causing mast cell degranulation

Rationale: Hyperresponsiveness is due to mast cell degranulation. An increased sympathetic response would lead to bronchiolar dilation. Hyperresponsiveness is not due to release of stress hormones. Heredity is associated with asthma, but the problem is the mast cells.

  1. A nurse is preparing to teach the staff about asthma. Which information should the nurse include? Airway obstruction contributing to increased air- flow resistance and hypoventilation in asthma is caused by:

a. type II alveolar cell injury and decreased surfactant. b. alveolar fibrosis and pulmonary edema. c. mucous secretion, bronchoconstriction, and airway edema. d. collapse of the cartilaginous rings in the bronchi. : ANS: C - mucous secretion, bronchoconstriction and airway edema

Rationale: The mediators of asthma cause vasodilation, increased capillary per- meability, mucosal edema, bronchial smooth muscle contraction (bronchospasm), and mucous secretion from mucosal goblet cells with narrowing of the airways and obstruction to airflow. Acute respiratory distress syndrome involves type II injury. Alveolar fibrosis with pulmonary edema is not associated with asthma. Asthma is not associated with collapse of bronchiolar rings.

  1. A 10-year-old is brought to the ER with prolonged bronchospasm and severe hypoxemia. The symptomology supports which diagnosis?

a. Exercise-induced asthma b. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) c. Status asthmaticus d. Bronchiectasis : ANS: C - status asthmaticus

Rationale: When bronchospasm is not reversed by the usual measures, the individ- ual is considered to have severe bronchospasm or status asthmaticus since exer- cise- induced asthma resolves. COPD is manifested by air trapping and hypercapnia, not by bronchospasm. Bronchiectasis is manifested by bronchiolar changes, not by bronchospasm.

  1. A 22-year-old presents with chronic bronchitis. Tests reveal closure of the airway during expiration. This condition is most likely caused by:

a. thick mucus from hypertrophied glands. b. ventilation-perfusion mismatch. c. hyperventilation. d. thinning smooth muscle in the bronchioles. : ANS: A - thick mucus from hypertrophied glands

Rationale: Chronic bronchitis is defined by hypersecretion of thick mucus. Ventila- tion- perfusion mismatch may occur, but chronic bronchitis is defined as hypersecre- tion of mucus. Neither hyperventilation nor thinning of smooth muscle occurs.

  1. Individuals with a recent diagnosis of emphysema should be assessed for which most common presenting factor?

a. A productive cough b. Cyanosis c. Dyspnea

d. Cor pulmonale : ANS: C - Dyspnea

Rationale: Dyspnea, not a productive cough, is the most common presenting factor of emphysema. Neither cyanosis nor cor pulmonale is a common presenting factor of emphysema.

  1. A 60-year-old with a 25-year history of smoking is diagnosed with emphy- sema. Assessment shows an increased anterior-posterior chest diameter. The nurse attributes this finding to:

a. air trapping. b. decreased inspiratory reserve volumes. c. increased flow rates. d. alveolar destruction. : ANS: A - air trapping

Rationale: Air trapping, not increased flow rates, expands the thorax, putting the

respiratory muscles at a mechanical disadvantage. Neither decreased inspiratory reserve volumes nor alveolar destruction is associated with an increased anteri- or- posterior chest diameter.

  1. Pneumonia is caused by:

a. use of anesthetic agents in surgery. b. atelectasis. c. chronic lung changes seen with aging. d. viral or bacterial infections. : ANS: D - viral or bacterial infections

Rationale: Pneumonia is caused by a viral or bacterial infection; infections are not caused by anesthetic agents. Neither atelectasis nor lung changes associated with normal aging cause pneumonia

  1. The patient generally acquires nosocomial pneumonia:

a. at daycare centers. b. on airplanes. c. during hospitalization. d. in the winter season. : ANS: C - during hospitalization

Rationale: Nosocomial infections are acquired in the hospital. Nosocomial infections are not associated with daycare centers or airplanes and may happen in any season.

  1. What is the most likely cause of chronic bronchitis in a 25-year-old?

a. Chronic asthma b. Air pollution c. Cigarette smoke d. Recurrent pneumonias : ANS: C - cigarette smoke

Rationale: The most likely cause of chronic bronchitis is cigarette smoke. Chronic bronchitis in such a patient is not commonly associated with chronic asthma. Air pollution and recurrent infections may contribute, but smoking is the most common cause.

