Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) Procedures and Assessments, Exams of Nursing

Download Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) Procedures and Assessments and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS NR EMT FINAL EXAM 2023-2024 ACTUAL EXAM 200 QUESTIONS TESTED AND CONFIRMED A+ ANSWERS NR EMT FINAL EXAM 2023-2024 ACTUAL EXAM 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (100% CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+ (BRAND NEW!!) Cushing's reflex includes increased blood pressure, bradycardia, and: (A) irregular respirations. (B) irregular pulse. (C) increased respirations. (D) pupil dilation. - ANSWER- (A) irregular respirations. RATIONALE:Cushing's reflex is indicative of a head injury with increased intracranial pressure (ICP). You delivered a full-term baby in the back of your ambulance and the initial APGAR score is 5. What treatment should you do? (A) CPR. (B) effective ventilation. (C) vascular access. (D) administration of epinephrine. - ANSWER- (B) effective ventilation. RATIONALE:Most newborns respond favorably to warming, drying, suctioning, and stimulation. All of the following are phases of the stress response EXCEPT: (A) alarm reaction. (B) resistance. (C) exhaustion. (D) acceptance. - ANSWER- (D) acceptance. RATIONALE:The 3 phases of the body's response to stress: (1) alarm reaction (fight-or-flight response) (2) resistance: the level of resistance to stress raises (3) exhaustion-as stress continues, coping mechanisms begin to fail Manual maneuvers used to open a patient's airway (D) keeping the patient calm; transport without lights and siren. - ANSWER- (D) keeping the patient calm; transport without lights and siren. If you suspect preeclampsia, you should take precautions to prevent seizures, which include keeping the patient calm and transporting without lights and sirens. Which of the following statements is true regarding chemical burns? (A) Always use antidotes or neutralizing agents. (B) Acid burns are typically more serious than alkali burns. (C) Both acids and alkalis cause burns by disrupting cell membranes and damaging tissues on contact. (D) Always approach a chemical spill from downwind. - ANSWER- (C) Both acids and alkalis cause burns by disrupting cell membranes and damaging tissues on contact. When assessing an injured eye, you see a collection of blood in front of the pupil and iris. What is it called? (A) Raccoon's eye (B) Retinal detachment (C) Hyphema (D) Corneal laceration - ANSWER- (C) Hyphema How would you transport a 22 year old man who was hit in the head with a baseball and had a period of unconsciousness lasting 7 seconds? (A) Recovery position (B) Sitting up at a 90 degree angle (C) Trendelenburg (D) Immobilized on a backboard - ANSWER- (D) Immobilized on a backboard All of the following can affect the accuracy of a pulse oximeter EXCEPT: (A) hypoperfusion. (B) anemia. (C) carbon monoxide poisoning. (D) hyperthermia. - ANSWER- (D) hyperthermia. Which of the following can help determine possible injuries that may be sustained in an MVC? (A) Length of skid marks (B) Debris at the scene (C) Patient symptoms (D) Mechanism of injury - ANSWER- (D) Mechanism of injury An elderly man is found outside. He is unconscious, unresponsive, apneic, and pulse less. His skin is cold to touch, his muscles are rigid, and his core body temperature is 89.6°F. What is the initial treatment? (A) CPR. (B) Turn the heat up in the ambulance (C) starting passive rewarming. (D) placing in a Trendelenburg position. - ANSWER- (A) CPR. RATIONALE: CPR is indicated even if signs of death are present. A hypothermic patient cannot be presumed dead until they are warm and dead. Remember hypothermia can cause Ventricular Fibrillation so rewarming needs to be done in a controlled setting. Injury to which abdominal organ is most likely to cause death in the pediatric patient? (A) Pancreas (B) Liver (C) Spleen (D) Kidney - ANSWER- (B) Liver RATIONALE:The liver is a solid, vascular organ in the RUQ. Rupture or laceration of the liver can cause severe hemorrhage. Injury to the liver is the most common abdominal injury that leads to death in the pediatric patient. Which blood component transports oxygen? (A) plasma. (B) platelets. (C) leukocytes. (D) erythrocytes. - ANSWER- (D) erythrocytes. RATIONALE:Also known as RBC's. Leukocytes are white blood cells and play a role in fighting infection. Platelets play a role in clotting. Plasma is the liquid that carries the cells throughout the body. Your assessment must be thorough when dealing with an intoxicated patient because: (A) alcohol increases pain tolerance. (B) alcohol decreases the patient's judgment. (C) alcohol is a CNS stimulant. (D) alcohol can mask signs and symptoms of injury. - ANSWER- (D) alcohol can mask signs and symptoms of