NR546 Psychopharm Midterm: Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

Download NR546 Psychopharm Midterm: Questions and Answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

Answers 100% Correct Verified Answers Latest New

Update 202 4 /202 5 GRADED A+

How does the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) affect the amygdala? - CORRECT ANSWERS inhibits and activates the amygdala Wernicke's area is associated with which of the following? - CORRECT ANSWERS speech comprehension The limbic system is associated with which of the following - CORRECT ANSWERS emotion and learning Which brain structure is most associated with long term memory? - CORRECT ANSWERS hippocampus When prescribing psychotropic medications, the PMHNP knows that these medications work within which specific areas? - CORRECT ANSWERS mood Which of the following are involved in regulating neurotransmission via excitation-secretion coupling? - CORRECT ANSWERS voltage-sensitive sodium channels and voltage-sensitive calcium channels What system influences the length of time for a drug to achieve efficacy? - CORRECT ANSWERS signal transduction cascades One of the signal transduction cascades, pass the message from a first receptor to a second messenger. - CORRECT ANSWERS G protein linked systems Human central nervous system communication at synapses is which of the following? - CORRECT ANSWERS chemical Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter? - CORRECT ANSWERS glutamate

Answers 100% Correct Verified Answers Latest New

Update 202 4 /202 5 GRADED A+

Which statement correctly pairs the pharmacodynamic effect with its definition? - CORRECT ANSWERS antagonist effect - drug binds to receptor, but does not activate a response A major current hypothesis for the cause of schizophrenia proposes that N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors may be which of the following? Correct! - CORRECT ANSWERS hypofunctional Which medication is least associated with weight gain? - CORRECT ANSWERS aripiprazole Which dopamine pathway is associated with positive symptoms of schizophrenia? - CORRECT ANSWERS mesolimbic pathway Which pathway is associated with negative symptoms? - CORRECT ANSWERS The mesocortical pathway Is part of the extrapyramidal nervous system and associated with extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) - CORRECT ANSWERS nigrostriatal pathway This pathway is associated with hyperprolactinemia. - CORRECT ANSWERS The tuberoinfundibular pathway A 34-year old male recently began experiencing breast secretions while receiving risperidone. Which dopamine pathway is associated with this side effect? - CORRECT ANSWERS tuberoinfundibular pathway A 44-year-old woman is initiated on an atypical antipsychotic for the treatment of schizophrenia. Regarding affinity, atypical antipsychotics demonstrate which of the following most often? - CORRECT ANSWERS Atypical antipsychotics have equal positive symptom antipsychotic actions and low extrapyramidal symptoms. is a syndrome that can be associated with several different psychiatric disorders. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and distortions of

Answers 100% Correct Verified Answers Latest New

Update 202 4 /202 5 GRADED A+

reality. This syndrome can affect a person's cognition, affective response, communication, capacity to recognize reality, and ability to relate to others. - CORRECT ANSWERS psychosis What Diagnosis require the presence of psychosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS schizophrenia substance-induced psychotic disorders schizophreniform disorder schizoaffecive disorder delusional disorder brief psychotic disorder psychotic disorder due to a medical condition What diagnosis has a diagnosis of psychosis as a feature? - CORRECT ANSWERS mania depression cognitive disorders dementia What are some positive symptoms? - CORRECT ANSWERS Hallucinations Delusions Thought disorder Hostility Excitability What are some Negative symptoms? - CORRECT ANSWERS Affective flattening Alogia Anhedonia Amotivation Asociality

