NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide (Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide Completed, Exercises of Nursing

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NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide (Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide Completed Final Study guide REPRODUCTIVE: endometrial cycle and the occurrence of ovulation uterine prolapse polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) testicular cancer and conditions that increase risk symptoms that require evaluation for breast cancer signs of premenstrual dysphoric disorder dysfunctional uterine bleeding pathophysiology of prostate cancer

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

Completed

HPV and the development of cervical cancer ENDOCRINE body’s process for adapting to high hormone levels Cushing’s Syndrome causes of hypoparathyroidism lab results that point to primary hypothyroidism pathophysiology of thyroid storm signs of thyrotoxicosis

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

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NEUROLOGICAL

dermatomes substance release at the synapse Spondylolysis location of the motor and sensory areas of the brain pathophysiology of cerebral infarction and excitotoxins agnosia accumulation of blood in a subarachnoid hemorrhage most common cause of meningitis NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide (Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide Completed

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

Completed

GENITOURINARY

diet and the prevention of prostate cancer Impact of Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) on the urinary system GENETICS the role of DNA in genetics transcription effects of genetic

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

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mutations Trisomy Down Syndrome Klinefelter syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy Neurofibromatosis diseases that have multifactorial traits multifactorial inheritance MUSCULOSKELETAL ions that initiate muscle contraction

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

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growth of long bones in children bones belonging to the appendicular skeleton IMMUNITY & INFLAMMATION how vaccines are formed populations at risk for getting systemic fungal infections and parasitic infections systemic manifestations of infection mechanisms responsible for the increase in antimicrobial resistance worldwide functions of normal flora in the body desensitization therapy cells involved in “left shift” in the WBC

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

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count differential forms of immunity major histocompatibility class I antigens

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

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NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide (Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide Completed inflammatory chemicals blocked by anti-inflammatory drugs characteristics of acute phase reactant C-reactive protein DERMATOLOGY process by which a deep pressure ulcer heals complications of the development of contractures during wound healing ACID/BASE causes of respiratory alkalosis

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

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molecules that act as buffers in the blood CARDIOVASCULAR most common cardiac valve disease in women when myocardial ischemia may be reversible symptoms of stable angina orthostatic hypotension isolated systolic hypertens ion results of sustained controlled hypertension

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

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the relationship of insulin resistance on the development of primary hypertension defects in the normal secretion of natriuretic hormones and the impact on renal system effects of increased sympathetic nervous system activity due to primary hypertension complications of unstable plaque in the coronary arteries forms of dyslipidemia associated with the development of the fatty streak in atherosclerosis events that initiate the process of atherosclerosis signs and symptoms of increased left atrial and pulmonary venous pressures in left sided heart differences between left and right sided heart failure infective endocarditis

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

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PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE

pathophysiology of deep vein thrombosis Vichow’s triad NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide (Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide Completed HEMATOLOGY physiological response to hypoxia in anemia populations at the highest risk for developing

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

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folate deficiency anemia causes of iron deficiency anemia expected lab test results found in long standing iron deficiency anemia Sickle Cell Anemia causes of aplastic anemia underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to autoimmune hemolytic anemia secondary polycythemia anemia of chronic renal failure FLUIDS & ELECTROLYTES conditions that result in pure water deficit (hypertonic volume depletion) osmoreceptors that stimulate thirst and the release of ADH

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

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causes of hypernatremia effects of increased aldosterone dependent edema definition of isotonic principle of capillary oncotic pressure types of fluid compartments in the body PULMONARY most effective measure to prevent pulmonary embolus from developing in patients when the practitioner will note tactile fremitus

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

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cause of acute airway obstruction in the patient with chronic bronchitis types of pneumothorax results of the loss of alph-1- antitrypsin in emphysema the result of loss of surfactant in ARDS Characteristics of Cheyne- Stokes respirations

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

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NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide (Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide Completed SHOCK causes of hypovolemic shock; how the body maintains glucose levels during shock Reproductive: The Menstrual (Ovarian) Cycle: Purpose: Pregnancy and menstrual bleeding (the menses). Starts with Menarche (first menstruation) ends with menopause (cessation of menstrual flow for 1 year). Cycles are anovulatory at first and may vary in length from 10 to 60 days then regular patterns of menstruation and ovulation

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

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occur lasting from 21 to 45 days. CYCLE: Commonly accepted cycle average is 28 (27 to

30. days, with rhythmic intervals of 21 to 35 days (Normal). Phases of the Menstrual Cycle: (two phases) 1- the follicular/proliferative phase (postmenstrual) followed by 2 - the luteal/secretory phase (premenstrual). Menstruation (menses),the functional layer of the endometrium disintegrates and is discharged through the vagina. Follicular/proliferative phase: GnRH and a balance between activin and inhibin from the granulosa cells contribute to the rise of FSH levels, which stimulates several follicles. The pulsatile secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary gland rescues a dominant ovarian follicle from apoptosis by days 5 to 7 of the cycle. Together estrogen and FSH increase FSH receptors in the

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

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granulosa cells of the primary follicleà making them more sensitive to FSH. FSH and estrogen combine to induce production of LH receptors on the granulosa cells, promoting LH stimulation to combine with FSH stimulation causing a more rapid secretion of follicular estrogen. As estrogen levels increase, FSH levels drop because of an increase in inhibin-B secreted by the granulosa cells in the dominant follicle. This drop in FSH level decreases the growth of less-developed follicles. Estrogen causes cells of the endometrium to proliferate and stimulates production of LH. A surge in both FSH and LH levels is required for final follicular growth and ovulation. NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide (Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide Completed