injury. RATIONALE: Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant and, therefore, can mask signs and symptoms of injury. What would you suspect in a 22yo female complaining of severe, stabbing, unilateral pain in the lower abdomen. Vital signs are BP 88/64, HR 128, RR 22. Her skin is cool and she missed her menstrual cycle. (A) a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. (B) endometriosis. (C) pelvic inflammatory disease. (D) amenorrhea. - ANSWER- (A) a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. RATIONALE:The classic triad of symptom includes abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and amenorrhea. Other symptoms include referred pain to the shoulder, nausea, vomiting, or syncope. Signs of shock may be present if the ectopic ruptures. An indicator of severe abdominal trauma after an MVC may include: (A) absent bowel sounds. (B) back pain. (C) referred pain to the clavicle. (D) unexplained shock. - ANSWER- (D) unexplained shock. Shaken Baby Syndrome can cause which of the following conditions? This is based on tachypnea, increased work of breathing, diminished breath sounds, and elevated temperature. The nasopharyngeal airway should be measured..... (A) from the corner of the mouth to the earlobe. (B) from the tip of the nose to the earlobe. (C) from the tip of the nose to the corner of the mouth. (D) from the tip of the nose to the chin. - ANSWER- (B) from the tip of the nose to the earlobe. How would you open the airway of an unresponsive child who was struck by a car traveling approximately 25 MPH? (A) jaw-thrust with c-spine stabilization. (B) head-tilt/chin-lift. (C) hyperextension with jaw-thrust. (D) hyperflexion of the head to the "sniffing" position. - ANSWER- (A) jaw-thrust with c-spine stabilization. Tidal volume is defined as: (A) the amount of gas moved in and out of the respiratory tract per minute. (B) the amount of gas contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. (C) the amount of gas inhaled and exhaled during a normal breath. (D) the amount of gas that remains in the respiratory system after forced expiration. - ANSWER- (B) Tidal volume is defined as the amount of gas inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath Which of the following is the valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle? (A) tricuspid valve. (B) mitral valve. (C) aortic valve. (D) pulmonic valve. - ANSWER- (B) The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. The Sellick maneuver (A) is used to clear a foreign body airway obstruction in an infant or child. (B) is used to clear blood or mucus from the nasopharynx. (C) may be used to minimize gastric distention. (D) is the preferred method for opening the airway of an unconscious patient when cervical spine injury is suspected. - ANSWER- (C) may be used to minimize gastric distention. Posterior pressure exerted on the cricoid cartilage (the Sellick maneuver) will effectively compress the esophagus, minimizing the potential for gastric distention. This maneuver will also reposition the vocal cords for clearer visualization of anatomic structures A small child fell through ice when skating. After 20 minutes, the child is pulled out of the water apneic and pulseless. What is your first action? (A) keep the child cool to maintain the mammalian dive reflex. (B) defibrillate the child immediately. (C) pronounce the child dead at the scene. (D) secure the child's airway and control the cervical spine. - ANSWER- (D) secure the child's airway and control the cervical spine Since it is unknown if there are any c-spine injuries from the fall through the ice, you must secure the airway and control the cervical spine during resuscitation. What are the three parameters of the pediatric assessment triangle? (A) airway, breathing, circulation. (B) appearance, breathing, circulation. (C) airway, respiratory rate, pulses. (D) appearance, lung sounds, skin color. - ANSWER- (B) appearance, breathing, circulation. The pediatric assessment triangle is based on appearance, which includes mental status and muscle tone; breathing, which includes visible movement, effort, and audible sounds; and circulation, which includes skin color. All are obtained as part of the initial assessment to formulate a rapid determination of the child's stability. You arrive on the scene of a multiple vehicle crash. Upon arrival, each of the following actions are appropriate EXCEPT to: (A) establish scene command. (B) treat and transport the most critically ill patient. (C) perform a scene size up. (D) control scene hazards. - ANSWER- (B) treat and transport the most critically ill patient. The first unit to arrive on the scene should begin the scene size up which includes establishing command, calling for back-up units, controlling any hazards and locating and triaging patients. It would not be appropriate for the primary unit to locate and