Answers 100% Correct Verified Answers Latest New

Update 202 4 /202 5 GRADED A+

What area of the brain is associated with negative and affective symptoms? - CORRECT ANSWERS Mesocortical and ventromedial prefrontal cortex: What area of the brain is associated with cognitive symptoms? - CORRECT ANSWERS Dorsolateral What area of the brain is associated with aggressive, impulsive symptoms? - CORRECT ANSWERS Orbitofrontal and connections to the amygdala Non-selectively blocks dopamine D2 receptors, specifically in mesolimbic pathway. Improves Positive Symptoms Use: Acute & Chronic Schizophrenia & Psychosis - CORRECT ANSWERS First generation antipsychotics are associated with movement, intelligence, abstract thinking, the ability to organize, personality, behavior, and emotional control. Traumatic brain injuries can result in personality changes, difficulty controlling emotions, and other cognitive functions - CORRECT ANSWERS Frontal Lobes responsible for proprioception, is the home of the somatic senses. This part of the brain helps a person to identify spatial relationships, interpret pain and touch in the body, and identify and give meaning to objects - CORRECT ANSWERS Parietal Lobe (Middle Brain) Damage to the anterior portion may cause asterogenesis, the loss of ability to recognize objects via the sense of touch. This may be experienced by patients with post cerebral vascular accidents - CORRECT ANSWERS parietal Lobe and involved in short-term memory, speech, auditory signals, and smell recognition. It identifies "what" things are - object identification. It contains the limbic system, amygdala, and hippocampus. - CORRECT ANSWERS Temporal Lobe Disorders from this lobe include dementia, affective disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD). - CORRECT ANSWERS Temporal Lobe

Answers 100% Correct Verified Answers Latest New

Update 202 4 /202 5 GRADED A+

controls visual processing. Damage to this lobe results in the inability to form visual memories. Bilateral lobe damage results in the inability to recognize items by sight even though vision is normal. - CORRECT ANSWERS Occipital Lobe This separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. - CORRECT ANSWERS Central sulcus This controls the communication between the two brain hemispheres. Is involved in attention, impulse control, and emotion regulation. It integrates impulses from both sides of the brain. - CORRECT ANSWERS corpus callosum This is located deep in the temporal lobes and is involved in anxiety and memory, and shifting short- term to long-term memory. - CORRECT ANSWERS Hippocampus This is located deep in the temporal lobes and involved in emotional regulation and perception of odors. All smells travel directly to this structure. Cooking smells can elicit memories of childhood events and holidays. A traumatic event can result in the formation of the fear response, causing the fight or flight reflex within the autonomic nervous system and affects the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis causing the release of stress hormones - CORRECT ANSWERS Amygdala This is an egg-shaped structure involved in sensory organ and motor command processing. All sensory systems except for the olfaction process through the thalamus, which is responsible for processing all external information - CORRECT ANSWERS Thalamus A group of structures involved in voluntary motor movements, cognition, and emotion. Movement disorders include Parkinson's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and Tourette syndrome. - CORRECT ANSWERS Basal ganglia This is involved in complex motor actions and linkage of cognition to motor actions. It is the main input area for the basal ganglia and is activated when anticipating or engaging in pleasure - CORRECT ANSWERS Dorsal striatum

Answers 100% Correct Verified Answers Latest New

Update 202 4 /202 5 GRADED A+

This is involved in the reward circuit and reinforces addictive behaviors. - CORRECT ANSWERS Nucleus accumbens This is associated with pleasure, reward, and reinforcing behavior. Drug abuse affects the limbic system, disrupting emotions and feelings associated with normal behavior. - CORRECT ANSWERS Limbic system Associated with movement, intelligence, abstract thinking. etc. - CORRECT ANSWERS Frontal lobe Associated with speech - CORRECT ANSWERS Brocas area Involves object identification and auditory signals - CORRECT ANSWERS Temporal lobe Involved in Coordination - CORRECT ANSWERS cerebellum Involved in Speech comprehension - CORRECT ANSWERS Wernicke's area Primary visual area - CORRECT ANSWERS Occipital Lobe Keeps us alert to what is going on around us - CORRECT ANSWERS Parietal lobe Involved in the reward process. - CORRECT ANSWERS Nucleus accumbens Involved in sensory organ and motor command processing - CORRECT ANSWERS thalamus Involved in complex motor actions, also links cognition to motor actions - CORRECT ANSWERS Striatum

