Download NR507 MIDTERM PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS 2025 UPDATED GRADED A+ and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
NR507 MIDTERM PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS 2025 UPDATED GRADED A+
Asthma - Answer A chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing. What is constricted in asthma? - Answer Bronchi Early asthmatic response - Answer Antigen exposure to bronchial mucosa activates dendritic cells to present the antigen to CD4+ Tcells, which differentiate into Th2 cells. These cells release numerous cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-8 & IL-13. early asthmatic response contributes to - Answer increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness, fibroblast proliferation, epithelial injury, and airway scaring What happens during an early asthmatic response - Answer IgE causes mast cell degranulation, causing vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, mucosal edema, bronchial smooth muscle contraction (bronchospasm), and tenacious mucus secretion Late asthmatic response - Answer Begins 4-8 hours after early response; synthesis of leukotrienes contributes to prolonged smooth muscle contraction, eosinophil mediators cause direct tissue injury with fibroblast proliferation and airway scaring Airway remodeling - Answer Untreated inflammation which can lead to long-term airway damage that is irreversible. Bronchiolitis - Answer inflammation of the bronchioles
chronic bronchitis - Answer rapid respiratory rate, accessory muscle use, low-grade fever, dry nonproductive cough, hyperinflated chest Bronchiolitis obliterans - Answer late-stage fibrotic process that occludes the airways and causes permanent scarring of the lungs Bronchitis can cause respiratory acidosis. How? - Answer With alveolar hypoventilation. Carbon dioxide is retained, increasing H+ (as HCO3) and producing acidosis. hypercapnia - Answer excessive carbon dioxide in the blood Perfusion:related to asthma - Answer prolonged hypoxemia and inadequate tissue oxygenation activates anaerobic glycolysis, producing lactic acid and resulting in metabolic acidosis Blood flow on right side of the heart - Answer The heart receives deoxygenated blood into the right atrium from the body from the superior and inferior vena cava. Contraction of the right atrium pumps blood through the right AV (tricuspid) valve into the right ventricle. Contraction of the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood up into the pulmonary artery through the pulmonary semilunar valve and to the lungs. Blood flow on the left side of the heart - Answer Oxygenated blood from the lungs travels from the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. The systemic system carries oxygenated blood when the left atrium contracts forcing blood through the left AV (bicuspid, mitral) valve into the left ventricle. Contraction of the left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic semilunar valve through the aorta towards the rest of the body. blood flow to lungs - Answer Once blood travels through the pulmonic valve, it enters the lungs. (pulmonary circulation). From
Frank-Starling Law - Answer the greater the stretch, the stronger is the heart's contraction. Preload is increased by ______ and ________ - Answer CHF and hypervolemia afterload - Answer the amount of resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle Afterload is increased in: - Answer hypertension, vasoconstriction, COPD, peripheral vascular restriction myocardial contractility - Answer The ability of the heart to contract. 3 major factors determine the force of contraction - Answer 1. preload
- Alterations in the Nervous System
- Adequacy of myocardial oxygen supply systole - Answer Contraction of the heart diastole - Answer Relaxation of the heart pulmonary circulation - Answer From the pulmonic valve, blood travels to the pulmonary artery to tiny capillary vessels in the lungs. Here O2 travels from tiny air sacs in the lungs, through the walls of the capillaries, into the blood. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, passes from the blood into the air sacs. Carbon dioxide leaves the body when you exhale. Once the blood is purified and oxygenated, it travels back to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. erythrocytosis - Answer increase in the number of red blood cells
symptoms of polycythemia vera - Answer enlarged spleen, abdominal pain/discomfort, increased blood cellularity and viscosity, thrombocythemia, increased platelet dysfunction, plethora, engorgement of the retinal and cerebral veins, headache, drowsiness, delirium, mania, psychotic depression, chorea, visual changes treatment for polycythemia vera - Answer 1.) Phlebotomy 2.) Hydroxyurea (antimetabolic that blocks DNA synthesis and reduces vascular cellularity) 3.) low dose aspirin 4.) Hematocrit less than 45% Preload: 2 primary factors - Answer amount of venous return to the ventricle and the blood left in the ventricle after systole Increased preload causes - Answer increased cardiac output Afterload - Answer resistance to ejection of blood from the left ventricle Afterload & Hypertension - Answer afterload is chronically elevated stroke volume - Answer the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heartbeat Cardiac output = - Answer heart rate x stroke volume cor pulmonale (right heart failure) - Answer right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension S/S of cor pulmonale - Answer 2D echo (showing right vent. hypertrophy), chest pain, pulmonic valve murmur, tricuspid valve murmur, peripheral edema, hepatic congestion, JVD