transport the most critically injured patient. The large vessel of the body that carries oxygenated blood is the (A) coronary sinus. (B) pulmonary vein. (C) superior vena cava. (D) femoral vein. - ANSWER- (B) pulmonary vein Veins carry blood from the body back to the heart. The pulmonary vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back to the heart. Where should you place your hands on the chest of an adult victim when you are performing chest compressions? (A) On the top of the sternum (B) On the lower one-third of the sternum (C) On the lower half of the sternum, at the nipple line (D) Over the very bottom of the sternum - ANSWER- (C) On the lower half of the sternum, at the nipple line During your assessment, you find crepitus and instability to the right rib cage. Lung sounds are equal but there is paradoxical chest movement. You suspect: (A) a tension pneumothorax. (B) a massive hemothorax. (C) a flail chest. (D) an abdominal aneurysm. - ANSWER- (C) a flail chest the board will allow the uterus to displace to the left and prevent compression of the inferior vena cava. A nasal cannula can deliver % of oxygen at a flow rate of 6 LPM in optimal conditions. (A) 30% (B) 40% (C) 50% (D) 65% - ANSWER- (B) 40% of oxygen. Which of the following is treatment for a flail chest injury? (A) Position of comfort with O2 per NRB mask (B) Positive pressure ventilation (C) Stabilization of the flail segment with a sandbag (D) Applying tape to the uninjured side - ANSWER- (B) Positive pressure ventilation Your patient injured his left arm in a motorcycle accident. When assessing the injured extremity, which of the following is most important? (A) Check for compartment syndrome. (B) Check deep tendon reflexes. (C) Do a thorough neurovascular exam. (D) Check for position sense - ANSWER- (C) Do a thorough neurovascular exam. It is important to check for pulses, motor, and sensory functions distal to any injury in an extremity. Assessment and documentation of the neurovascular status are required before and after splinting. Which of the following indicate that a pediatric patient is progressing from respiratory distress to respiratory failure? (A) Nasal flaring (B) Respiratory rate over 32 (C) Poor muscle tone (D) Grunting/head bobbing - ANSWER- (C) Poor muscle tone Nasal flaring, elevated respiratory rate, grunting, and head bobbing all indicate respiratory distress. The development of poor muscle tone indicates the patient is tiring and is an ominous sign of respiratory failure. The elements of a negligence claim include all of the following EXCEPT: (A) duty to act. (B) breach of duty. (C) code of conduct. (D) proximate cause. - ANSWER- (C) Code of conduct. The four elements of a negligence claim include: the duty to act, breach of duty, actual damages, and proximate cause. An incomplete or illegible patient care report: (A) may be acceptable in some situations. (B) may cause subsequent caregivers to provide inappropriate treatment. (C) is of no use. (D) is useful in the ongoing care and treatment. - ANSWER- (B) may cause subsequent caregivers to provide inappropriate treatment. The accuracy and completeness of the patient care report may have a significant impact on ongoing care and treatment of the patient. What are the anatomical differences in the pediatric airway compared to the adult airway. (A) The airway diameter is larger, the larynx is more anterior, the tongue is proportionally smaller. (B) The airway diameter is larger, the larynx is more posterior, the tongue is proportionally smaller. (C) The airway diameter is smaller, the larynx is more anterior, the tongue is proportionally larger. (D) The airway diameter is smaller, the larynx is more posterior, the tongue is proportionally larger. - ANSWER- (C) The airway diameter is smaller, the larynx is more anterior, the tongue is proportionally larger. A 21-year-old female has open, midshaft fractures of her radius and ulna. Bleeding is severe. After applying direct pressure, which one of the following steps would be most appropriate to help control the bleeding? A.Place an occlusive dressing over the wound. B.Apply an ice pack to the wound. C.Straighten and splint the arm. D.Apply pressure to the distal radial artery pressure point. - ANSWER- C A 50-year-old male has suffered a deep laceration to his leg in an industrial accident and has lost a great deal of blood. You initiate hemorrhage control and stop the bleeding with a pressure dressing. You should next: A. administer high-concentration oxygen via nonrebreather mask. B. complete a rapid trauma assessment. C. initiate rapid transport. D. wrap the patient in blankets to retain body temperature. - ANSWER- A What detrimental side effect occurs at the cellular level when the body's metabolism shifts from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism? A. Diminished liberation of