Answers 100% Correct Verified Answers Latest New

Update 202 4 /202 5 GRADED A+

This includes circuits that are associated with pleasure and reward, emotion and learning - CORRECT ANSWERS LIMBIC SYSTEM A group of structures involved in voluntary motor movements - CORRECT ANSWERS basal ganglia Controls the communication between the two brain hemispheres - CORRECT ANSWERS Corpus callosum Contains nerve fibers that connect neurons from different regions into functional circuits - CORRECT ANSWERS white matter enzyme system mediates how the body metabolizes many drugs, including antipsychotics. The enzyme in the gut wall or liver converts the drug into a biotransformed product in the bloodstream. After passing through the gut wall and liver (left), the drug will exist partly as unchanged drug and partly as biotransformed drug - CORRECT ANSWERS CYP450 system Which medication classes increases serotonin? - CORRECT ANSWERS SSRIs, Tricyclic, SNRIs bind more potently to the 5HT 2A receptor than the D2. Sedation is common and relates to a high affinity for histamine. These medications have the least risk of EPS but a high risk for weight gain and metabolic abnormalities. - CORRECT ANSWERS The "Pines" more potently to the 5HT 2A receptor than to D2 or bine equally between the 2 receptors. These medications are less sedating and cause less weight gain, but have a higher risk for hyperprolactinemia and EPS. - CORRECT ANSWERS Two dones and a rone bind more potently to D2 receptors than to 5HT-2A. They have low risk of metabolic side effects and weight gain, but they have a potential for EPS. The rip binds equally to both D2 and 5HT-2A receptors. The medications has low risk for metabolic disorders. - CORRECT ANSWERS 2 Pips and a Rip

Answers 100% Correct Verified Answers Latest New

Update 202 4 /202 5 GRADED A+

What medication has the highest risk for galactorrhea, due to hyperprolactinemia. - CORRECT ANSWERS risperidone Include other symptoms such as disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, gross distortions of reality testing, and as diminished emotional expression and decreased motivation. - CORRECT ANSWERS Negative symptoms If the functioning of this pathway is disrupted by lesions or drugs, prolactin levels can also rise. Elevated prolactin levels are associated with galactorrhea (breast secretions), gynecomastia (enlarged breasts especially in men), amenorrhea (loss of ovulation and menstrual periods), and possibly other problems such as sexual dysfunction. - CORRECT ANSWERS tuberoinfundibular DA neurons Projects from the midbrain VTA but sends its axons to areas of the prefrontal cortex, where they may have a role in mediating cognitive symptoms (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or DLPFC) and affective symptoms (ventromedial prefrontal cortex or VMPFC) of schizophrenia. - CORRECT ANSWERS The mesocortical dopamine pathway which projects from the substantia nigra to the basal ganglia or striatum, is part of the extrapyramidal nervous system and controls motor function and movement. - CORRECT ANSWERS Nigrostriatal dopamine pathway projects from the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens, a part of the limbic system of the brain thought to be involved in many behaviors such as pleasurable sensations,the powerful euphoria of drugs of abuse, and delusions and hallucinations of psychosis.

• CORRECT ANSWERS mesolimbic dopamine pathway What are the three major hypotheses of pychosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS The Dopamine theory, the Glutamate theory, and the serotonin theory. Treat both positive and negative signs of psychosis. They are considered serotonin-dopamine antagonists, as they maintain D2 antagonism but also have simultaneous serotonin 5HT2A antagonism. Serotonin (5HT) can regulate DA release directly or indirectly, producing various

Answers 100% Correct Verified Answers Latest New

Update 202 4 /202 5 GRADED A+

effects on dopamine (DA) neurons. 5HT1A and 5HT2A receptors have opposite actions on dopamine release. Stimulation of 5HT1A receptors increases dopamine release (a DA accelerator). Once bound to 5HT1A receptors, 5HT causes inhibition of its release, which results in increased dopamine output.