  1. 53-year-old male with a 20-year history of smoking is diagnosed with em- physema. When a staff member asks why the patient's airways are obstructed, how should the nurse respond? The airways are obstructed because of:

a. excessive mucus production. b. loss of elastic recoil.

c. infection and inflammation. d. airway edema. : ANS: B - loss of elastic recoil

Rationale: The major mechanism of airflow limitation is a loss of elastic recoil, not excessive mucus as with bronchitis. The major mechanism of airflow limitation in this situation is not associated with infection or airway edema.

  1. Aspiration of oral secretions increases a patient's risk for which compli- cation?

a. Pneumonia b. Bronchiectasis c. Pneumothorax d. Emphysema : ANS: A - pneumonia

Rationale: Aspiration could lead to pneumonia; bronchiectasis is related to dilation and is not associated with aspiration. Neither pneumothorax nor emphysema is associated with aspiration.

  1. A 30-year-old is diagnosed with emphysema. Changes in this patient's lungs are caused by:

a. viral infections. b. destruction of alveolar macrophages. c. ±1a-ntitrypsin deficiency.

d. fibrotic lung disease. : ANS: C - ±1A-ntitrypsin deficiency

Rationale: ±1A-ntitrypsin deficiency is suggested in individuals who develop emphy- sema before 40 years of age; it is not due to viral infections. Changes in the lungs are not associated with alveolar macrophage destruction or with fibrotic lung disease.

  1. A 30-year-old male prison inmate contracted tuberculosis during an out- break. When the nurse reviews the lab results, the organism that caused this condition is a:

a. Bacterium b. Fungus c. Virus d. Parasite : ANS: A - bacterium

Rationale: The organism that causes tuberculosis is a bacterium. Tuberculosis is not a fungus, a virus, or a parasite.

  1. A 30-year-old male prison inmate contracted tuberculosis during an out- break. While planning interactions, the nurse realizes the patient can transmit this disease through:

a. skin contact. b. fecal-oral contact. c. airborne droplets. d. blood transfusions. : ANS: C - airborne droplets

Rationale: Tuberculosis is transmitted through airborne droplets. Tuberculosis is not transmitted through skin contact, fecal-oral contact, or through a blood transfusion.

  1. A 70-year-old hospitalized for a pelvic fracture develops a pulmonary embolism. The nurse realizes this embolus is most commonly composed of:

a. fat. b. air. c. tissue fragment. d. blood clot. : ANS: D - blood clot

Rationale: A thromboembolism is most commonly composed of a blood clot. A thromboembolism is less commonly composed of fat, air, or tissue fragments.

  1. Which of the following patients is at highest risk for developing pulmonary

embolism (PE)?

a. 21-year-old male with a hemophilia bleeding disorder b. 28-year-old woman who had a baby 6 months earlier c. 36-year-old woman with a history of alcohol abuse who is recovering from a gastric ulcer d. 72-year-old male who is recovering from hip replacement surgery in the hospital : ANS: D

Rationale: A 72-year-old is at risk for immobility and at increased risk for PE.

  1. A 50-year-old male is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism (PE). Which of the following symptoms most likely occurred before treatment is initiated?

a. Dry cough and inspiratory crackles b. Shallow respirations and wheezing c. Chest pain and shortness of breath d. Kussmaul respirations and back pain : ANS: C - chest pain and shortness of

breath

Rationale: An individual with PE usually presents with the sudden onset of pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, and unexplained anxiety. Individuals with PE do not experience a cough or wheezing. Kussmaul respirations are associ- ated with acidosis.

  1. A 60-year-old undergoes surgery for a bone fracture. Which nursing mea- sure would be most effective for preventing pulmonary embolism (PE) in this patient?

a. Ensure that patient uses supplemental oxygen. b. Prevent deep vein thrombosis formation. c. Check hematocrit and hemoglobin levels frequently during the postopera- tive period. d. Promote aggressive fluid intake. : ANS: B - prevent deep vein thrombosis formation

Rationale: PE most commonly results from embolization of a clot from deep venous thrombosis (DVT) involving the lower leg; thus, preventing these will help prevent pulmonary emboli. Oxygen will neither prevent emboli nor check hemoglobin and hematocrit. Fluid intake will help, but it is not as important as preventing DVT

  1. A 50-year-old is diagnosed with lung cancer. The health history includes a 30-year history of smoking, exposure to air pollution, asbestos, and radiation. What had the greatest impact on the development of his cancer?