lysosomal enzymes B. Hyperactivity of sodium/potassium pump C. Creation of high levels of ATP that damages cellular walls D. Lactic acid production - ANSWER- D A 70-year-old female is complaining of chest pain and shortness of breath. Which one of the following detailed assessment findings might be relevant to her current condition? A. Equal and reactive pupils B. Pedal edema C. Normal distal sensory and motor function D. Bruising on her forearms - ANSWER- B A 28-year-old female has ingested about 30 unknown pills. She is semiconscious and her vital signs are pulse 128, respiration 12, blood pressure 88/40. Poison control notes that activated charcoal should be administered. In this case charcoal is contraindicated because: A 12-year-old male has injured his knee after a minor bicycle crash. He is alert and complains only of knee pain. After completing your primary assessment, you should: A. complete a detailed physical exam. B. initiate rapid transport. C. complete a rapid trauma assessment. D. initiate a focused examination of the patient's knee. - ANSWER- D A 29-year-old male has been involved in a motorcycle crash. He has a large abrasion on his left thigh and lower leg. The most significant threat from this type of injury would be: A. serious bleeding. B. pain. C. nerve damage. D. infection. - ANSWER- D Which one of the following would be considered a significant mechanism of injury? A. 63-year-old female falls and sustains an angulated tibia/fibula fracture B. Motor-vehicle crash at 30 mph with no passenger compartment intrusion C. A three-year-old falls 11 feet without loss of consciousness D. Six-foot male falls eight feet without a loss of consciousness - ANSWER- C Arriving at the home of a patient who has chest pain, you are told that she has an automatic implanted cardiac defibrillator (AICD). After your assessment, you begin to gather a SAMPLE history. Before you finish, the patient loses consciousness. You determine she is apneic and pulseless. Of the following which one is the most appropriate action to take? A. Contact medical control for orders. B. Do CPR only but do not connect an AED. C. Start CPR and attach an AED. D. Wait for the patient's AICS to respond. - ANSWER- C During the interview of a female patient thought to be experiencing a spontaneous abortion, she relays to you a prenatal history of poor nutrition, drug abuse, and smoking. During what stage of the fetal development would these habits have the greatest potential for malformation? A. Embryonic stage B. Fertilization C. Fetal stage D. Implantation - ANSWER- A A six-year-old male patient is ventilated through a home respirator. You were called today because the patient's oxygen saturations have been low. As you assess the patient, you notice many secretions in the tracheostomy tube and gurgling on inhalation. You should: A. use positive pressure ventilations to clear the tracheostomy tube. B. ask the patient's parents to assist you with suctioning the tracheostomy tube. C. contact medical control for instructions on suctioning a tracheostomy tube. D. attempt to suction the tube using a standard rigid suction catheter. - ANSWER- B You are caring for a pediatric trauma patient who was not properly belted into their car seat and was thrown from the vehicle when it exited the road and rolled multiple times. Given what is known about pediatric trauma and pediatric arrest situations, if this patient does go into cardiopulmonary arrest, what is the most likely cause of this? A. Uncontrolled hemorrhage B. Loss of airway patency C. Spinal trauma D. Loss of vascular tone - ANSWER- D A 26-year-old male is unconscious after a motor-vehicle crash. His airway is patent but he is breathing very rapidly. His respiratory rate is 58, and you notice he is slightly cyanotic. In this case the most important reason to initiate positive pressure ventilation is to: A. treat rising intracranial pressure. B. slow the respiratory rate. C. increase tidal volume. D. treat apnea. - ANSWER- C A patient diagnosed with bone cancer will typically experience what other types of problem? A. Gastrointestinal distress B. Bone fractures C. Cardiac emergencies D. Respiratory distress - ANSWER- B You respond to a known hazardous-materials incident. A harmful gas has been released. Which one of the following describes the most appropriate placement for the ambulance? A. Down wind and downhill B. Down wind and uphill C. Upwind and uphill D. Upwind and downhill - ANSWER- C A 90-year-old female is complaining of sharp, steady abdominal pain. When you palpate her abdomen, you feel a pulsating mass in the lower left quadrant. This finding most likely indicates a(n): A. bleeding ulcer. B. enlarged spleen. C. aortic aneurism. D. bowel obstruction. - ANSWER- C Which one of the following reasons explains why you might have a higher index of suspicion for spine injury