NR PATHO EXAM 280 NEWEST 2024/2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT, Exams of Nursing

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NR PATHO EXAM 280 NEWEST 2024/2025 ACTUAL

EXAM COMPLETE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100%

CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A

1. Which of the following would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease? a. An inherited disorder b. A combination of specific etiological factors c. An unwanted effect of a prescribed drug d. Prolonged exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment c. An unwanted effect of a prescribed drug
2. The manifestations of a disease are best defined as the: a. subjective feelings of discomfort during a chronic illness. b. signs and symptoms of a disease. c. factors that precipitate an acute episode of a chronic illness. d. early indicators of the prodromal stage of infection. b. signs and symptoms of a disease
3. The best definition of the term prognosis is the: a. precipitating factors causing an acute episode. b. number of remissions to be expected during the course of a chronic illness.

c. predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease. d. exacerbations occurring during chronic illness. c. predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease.

4. Which of the following is considered a systemic sign of disease? a. Swelling of the knee b. Fever c. Pain in the neck d. Red rash on the face b. Fever
5. Etiology is defined as the study of the: a. causes of a disease. b. course of a disease. c. expected complications of a disease. d. manifestations of a disease. a. causes of a disease.
6. A type of cellular adaptation in which there is a decrease in cell size is referred to as: a. hypertrophy. b. metaplasia.

c. anaplasia. d. atrophy. d. atrophy.

7. A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary in size and shape and show increased mitotic figures would be called: a. metaplasia. b. atrophy. c. dysplasia. d. hypertrophy. c. dysplasia.
8. A deficit of oxygen in the cells usually due to respiratory or circulatory problems is called: a. apoptosis. b. ischemia. c. hypertrophy. d. necrosis. b. ischemia
9. When a group of cells in the body dies, the change is called: a. ischemia.

b. gangrene. c. hypoxia. d. necrosis. d. necrosis

10. Rigorous weight lifting/body building regimens may result in the skeletal muscle cells undergoing: a. hypertrophy. b. dysplasia. c. atrophy. d. regeneration. a. hypertrophy
11. The term cancer refers to: a. dysplasia. b. hyperplasia. c. metaplasia. d. malignant neoplasm. d. malignant neoplasm.
12. To which of the following does the term apoptosis refer? a. Increased rate of mitosis by certain cells

b. Ischemic damage to cells c. Liquefaction of necrotic tissue d. Preprogrammed cell self-destruction d. Preprogrammed cell self-destruction

13. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Alteration of DNA does not change cell function. b. Damaged cells may be able to repair themselves. c. All types of cells die at the same rate. d. Mild ischemia causes immediate cell death. b. Damaged cells may be able to repair themselves.
14. Caseation necrosis refers to an area where: a. cell proteins have been denatured. b. cell are liquefied by enzymes. c. dead cells form a thick cheesy substance. d. bacterial invasion has occurred. c. dead cells form a thick cheesy substance
15. Routine application of sun block to skin would be an example of: a. an iatrogenic cause of cancer.

b. a preventive measure. c. a precipitating factor. d. a predisposing condition. b. a preventive measure.

16. A circumstance that causes a sudden acute episode of a chronic disease to occur is termed: a. latent stage. b. predisposing factor. c. incidence. d. precipitating factor. d. precipitating factor.
17. The term homeostasis refers to: a. the causative factors in a particular disease. b. maintenance of a stable internal environment. c. a condition that triggers an acute episode. d. a collection of signs and symptoms. b. maintenance of a stable internal environment.
18. Which term is used to describe a new and secondary or additional problem that arises after the original disease has been established? a. Symptoms

b. Occurrence c. Manifestations d. Complication d. Complication

19. Pathophysiology involves the study of: a. the structure of the human body. b. the functions of various organs in the body. c. functional or structural changes resulting from disease processes. d. various cell structures and related functions. c. functional or structural changes resulting from disease processes.
20. Which of the following is the best definition of epidemiology? a. The science of tracking the occurrence and distribution of diseases b. The relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease c. Identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms d. The global search for emerging diseases a. The science of tracking the occurrence and distribution of diseases
21. Which of the following can cause cell injury or death?
22. Hypoxia

2. Exposure to excessive cold
3. Excessive pressure on a tissue
4. Chemical toxins a. 1, 2 b. 2, 4 c. 1, 3, 4 d. 1, 2, 3, 4 d. 1, 2, 3, 4
5. All of the following are part of the Seven Steps to Health EXCEPT: a. follow cancer screening guidelines. b. use sun block agents whenever exposed. c. participate in strenuous exercise on a regular daily basis. d. choose high fiber, lower fat foods. c. participate in strenuous exercise on a regular daily basis.
6. The term disease refers to: a. the period of recovery and return to a normal healthy state. b. a deviation from the normal state of health and function.

c. the treatment measures used to promote recovery. d. a basic collection of signs and symptoms. b. a deviation from the normal state of health and function.