• CORRECT ANSWERS SGA 'atypical' What antipsychotics have a black box warning in childen? - CORRECT ANSWERS Aripiprazole and Quetiapine increases the risk of suicide Drugs citalopram (Celexa) escitalopram (Lexapro) fluoxetine (Prozac) fluvoxamine (Luvox, Luvox CR) paroxetine (Paxil, Paxil CR) sertraline (Zoloft) - CORRECT ANSWERS SSRI are used for the treatment of all anxiety disorders. They act by preventing the reuptake of 5-HT by synapses in the brain. - CORRECT ANSWERS SSRI Are used to treat all anxiety disorders except obsessive compulsive disorder. SNRIs work by preventing the reuptake of 5-HT and NE by synapses in the brain. Compared with venlafaxine and desvenlafaxine, which have SRI activity and dose-related affinity for norepinephrine reuptake inhibition (NRI) primarily, duloxetine has more balanced SRI and NRI activities. Levomilnacipran has higher activity at NRI than SRI. - CORRECT ANSWERS SNRI Drugs desvenlafaxine (Pristiq) duloxetine (Cymbalta) venlafaxine (Effexor, Effexor XR)

Answers 100% Correct Verified Answers Latest New

Update 202 4 /202 5 GRADED A+

levomilnacipran (Fetzima) - CORRECT ANSWERS SNRI are FDA approved for short-term anxiety treatment and are used alone or as an adjunct to antidepressants. They bind to serotonin and dopamine receptors in the brain and increase norepinephrine metabolism in the brain. - CORRECT ANSWERS Buspirone `Buspar' Non-selectively blocks dopamine D2 receptors, specifically in mesolimbic pathway - CORRECT ANSWERS amino acid that acts as the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter, and decrease neuroexcitability across the brain. This neurotransmitter help people relax, destress, and get some sleep - CORRECT ANSWERS Gaba When people dont have enough of this neurotransmitter, they may experience anxiety or even schizophrenia. Some meds use this neurotransmitters benefits to help people sleep for medical procedures. - CORRECT ANSWERS Gaba am also a monoamine neurotransmitter and I serve many functions in the human body. Do you remember learning about flight, fight, or fright? That's me, in excess. A little of me can get you up off the couch and have you alert, oriented, and ready to take on life's challenges. I can really help with focus and productivity which is why you see me with a cup of coffee. - CORRECT ANSWERS Norepinephrine too much can cause antsy, nervous, and affect your ability to focus - CORRECT ANSWERS Norepinephrine one of the key neurotransmitters that psychotropic drugs target. Within the central nervous system, I affect arousal, motivation, attention, learning, and REM sleep. I work within the parasympathetic nervous system too. I can make you sweat and salivate. - CORRECT ANSWERS acetylcholine Substances that block me can paralyze you because I am the link between the brain and muscles. When there's not enough of me, I can be involved in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Increase me, and I can help with symptoms, but be cautious, because I also have a role in addiction. Dr.

Answers 100% Correct Verified Answers Latest New

Update 202 4 /202 5 GRADED A+

Stahl refers to me as "the brain's own nicotine" when he talks about my role in addiction. - CORRECT ANSWERS acetylcholine I help to regulate mood. I've been called the "happy hormone," but actually I am not a hormone at all; I am a monoamine neurotransmitter. Your body synthesizes me naturally from tryptophan. I help to regulate sleep, arousal, libido, aggression, and pain perception. - CORRECT ANSWERS serotonin ( 5HT ) I am one of the key monamine neurotransmitters that regulate mood. I am associated with executive function, your ability to perform well, be organized, and all those good things including emotional intelligence. That's when I'm working hard in the prefrontal cortex. I'm also essential to your movement and coordination. Being balanced is very important to me; too much or too little can cause problems. - CORRECT ANSWERS Dopamine When my levels are low you'll lose pleasure, interest, alertness, and even self-confidence. Low levels are also found in clients who have Parkinson's disease. - CORRECT ANSWERS Dopamine Too much of me is not always a good thing. I can lead to the hallucinations you see in schizophrenia and psychosis. Another thing, do you know that great feeling you get when you win something? That's me, at work in your reward center. - CORRECT ANSWERS Dopamine Some people have trouble with me because my reward properties can lead to all types of addictions. - CORRECT ANSWERS Dopamine amino acid and THE excitatory neurotransmitter. I've been referred to as the workhorse of the brain because I can affect almost every neuron in the brain. I'm quite the firecracker. You'll find me working hard all over the brain affecting energy, memory, learning, and neural plasticity. I also work to relay sensory information and regulate spinal and motor reflexes. - CORRECT ANSWERS glutamate When my levels are too high, I've been associated with schizophrenia, epilepsy, and mania. - CORRECT ANSWERS glutamate