in a pregnant female compared to a nonpregnant female? A. Hormones released during pregnancy cause bones to become more brittle. B. Hormones released during pregnancy cause ligaments to stretch. C. The spinal column is stretched during pregnancy. D. A large fetus makes falling backwards more likely. - ANSWER- B Your patient is a cross-country motorcycle racer who crashed his motorcycle into a group of trees. Although he was helmeted, he sustained blunt trauma to the anterior neck and is now dyspneic. Damage to what structure in the neck can cause airway occlusion and death to the patient? A. Trachea Which one of the following is a sign of left-sided heart failure? A. Abdominal edema B. Pedal edema C. Sacral edema D. Pulmonary edema - ANSWER- D As the result of damage to the left side of the heart, blood backs up into the lungs. This may be auscultated as crackles or rales in the lungs. When the right side of the heart is in failure and not pumping properly, then fluid backs up in the abdomen, lower extremities (pedal edema), and lower back (sacral edema). A 45 year olf male was thrown off a motorcycle when it struck a car. The patient was not wearing a helmet. He opens his eyes and pulls away when you stimulate him. When you ask him questions he provides inappropriate responses to your questions. His Glascow Coma Scale score is A. 5 B. 11 C. 9 D. 7 - ANSWER- C The Glascow Coma Scale score is based on the patient's best eye, verbal and motor response. He should receive a 2 for opening his eyes to pain; a 3 for using inappropriate words to respond to questions; and a 4 for withdrawing from painful stimuli. EMT'S should wear high efficiency particulate air respirators when they are in contact with patients who have which of the following?? - ANSWER- B. Tuberculosis You are called to assist a 60 year old female who complains of a severe headache. Upon entering the home, you smell a strong odor of natural gas. What is your first action? - ANSWER- C. remove patient from the house and to your ambulance. The most common electrical rhythm disturbance that results in sudden cardiac arrest is called? - ANSWER- b. ventricular fibrillation Which of the following is the highest priority patient? - ANSWER- a. 57 year old male with chest pain and systolic blood pressure of 80 OPQRST - ANSWER- O-onset P-Provocation Q-quality R-Radiation S-Severity T-Time DCAP-BTLS - ANSWER- D- DEFORMITIES C-CONFUSIONS A-ABRASIONS P-PUNCTURES B-BURNS T-TENDERNESS L-LACERATIONS S-SWELLING SAMPLE - ANSWER- S-SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS A-ALLERGIES M-MEDICATION P-PAST PERTINENT HISTORY L-LAST ORAL INTAKE E-EVENTS LEADING TO INJURY AVPU scale - ANSWER- A-Alert V-Voice P-Pain U-Unresponsive Ecchymosis - ANSWER- bruising or discoloration The valve between right atrium and right ventricle is the ? - ANSWER- Tricuspid valve Glottis - ANSWER- opening between the pharynx and the trachea correct order of cardiopulmanary circulation - ANSWER- aorta, right ventricle, right atrium, pulmanary arteries, lungs, , pulmonary veins, left ventricle, left atrium, vena cava perfusion - ANSWER- the exchange of gases, nutrients and waste between the cells and the capillaries pericardium - ANSWER- The outer layer of the heart The myocardium is perfused by the? - ANSWER- coronary arteries The endocrine system is primarily responsible for doing which of the following actions? - ANSWER- Maintaining homeostasis in the body You arrive to find a 65-year-old male complaining of weakness. During your assessment, the patient continues to ask you the same questions over and over again and begins to lapse in and out of consciousness. You also notice the patient has become diaphoretic and tachycardiac. You believe this patient is suffering from? - ANSWER- Hypoglycemia This patient is presenting with altered mental status, sweating and increased heart rate, which are classic for hypoglycemia. You should immediately check the patient's blood sugar. The spinal column is made up of how many cervical vertebrae? - ANSWER- There are 7 cervical vertebrae in the neck. 12 thoracic vertebrae. 5 sacral vertebrae, and 5 lumbar vertebrae. The disease resulting in demyelination of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord is known as? - ANSWER- Multiple Sclerosis, or MS, is a nervous system disease that results in demyelination of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord. It affects women more than men and symptoms usually appear between the ages of 20 to 40. You respond to a private residence for a 23-year-old male complaining of shortness of breath. As you place oxygen on the patient, you gather a medical history from his mother. She states the patient has a history of cystic fibrosis. Cystic Fibrosis, or CF, is a genetic disorder affecting which two systems? - ANSWER- Respiratory and Digestive incident that is limited