24. A collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ or system, that usually occur together in response to a certain condition is referred to as a (an): a. acute disease. b. multiorgan disorder. c. syndrome. d. manifestation. c. syndrome.
25. All of the following statements are correct about cell damage EXCEPT: a. the initial stage of cell damage often causes an alteration in metabolic reactions. b. If the factor causing the damage is removed quickly, the cell may be able to recover and return to its normal state. c. If the noxious factor remains for an extended period of time, the damage becomes irreversible and the cell dies. d. Initially, cell damage does not change cell metabolism, structure, or function. d. Initially, cell damage does not change cell metabolism, structure, or function.
26. Which of the following conditions distinguishes double blind studies used in health research?

a. Neither the members of the control group or the experimental group nor the person administering the treatment knows who is receiving the experimental therapy. b. Both groups of research subjects and the person administering the treatment know who is receiving the experimental therapy. c. The research subjects do not know, but the person administering the treatment knows who is receiving placebo or standard therapy. d. Only members of the control group know they are receiving standard therapy. a. Neither the members of the control group or the experimental group nor the person administering the treatment knows who is receiving the experimental therapy.

27. If the data collected from the research process confirm that the new treatment has increased effectiveness and is safe, this is called: a. the placebo effect. b. evidence-based research. c. blind research studies. d. approval for immediate distribution. b. evidence-based research.
28. A short-term illness that develops very quickly with perhaps a high fever or severe pain is called: a. acute. b. latent. c. chronic.

d. manifestation. a. acute.

29. The term prognosis refers to the? a. Period of recovery and return to a normal state b. Expected outcome of the disease c. Mortality and morbidity rates for a given population d. Typical collection of signs and symptoms b. Expected outcome of the disease
30. When prolonged ischemia occurs to an area of the heart, the resulting damage is referred to as: a. atrophy. b. liquefactive necrosis. c. apoptosis. d. infarction. d. infarction.
31. During the evaluation process for a new therapy's effectiveness and safety, a double blind study may be conducted during: a. the first stage. b. the second stage. c. the third stage. d. any of these stages.

c. the third stage.

32. Why are the predisposing factors for a specific disease important to health professionals? a. To predict the prognosis b. To determine treatments c. To develop preventive measures d. To develop morbidity statistics c. To develop preventive measures
33. Cell damage may be caused by exogenous sources such as: a. abnormal metabolic processes. b. certain food additives. c. genetic defects. d. localized hypoxia. b. certain food additives.
34. Which of the following is usually included in a medical history?
35. Past illnesses or surgeries
36. Current illnesses, acute and chronic
37. Prescribed medication or other treatments
38. Nonprescription drugs and herbal remedies

5. Current allergies a. 1, 3 b. 2, 4, 5 c. 1, 3, 4 d. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 d. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
6. A situation when there is a higher than expected number of cases of an infectious disease within a given area is called a/an: a. epidemic. b. exacerbation. c. morbidity. d. pandemic. a. epidemic.
7. The term pathogenesis refers to: a. the development of a disease or sequence of events related to tissue changes involved in the disease process. b. the determination of the cause(s) involved in the development of a malignant neoplasm. c. the specific signs and symptoms involved in the change from an acute disease to a chronic disease.

d. the changes in cells of affected tissue that result in necrosis. a. the development of a disease or sequence of events related to tissue changes involved in the disease process.

1. Choose the correct proportion of water to body weight to be expected in a healthy male adults body: a. 30% b. 45% c. 60% d. 70% c. 60%
2. Choose the correct proportion of blood (to body weight) in an adult males body: a. 30% b. 20% c. 10% d. 4% d. 4%
3. Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through: a. perspiration only. b. feces only.

c. perspiration and expiration. d. urine and feces c. perspiration and expiration.

4. When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal, water would shift from the: a. blood into the cells. b. interstitial compartment into the cells. c. interstitial compartment into the blood. d. cells into the interstitial compartment. c. interstitial compartment into the blood.
5. Which of the following would result from a deficit of plasma proteins? a. Increased osmotic pressure b. Decreased osmotic pressure c. Increased hydrostatic pressure d. Decreased hydrostatic pressure b. Decreased osmotic pressure
6. Which of the following would cause edema? a. decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure b. Increased capillary osmotic pressure

c. Decreased capillary permeability d. Increased capillary permeability d. Increased capillary permeability

7. Which of the following would likely be related to an elevated hematocrit reading? a. Fluid excess b. Fluid deficit c. Increased sodium level d. Decreased erythrocytes b. Fluid deficit
8. Which of the following is a typical sign of dehydration? a. Rapid, strong pulse b. Low hematocrit c. Increased urine output d. Rough oral mucosa d. Rough oral mucosa
9. Which of the following terms refers to a combination of decreased circulating blood volume combined with excess fluid in a body cavity? a. Dehydration

b. Third-spacing c. Hypovolemia d. Water retention b. Third-spacing

10. Which of the following is the primary cation in the extracellular fluid? a. Sodium b. Potassium c. Calcium d. Iron a. Sodium
11. Which of the following is a common cause of hyponatremia? a. Loss of the thirst mechanism b. Excessive sweating c. Excessive aldosterone secretion d. Prolonged period of rapid, deep respirations b. Excessive sweating
12. Which of the following is a common effect of both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia? a. Skeletal muscle twitch and cramps