Answers 100% Correct Verified Answers Latest New

Update 202 4 /202 5 GRADED A+

In depression is acetylcholine increased or decrease? - CORRECT ANSWERS Increased In depression is norepinephrine increased or decreased? - CORRECT ANSWERS Decreased In depression is histamine increased or decreased? - CORRECT ANSWERS Decreased In depression is glutamate increased or decreased? - CORRECT ANSWERS Decreased This is located deep in the temporal lobes and is involved in anxiety and memory, and shifting short- term to long-term memory - CORRECT ANSWERS Hippocampus This structured is impaired in schizophrenia and dementia - CORRECT ANSWERS Hipocampus This is associated with pleasure, reward, and reinforcing behavior. Drug abuse affects this system, disrupting emotions and feelings associated with normal behavior. - CORRECT ANSWERS Limbic system This is located deep in the temporal lobes and involved in emotional regulation and perception of odors. All smells travel directly to this. Cooking smells can elicit memories of childhood events and holidays. A traumatic event can result in the formation of the fear response, causing the fight or flight reflex within the autonomic nervous system and affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis causing the release of stress hormones (e.g. cortisol). Also is involved in the interpretation of facial expressions and sexual stimuli. - CORRECT ANSWERS Amygdala This is involved in the reward circuit and reinforces addictive behaviors. - CORRECT ANSWERS Nucleus Accumbens A group of structures involved in voluntary motor movements, cognition, and emotion. movement disorders include Parkinson's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and Tourette syndrome. The striatum is a group of structures that includes the caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens. The dorsal striatum contains the caudate nucleus and the putamen. The ventral

Answers 100% Correct Verified Answers Latest New

Update 202 4 /202 5 GRADED A+

striatum contains the nucleus accumbens. Both are involved in facilitating voluntary movement. - CORRECT ANSWERS Basal Ganglia This is an egg-shaped structure involved in sensory organ and motor command processing. All sensory systems except for the olfaction process through this, which is responsible for processing all external information. Has been associated with symptoms related to schizophrenia and post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). - CORRECT ANSWERS thalamus This is involved in complex motor actions and linkage of cognition to motor actions. It is the main input area for the basal ganglia and is activated when anticipating or engaging in pleasure. - CORRECT ANSWERS Dorsal Striatum This controls the communication between the two brain hemispheres. Is involved in attention, impulse control, and emotion regulation. It integrates impulses from both sides of the brain. Persons with an underdeveloped or missing _____ may have intellectual impairment. - CORRECT ANSWERS The corpus callosum Is located on the sides of the brain and involved in short-term memory, speech, auditory signals, and smell recognition. It identifies "what" things are - object identification. It contains the limbic system, amygdala, and hippocampus. There are multiple pathways within this which affect object identification and language comprehension, including the ability to understand semantics. A dominant __________ lesion can present as Wernicke's aphasia. Disorders of this structure include dementia, affective disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD). - CORRECT ANSWERS temporal lobe This is the back part of the brain and controls visual processing. Damage to this lobe results in the inability to form visual memories. Bilateral lobe damage results in the inability to recognize items by sight even though vision is normal. seizures of this lobe can cause hallucinations, such as lines of color. - CORRECT ANSWERS Occipital lobe Are associated with movement, intelligence, abstract thinking. the ability to organize, personality, behavior, and emotional control. Traumatic brain injuries can result in personality changes, difficulty controlling emotions, and other cognitive functions. - CORRECT ANSWERS Frontal Lobes