by the physical structures surrounding it. The physical limitations reduce the ability of emergency responders to easily access, treat, and transport patients. An assessment of the scene and surroundings that will provide valuable information to the first responder and will help ensure their well being is a definition of which of the following terms? - ANSWER- Scene safety is the assessment of the scene, your surroundings, and any threats to your well-being. If the scene isn't safe, you need to stay away until it is. Your 19-year-old male patient is complaining of a "thunder-clap" headache after a motor vehicle collision with intrusion to the driver's side. The patient is conscious but altered, and is speaking inappropriate words. While assessing your patient, he vomits violently and begins seizing. What type of head injury has this patient likely sustained? - ANSWER- The best answer is A. The "thunder-clap" headache is associated with a Sub-arachnoid hemorrhage. Epidural and Subdural hematoma have a similar presentation but do not present with this type of headache. An intravetricular hemorrhage is usually seen in pediatric patients of non-traumatic etiology. Which artery is best to palpate for a pulse in small children? - ANSWER- Brachial--Upper Arm Preeclampsia - ANSWER- a condition that occurs in late pregnancies that is characterized by hypertension, severe headache, blurry vision, and fluid retention. Major deprestion - ANSWER- Typical signs of depression include, loss of interest in things once enjoyed, lack of sleep, decreased appetite, change in activity or energy, and thoughts of suicide. A complete breech presentation is when the baby is in which position? - ANSWER- The buttocks present first, with the baby having its knees and hips flexed Respiratory syncytial virus - ANSWER- Respiratory syncytial virus is a common pediatric illness that occurs during winter and early spring. It is characterized by cold-like symptoms early on that progress to moderate-to-severe respiratory symptoms including increased respiratory rate, wheezing, and respiratory distress. You are managing a patient who is in the process of delivering her full-term baby. When the baby's head emerges, you notice that the amniotic sac is still intact. What should you do? - ANSWER- You need to rupture the amniotic sac immediately. Do so gently with your fingers to avoid harm to the baby and then suction the airway. How does activated charcoal eliminate ingested poisons? - ANSWER- Through adsorption Which of the following changes would you most likely NOT see with a pregnant adult female? - ANSWER- Decrease in heart rate The fetus' umbilical cord is made up of how many arteries and how many veins? - ANSWER- 2 arteries and 1 vein Acrocyanosis refers to which of the following? - ANSWER- Pink core and cyanotic extremities Acro = extremity Cyano = blue Osis = condition of Your patient is a 5-year-old male who hit his head on a rock after falling from a tree. Compared to an adult with head trauma, he is more likely to exhibit which of the following signs or symptoms? - ANSWER- It is relatively common for children to experience nausea and vomiting after head trauma. In adults, it usually only occurs in cases of severe trauma. The last stage of labor is called? - ANSWER- The placental stage Begins after the fetus is delivered and ends with the delivery of the placenta. Which of the following events occurs during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle? - ANSWER- Menstruation You are called to a 36-year-old female who is having labor pains. She appears to be in active labor and as you inspect the vagina, she begins to bleed excessively prior to crowning. You should immediately? - ANSWER- Treat with high-flow O2 and rapid transportation. Place a sanitary napkin over the vaginal opening. Due to the potential for life-threatening hemorrhage, patients presenting with possible placenta previa should be treated for? - ANSWER- Patients with active hemorrhage should always be treated for shock. Which of the following is not an anatomically correct difference between adult and pediatric patients? - ANSWER- The trachea is more flexible in adults Respiratory Syncytial Virus - ANSWER- common pediatric illness that occurs during winter and early spring. It is characterized by cold-like symptoms early on that progress to moderate-to-severe respiratory symptoms including increased respiratory rate, wheezing, and respiratory distress. You are on scene with a 28-year-old female patient involved in a head-on motor vehicle crash. She is 34 weeks pregnant. The engine company has placed your patient in full C-spine precautions and she is ready to be transported. In what position should you transport your patient? - ANSWER- Pregnant women should be transported the left lateral recumbent position. If you place a pregnant woman on her