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

Completed

An increase in stromal tissue in the late follicular phase is associated with a rise in androgen levels. Androgen production enhances the process of follicle atresia. Luteal/secretory phase (premenstrual): Ovulation is the release of an ovum from a mature follicle and marks the beginning of the luteal/secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. Ovarian follicle begins its transformation a corpus luteum (hence luteal phase) (see Fig. 24.8, A) Pulsatile secretion of LH from the anterior pituitary stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, which in turn initiates the secretory phase of endometrial development. Glands from the endometrium start to secrete a thin glycogen-containing fluid (the secretory phase). If conception occurs, the nutrient-laden endometrium is

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

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ready for implantation. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is secreted 3 days after fertilization by the blastocytes and maintains the corpus luteum once implantation occurs at about day 6 or

7. HCG can be detected in maternal blood and urine 8 to 10 days after ovulation. If conception and implantation do not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates and STOPS production of progesterone and estrogen. Without progesterone or estrogen to maintain it, the endometrium becomes ischemic (“blood- starved”) and disintegrates, hence the name ischemic/menstrual phase. Menstruation then occurs, marking the beginning of another cycle. Ovulation Occurs: Ovulatory cycles- minimum length of 24 to 26.5 days: Primary ovarian follicle requires 10 to 12.5 days to develop, and the luteal phase appears relatively fixed at 14 days (±3 days).

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

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Menstrual blood flow usually lasts 3 to 7 days, but it may last as long as 8 days or stop after 1 to 2 days and still be considered within normal limits. Bleeding is consistently scant to heavy and varies from 30 to 80 mL, with most blood loss occurring during the first 3 days of menses. Menstrual discharge consists of blood, mucus, and desquamated endometrial tissue and does not clot under normal circumstances. It is usually dark and produces a characteristic musty odor on oxidation. Environmental factors such as severe emotional stress, illness, malnutrition, obesity, and seasonal variation may affect the length of the menstrual cycle.

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

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NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide (Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide Completed Uterine prolapse : is descent of the cervix or entire uterus into the vaginal canal (Fig. 25.11). In severe cases the uterus falls completely through the vagina and protrudes from the introitus. Symptoms of other pelvic floor disorders also may be present. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): is the most common cause of

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

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anovulation and ovulatory dysfunction in women. PCOS is defined as having at least two of the following three features: -irregular ovulation, -elevated levels of androgens (e.g., testosterone), and -the appearance of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. Polycystic ovaries do not have to be present to diagnose PCOS, and conversely their presence alone does not establish the diagnosis. (2 out of 3 need to be present). PCOS is associated with metabolic dysfunction , including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and obesity. Cause of PCOS is unknown, a genetic basis is suspected.

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

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Symptoms are related to anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and insulin resistance and include dysfunctional bleeding or amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, acanthosis nigricans, and infertility. Goals of treatment include reversing signs and symptoms of androgen excess, instituting cyclic menstruation, restoring fertility, and ameliorating any associated metabolic or endocrine, or both, disturbances. NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide (Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide Completed First-line treatment of PCOS includes combined oral contraceptives (COCs) for management of symptoms (e.g., hirsutism, acne) and to establish regular menses. For those women with PCOS who are overweight or obese, lifestyle modifications, including regular exercise and weight loss, also are considered first-line treatments. Women with

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

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insulin resistance, or those women who do not respond to contraceptive therapy, may benefit from the insulin sensitizer metformin. If COCs are not used and pregnancy is not desired, progesterone therapy is recommended to oppose estrogen's effects on the endometrium and as a means to initiate monthly withdrawal bleeding (at the expense of continued hirsutism). Clomiphene citrate, an antiestrogen, can be used to facilitate ovulation and can be combined with metformin for improved outcomes. Management of PCOS is a nearly lifelong process because the effects of the syndrome persist past childbearing years. testicular cancer and conditions that increase risk; symptoms that require evaluation for breast cancer; signs of premenstrual dysphoric disorder; Testicular cancer - testicular cancer is highly treatable and mostly often develops

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide

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in young and middle aged men. 90% of testicular cancers are germ cell tumors arising from the male gametes. Germ cell tumors constitute 90% of testicular cancers and are classified in to seminomas and nonseminomas. Seminomas are the most common and the least aggressive, and make up 30% to 35% of testicular cancers. Nonseminomas make up 60% and include embryonal carcinomas (20%- 25%), teratomas (5%-10%), and choriocarcinomas (<1%) which are the most aggressive but rare form of testicular cancer. pg 844. Conditions that increase risk of testicular cancer- the cause of testicular cancer is unknown, but a genetic predisposition is suggested since there is higher incidence among brothers’ identical twins and other close male relatives. Risk factors include history of cryptorchidism, abnormal testicular development, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and AIDS, klinefelter syndrome and history of testicular cancer. Pg 845 Symptoms that require evaluation for breast cancer- More than two-thirds of breast cancer cases occur in women older than 55 years. The median age for breast cancer diagnosis was 61 years of age. Some women younger than age 45 may

NR 507 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

(Variant 1)/Patho Final Study guide