causes of HTN - Answer Increased CO, peripheral resistance risk factors for HTN - Answer Family history Obseity Age Stress High dietary intake of sodium Smoking DM alcohol Black Middle-aged males > females Most common diagnosis in US - Answer HTN Hematopoiesis - Answer blood cell formation where are blood cells made? - Answer fetus: liver and spleen, adults: bone marrow hematopoiesis is stimulated by: - Answer androgens and erythropoietin (made in kidney and liver) in response to tissue hypoxia Extramedullary hematopoiesis - Answer usually a sign of disease erythrocyte - Answer 4.2-6.2 million, 45% of our blood volume hemoglobin molecules - Answer found in red blood cells; O2 is carried by these; each can hold 4 molecules of O Erythrocyte life span - Answer 120 days anemia - Answer lack of a normal number of red blood cells
causes of anemia - Answer blood loss, low RBC production, high RBC destruction S/S of anemia - Answer pale,fatigue,shortness of breath iron deficiency anemia - Answer the most common form of anemia -Caused by inadequate intake of iron, iron malabsorption, lead poisoning, chronic blood loss, GI ulcers, menstration TX for iron deficiency anemia - Answer iron supplements, vitamin C foods, Sickle cell anemia is triggered by - Answer stress, anxiety, fever, cold, dehydration, decrease in PO Sickle cell anemia - Answer hereditary disorder (autosomal recessive) of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis, RBCs rupture in 10-25 days. Risks of Sickle Cell Anemia - Answer CVA, splenic damage, kidney damage. Usually asplenic by adulthood Thalassemia (malaria resistant) - Answer inherited autosomal recessive genetic disorder in which there is a distortion or dysfunction of the RBCs and impaired rate of synthesis. Lethal: Cooleys tx for thalassemia - Answer no tx for mild or moderate severe -> RBC transfusions/splenectomy/stem cell transplant Watch for iron overload Tx for pernicious anemia - Answer Vit B12 injections weekly, then monthly for the rest of their lives
tubular secretion - Answer movement of material FROM the bloodstream of the peritubular capillaries into the filtrate of the nephron tubule system urine excretion - Answer final waste elimination of urea, ammonia, H+, K+, meds, and chemicals glomerular filtration - Answer The first step in urine formation in which substances in blood pass through the filtration membrane and the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron. The glomeruli filters _________________ - Answer 180 L fluid per day kidney reabsorbs ____% of glomeruli filtrate - Answer 99 renal insufficiency - Answer reduced ability of the kidney to perform its functions, about 25% of normal ability end-stage kidney disease - Answer failure of both kidneys to form urine, less than 10% of renal function remains azotemia (uremia) - Answer urea and Cr in the blood, accompanied by fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, pruritis, and neuro changes Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - Answer rapid-onset disease of the kidneys resulting in a failure to produce urine -decrease in GFR and increase in nitrogenous waste in the blood 3 types of AKI - Answer prerenal, intrarenal, postrenal Prerenal AKI causes - Answer -renal hypoperfusion related
-hypotension, dehydration, decrease in CO, hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea, hypoxemia -Most common cause of AKI Intrarenal AKI causes - Answer Ischemia, sepsis, trauma, ATN, acute glomerulonephritis, obstetric complications, persistent hypoperfusion, SLE Postrenal AKI - Answer obstruction (BPH, calculi, inflammation, tumor) -several hours of anuria with flan pain followed by polyuria -rare BPH - Answer -enlarged prostate caused by hyperplasia -compresses the urethra resulting in frequency of UTI symptoms S/S of BPH - Answer bladder flow obstruction, increase in urge, delay in stream, weak flow, long term retention Complications of BPH - Answer hematuria, bladder/kidney infection, bladder calculi, acute urinary retention hydroureter, hydronephrosis, and renal insufficiency TX of BPH - Answer -Adrenergic blockers to relax smooth muscle (Prazosin and Tamsulosin) -antiandrogen agents to block androgens at the prostate cellular level (Proscar/Finasteride) -Intestinal laser therapy -transurethral radio frequency procedure glomerulonephritis - Answer inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney caused by immunological responses, ischemia, free radicals, drugs, toxins, vascular disorders, and infection
-Used to treat glomerulonephritis (berger disease) and nephrotic syndrome alveolar hyperinflation - Answer plugs of mucus and pus from the inflammatory process block alveolar passageways, leading to air- trapping inside the alveoli, causing hyperinflation S/S of left sided HF - Answer pulmonary edema, dyspnea Causes of left sided heart failure - Answer Systemic HTN (most Common), LV MI, LV hypertrophy, damage to valves acute tubular necrosis - Answer damage to the renal tubules due to presence of toxins in the urine or to ischemia causes of acute tubular necrosis - Answer post op, sepsis, burns, trauma, IV contrast acute tubular necrosis leads to ____ - Answer CKD and RF criteria for diagnosing AKI - Answer RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss, end-ESRD)