back, you risk causing supine hypotension (the weight of the fetus rests on the vena cava which prevents blood return to the heart). If your patient is immobilized, slightly elevate the right side of the spinal board 4-6" above the left side. The second stage of labor begins after what has occurred? - ANSWER- Full dilation of cervix The most common reason for bradycardia in a newborn is? - ANSWER- Hypoxia In newborns, bradycardia is almost always an event secondary to hypoxia. In most cases, it can easily be reversed with positive-pressure ventilation. The most common cause of seizures in the pediatric patient is? - ANSWER- Fever A fracture for which the bone is broken into more than two fragments is? - ANSWER- comminuted fracture A traumatic injury cause by fragments will most likely occur in what blast phase? - ANSWER- secondary The upper airway includes which of the following structures? - ANSWER- Nasopharynx, tongue, oropharynx and larynx You respond to a serious motor-vehicle crash where it is apparent that a young woman has been killed. Her family arrives on scene. When speaking with them, you should tell them: A. you know how they feel B. crews are doing everything they can C. their daughter has died D. everything will be okay - ANSWER- C A 22-year-old, 38-week pregnant female requires transport to the hospital after a fall. There is no indication of spine injury. The most appropriate position to transport her in would be: A. left lateral recumbent. B. knee-chest position. C. semi-Fowler's position. D. supine - ANSWER- A A patient is found in his apartment sitting in a chair in the tripod position, manifesting noisy respirations, cyanosis around the lips, and restlessness. Vital signs are: respirations 28 (working to breathe), pulse 100 (slightly irregular), and blood pressure 140/90. Oxygen should be provided to this patient by way of: A. bag-valve mask. B. oxygen-powered ventilation device. C. nasal cannula. D. nonrebreather mask. - ANSWER- D A 66-year-old male patient with a stoma is found in respiratory arrest. Which one of the following would be the most appropriate method for delivering positive pressure ventilations to this patient? A. Use a pediatric mask to ventilate the stoma directly. B. Use a traditional face mask to ventilate, leaving the stoma open. C. Use a traditional face mask to ventilate the stoma directly. D. Seal the stoma and ventilate, using a traditional face mask. - ANSWER- A Early signs of hypoperfusion in a pregnant female patient may be lost due the physiological changes caused by pregnancy. Which of the following vital signs is one such example of this? A. Heart rate B. Respiratory rate C. Pulse oximeter D. Blood pressure - ANSWER- D You and your partner are checking your ambulance prior to your shift. Which one of the following oxygen cylinder pressures would be the minimum safe residual pressure for operational use? A. 2000 psi B. 1000 psi C. 500 psi D. 200 psi - ANSWER- D You are departing the scene of a 2 car MVC from which you are transporting a critical trauma patient. Your partner is in the back and you are going to drive the ambulance to the hospital. As you conceptualize the route you wish to take to the hospital, which of the factors below is LEAST important to the actual route you'll take? A. Traffic patterns B. Freeway versus city road C. Road surface D. Travel time - ANSWER- B A mother states her seven-week-old infant has not been feeding well and may have had a fever over the last four days. The baby is listless, and when you examine his head, you notice its fontanels are sunken. What does this finding most likely indicate? A. Rising intracranial pressure B. Hypovolemia C. Traumatic brain injury D. Meningitis - ANSWER- B A 21-year-old male has been involved in a serious motor-vehicle crash. You begin your primary assessment in the vehicle as rescue crews prepare for mechanical extrication. After checking airway and breathing, you find spurting blood coming from a laceration on his leg. Your jump kit is outside the car. You should: A. wait for the patient to be extricated to initiate bleeding control. B. immediately apply the tourniquet you carry in your pocket. C. use your gloved hand to initiate direct pressure. D. wait for a crew member to bring you a sterile dressing. - ANSWER- C You are addressing a person who is angry at you because his wife was pronounced dead on scene and he thinks you should have started treatment and transport. You are trying to gather specific patient information from him so you can contact appropriate authorities. During this exchange, what patient communication strategy could you possibly employ? A. Reflection B. Confrontation C. Anger D. Clarification - ANSWER- A A 31-year-old female has been found unconscious by the side of the road. Bystanders state that they do not know what happened. The patient does not appear