Answers 100% Correct Verified Answers Latest New

Update 202 4 /202 5 GRADED A+

The middle part of the brain, responsible for proprioception, is the home of the somatic senses. This part of the brain helps a person to identify spatial relationships, interpret pain and touch in the body, and identify and give meaning to objects. Damage to the anterior portion of this lobe may cause asterogenesis, the loss of ability to recognize objects via the sense of touch. This may be experienced by patients with post cerebral vascular accidents. - CORRECT ANSWERS parietal lobe This separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. - CORRECT ANSWERS Central Sulcus It is the working area of the brain and the focus of psychiatry and neurology. Is associated with learning. Changes in this matter are linked to psychiatric diagnoses including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and major depressive disorder. - CORRECT ANSWERS Gray matter are chemicals released by neurons to send communication across synaptic clefts to other neurons. Many psychiatric disorders and client symptoms occur from an excess, deficiency, or imbalance of this because it can impact human emotion and behavior. - CORRECT ANSWERS Neurotransmitters I serve many functions in the human body. Do you remember learning about flight, fight, or fright? That's me, in excess. A little can get you up off the couch and have you alert, oriented, and ready to take on life's challenges. I can really help with focus and productivity which is why you see me with a cup of coffee. - CORRECT ANSWERS Norepinephrine To much of this can make you feel antsy, nervous, and affect your ability to focus - CORRECT ANSWERS Norepinephrine one of the key neurotransmitters that psychotropic drugs target. Within the central nervous system, I affect arousal, motivation, attention, learning, and REM sleep. I work within the parasympathetic nervous system too. I can make you sweat and salivate. Did you see my muscles? Substances that block me can paralyze you because I am the link between the brain and muscles. - CORRECT ANSWERS Acetylcholine when there's not enough of me, I can be involved in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Increase me, and I can help with symptoms, but be cautious, because I also have a role in addiction. Dr.

Answers 100% Correct Verified Answers Latest New

Update 202 4 /202 5 GRADED A+

Stahl refers to me as "the brain's own nicotine" when he talks about my role in addiction. I've got lots of receptor friends; my best friends are nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. - CORRECT ANSWERS Acetylcholine I help to regulate mood. I've been called the "happy hormone," but actually I am not a hormone at all; I am a monoamine neurotransmitter. Your body synthesizes me naturally from tryptophan. You know that amino acid in turkey that makes you content and happy after a big turkey meal? That's me, helping you to feel relaxed, comfortable, and less stressed. I help to regulate sleep, arousal, libido, aggression, and pain perception too! That's how I work in medications too. - CORRECT ANSWERS Serotonin one of the key monamine neurotransmitters that regulate mood. First of all, I am associated with executive function, your ability to perform well, be organized, and all those good things including emotional intelligence. That's when I'm working hard in the prefrontal cortex. I'm also essential to your movement and coordination. Being balanced is very important to me; too much or too little can cause problems. When my levels are low you'll lose pleasure, interest, alertness, and even self- confidence. Low levels are also found in clients who have Parkinson's disease. Too much of me is not always a good thing. I can lead to the hallucinations you see in schizophrenia and psychosis. - CORRECT ANSWERS Dopamine I've been referred to as the workhorse of the brain because I can affect almost every neuron in the brain. I'm quite the firecracker. You'll find me working hard all over the brain affecting energy, memory, learning, and neural plasticity. I also work to relay sensory information and regulate spinal and motor reflexes. When my levels are too high, I've been associated with schizophrenia, epilepsy, and mania. My receptors, NMDA and AMPA, work with me across many regions of the brain. I can really make things happen. - CORRECT ANSWERS Glutamate