b. Oliguria c. Elevated serum pH d. Cardiac arrhythmias d. Cardiac arrhythmias

13. Choose the correct effect of increased parathyroid hormone. a. Increased movement of calcium ions into the bones b. Increased activation of vitamin D c. Increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract d. Decreased reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys c. Increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract
14. Which of the following results from hypocalcemia?
15. Low serum phosphate levels
16. Nausea and constipation
17. Skeletal muscle twitch and spasms
18. Weak cardiac contractions a. 1, 2 b. 1, 4

c. 2, 3 d. 3, 4 d. 3, 4

15. Which of the following causes tetany? a. increased permeability of nerve membranes due to low serum calcium b. Excess calcium ions in skeletal muscle due to excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) c. Excess calcium ions inside somatic nerves as a result of neoplasms d. Increased stimulation of the nerves in the cerebral cortex a. increased permeability of nerve membranes due to low serum calcium
16. In which of the following processes is phosphate ion NOT a major component? a. Bone metabolism b. Metabolic processes involving adenosine triphosphate (ATP) c. Blood clotting d. Acid-base balance c. Blood clotting
17. Which of the following would be considered normal serum pH? a. 4.5- 8 b. 7.

c. 7. d. 8 c. 7.

18. When many excess hydrogen ions accumulate in the blood, what happens to serum pH? The pH: a. decreases. b. increases. c. remains constant. d. varies based on metabolism. a. decreases.
19. What is the slowest but most effective control for acid-base balance? a. Respiratory system b. buffer systems in the blood c. Kidneys d. Brain c. Kidneys
20. Which of the following is essential in order to maintain serum pH within normal range? a. Carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion must be present in equal quantities. b. All excess carbonic acid must be excreted by the kidneys.

c. The concentration of bicarbonate ion must remain constant. d. The ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion must be 1:20. d. The ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion must be 1:20.

21. Which is the correct effect on the body of abnormally slow respirations? a. Increased carbonic acid b. Decreased carbonic acid c. Increased bicarbonate ion d. Decreased bicarbonate ion a. Increased carbonic acid
22. Which condition is likely to cause metabolic acidosis? a. Slow, shallow respirations b. Prolonged diarrhea c. Mild vomiting d. Excessive fluid in the body b. Prolonged diarrhea
23. What would a serum pH of 7.33 in a patient with kidney disease indicate? a. Metabolic alkalosis b. Metabolic acidosis

c. Respiratory alkalosis d. Respiratory acidosis b. Metabolic acidosis

24. Which serum value indicates decompensated metabolic acidosis? a. pH is below normal range b. pH is above normal range c. Bicarbonate level decreases d. Bicarbonate level increases a. pH is below normal range
25. What is the effect on blood serum when excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body? a. Bicarbonate ion levels decrease b. Bicarbonate ion levels increase c. Carbonic acid levels increase d. pH increases a. Bicarbonate ion levels decrease
26. The direct effects of acidosis are manifested primarily in the functioning of the: a. Digestive system b. Urinary system

c. Nervous system d. Respiratory system c. Nervous system

27. Compensation mechanisms in the body for dehydration would include: a. increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH). b. decreased aldosterone. c. slow, strong heart contraction. d. peripheral vasodilation. a. increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
28. Which acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration due to emphysema? a. Metabolic acidosis b. Metabolic alkalosis c. Respiratory acidosis d. Respiratory alkalosis c. Respiratory acidosis
29. In patients with impaired expiration associated with emphysema, effective compensation for the acid-base imbalance would be: a. increased rate and depth of respiration. b. decreased rate and depth of respiration.

c. increased urine pH and decreased serum bicarbonate. d. decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate. d. decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate.

30. An anxiety attack often causes hyperventilation leading to: a. increased PCO2. b. decreased PCO2. c. respiratory acidosis. d. metabolic acidosis. b. decreased PCO2.
31. One of the factors involved in the increased need for water in infants is: a. proportionally smaller body surface area. b. higher metabolic rate. c. smaller respiratory capacity. d. greater surface area of exposed mucous membranes. b. higher metabolic rate.
32. Compensation for respiratory system depression due to anesthesia and sedation would be: a. decreased reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys.

b. increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate. c. increased respiratory rate and depth. d. increased renin secretion. b. increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate.

33. A prolonged state of metabolic acidosis often leads to: a. hypokalemia. b. hyperkalemia. c. hyponatremia. d. hypercalcemia. b. hyperkalemia.
34. Strenuous physical exercise on a hot day is likely to result in: a. hypokalemia. b. hypernatremia. c. hyperchloremia. d. hypovolemia. d. hypovolemia.
35. Place the following events in the correct sequence of events when ketoacids increase in the blood of a diabetic patient. Not all options are used in the answers.