to be breathing. After ensuring scene safety, you should next: A. interview bystanders for further information. B. check her carotid pulse C. open her airway using a jaw-thrust maneuver. D. obtain a blood glucose level. - ANSWER- B Alveolar ventilation refers to the amount of: A. air that does not reach the alveoli during normal inhalation. B. carbon dioxide transferred from the blood to the alveoli each minute. C. air moved in and out of the alveoli per minute. D. oxygen transferred to the blood from the alveoli each minute. - ANSWER- C You and your partner are on a lunch break when you hear a scream from across the room: "My child is choking!" You immediately go to help. The mother quickly tells you she thinks the 10-month-old swallowed a coin. You note that the baby is cyanotic with no cough. What is the appropriate way to clear the obstruction? A. Try a blind finger sweep to dislodge the coin. B. Immediately attempt artificial ventilation. C. ask him to follow the ambulance to help prevent tailgating. D. accept the escort but tell him to make sure he maintains a good distance between the cruiser and the ambulance. - ANSWER- B You arrive on scene for a male patient in his mid-30's who, according to family, is acting strangely. As you enter the house you find the patient standing with his face to the corner with tin-foil wrapped around the top of his head to keep the "evil radio waves" from entering his head. The patient is not aggressive, and allows you to complete your physical exam. Of the following conditions, which is most likely NOT his problem? A. Heart attack B. Hypoglycemic episode C. Psychiatric disorder D. Stroke or TIA - ANSWER- A Upon turning a patient over to hospital staff a nurse advises you that your patient is a known injectable drug abuser. Of the numerous work practice controls to keep you safe from cross contamination, which of the below is best in protecting your safety as an EMT? A. Wearing protective eyewear B. Hand washing C. Donning a moisture resistant gown D. Use of non-latex exam gloves - ANSWER- B A 20-year-old female has been involved in a minor motor-vehicle crash. She is ambulatory on arrival and complains of difficulty breathing. She is alert and vitals are pulse 110, respiration 40, and blood pressure 122/80. Her skin is flushed. Considering her respiratory status, you should: A. do nothing because her respiratory status is fine. B. begin positive pressure ventilations. C. apply a nonrebreather mask. D. ask her to breathe into a paper bag. - ANSWER- C A 16-year-old male has been struck by a car. He is confused and complains of abdominal pain. His vital signs are pulse 120, respiration 30, blood pressure 100/72. A detailed assessment should be completed on this patient: A. before administering high-flow oxygen. B. only if there are obvious additional injuries. C. immediately following the primary assessment. D. only after transport has been initiated. - ANSWER- D A 20-year-old female complains of severe headache and photophobia. She notes she has had a fever and a stiff neck for the last two days. To manage this patient you should first: A. complete a Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale B. administer 324 mg of aspirin. C. turn down the lights in the ambulance D. don gloves and respiratory protection - ANSWER- D A 15-year-old male has been stabbed in the abdomen. As you examine the patient's abdomen, you see a small loop of intestine protruding from the wound. After completing your patient assessment, you should next: A. push the intestine back into the wound. B. cover the exposed intestine with moistened sterile dressing. C. apply an occlusive dressing over the wound. D. initiate rapid transport. - ANSWER- D A 21-year-old female states that she has taken 25 Librium capsules approximately 30 minutes ago. After completing a primary assessment and initiating transport, you should next: A. contact poison control. B. complete a detailed assessment. C. induce vomiting. D. administer activated charcoal. - ANSWER- A A 48-year-old female was recently prescribed an antibiotic. Upon taking her first pill, she noted watery eyes, itching, and now complains of shortness of breath. She is alert, her skin is flushed, and you hear wheezes bilaterally. Her vital signs are: pulse 110, respiration 30, blood pressure 112/74. You should first: A. conduct a detailed assessment. B. arrange for ALS to meet you en route to the hospital. C. contact poison control for further instructions. D. identify the type of pill she took. - ANSWER- B Given any type of cellular, digital, or radio communication between the EMS providers and dispatch, what is one consistent limitation across these technologies the EMT must be aware of and try to avoid in order to assure smooth communication occurs? A. Language barriers B. Dead batteries C. Dead spots D. High costs - ANSWER- C