NREMT EMT Cognitive Final Exam With Complete Solutions 2024/2025, Exams of Medicine

Download NREMT EMT Cognitive Final Exam With Complete Solutions 2024/2025 and more Exams Medicine in PDF only on Docsity! NREMT EMT Cognitive Final Exam With complete solutions 2024/2025 When assessing a conscious patient with an MOI that suggests spinal injury, you should: - ANSWER- determine if the strength in all extremities is equal. During your assessment of a 20-year-old man with a severe headache and nausea, you ask him when his headache began, but he does not answer your question immediately. You should: - ANSWER- allow him time to think about the question and respond to it. While at the scene of a motor vehicle crash, you determine that there are two critically injured patients and that another ambulance is needed. You attempt to contact the dispatcher with your portable radio but are unsuccessful. You should: - ANSWER- use the mobile radio in the ambulance to contact dispatch. The MOST prominent symptom of decompression sickness is: - ANSWER- abdominal or joint pain. A severe risk of terrorist attacks is indicated by the color _____ by the Department of Homeland Security Security Advisory System. - ANSWER- red When enlisting the help of an interpreter who signs, it is important for you to ask the interpreter to: - ANSWER- report exactly what the patient signs and not to add any commentary. Which of the following statements regarding striated muscle is correct? - ANSWER- It forms the major muscle mass of the body and usually crosses at least one joint. A mother who is pregnant with her first baby is typically in the first stage of labor for approximately: - ANSWER- 16 hours You respond to the residence of a 70-year-old male who complains of weakness and severe shortness of breath. His wife tells you that he is a dialysis patient, but has missed his last two treatments. After applying high-flow oxygen, you auscultate his lungs and hear diffuse rhonchi. The patient is conscious, but appears confused. His blood pressure is 98/54 mm Hg, his pulse rate is 120 beats/min and irregular, and his respirations are 24 breaths/min and labored. You should: - ANSWER- leave him in a sitting position, keep him warm, and prepare for immediate transport. You are transporting a stable patient with a possible pneumothorax. The patient is receiving 100% oxygen and has an oxygen saturation of 95%. During your reassessment, you find that the patient is now confused, hypotensive, and profusely diaphoretic. What is MOST likely causing this patient's deterioration? - ANSWER- compression of the aorta and vena cava A 60-year-old male is found to be unresponsive, pulseless, and apneic. You should: - ANSWER- begin CPR until an AED is available. Equipment and supplies that are carried on an ambulance should be stored: - ANSWER- according to the urgency and frequency of their use. Upon arriving at the scene of a law enforcement tactical situation, you should ensure your own safety and then: - ANSWER- report to the incident commander for instructions. Which of the following statements regarding the scoop stretcher is NOT correct? - ANSWER- A scoop stretcher will provide adequate immobilization of a patient's spinal column. The exocrine gland of the pancreas secretes: - ANSWER- pancreatic juice In order to evaluate hazards present at the scene and determine the number of patients, you should: - ANSWER- perform a 360° walk-around of the scene You are caring for a semiconscious man with left-sided paralysis. His airway is patent and his respirations are 14 breaths/min with adequate tidal volume. Treatment for this patient should include: - ANSWER- oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask, left lateral recumbent position, and transport. Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF), such as Ebola, cause the blood to: - ANSWER- seep out of the blood vessels and tissues. To ensure that you will deliver the appropriate number of chest compressions during one-rescuer adult CPR, you should compress the patient's chest at a rate of least _______ per minute. - ANSWER- 100 A 19-year-old female was stung multiple times on the legs by fire ants. She states that she is allergic to fire ants, but does not carry her own epinephrine. The patient is conscious and alert and complains of pain to the area of the bites. Her blood pressure is 122/70 mm Hg, her pulse is 100 beats/min and strong, and her respirations are 18 breaths/min and unlabored. You should: - ANSWER- administer oxygen and transport her to the hospital. Which of the following conditions often requires transport to a hospital with specialized capabilities that may not be available at the closest hospital? - ANSWER- stroke and heart attacks Which of the following would MOST likely result in hemorrhagic shock? - ANSWER- liver laceration The two MOST efficient ways for the body to eliminate excess heat are: - ANSWER- sweating and dilation of skin blood vessels. A 40-year-old male was in his woodworking shop when he felt a sudden, sharp pain in his left eye. Your assessment reveals a small splinter of wood embedded in his cornea. You should: - ANSWER- cover both of his eyes and transport to the hospital. Diabetes is MOST accurately defined as a(n): - ANSWER- disorder of carbohydrate metabolism. A patient has a blood pressure of 130/70 mm Hg. The "130" represents: - ANSWER- ventricular contraction A 37-year-old female with a history of diabetes presents with excessive urination and weakness of 2 days' duration. You apply 100% oxygen and assess her blood glucose level, which reads 320 mg/dL. If this patient's condition is not promptly treated, she will MOST likely develop: - ANSWER- acidosis and dehydration You respond to a residence for a patient with a severe leg injury following an accident with a chainsaw. When you arrive, you find the patient, a 44-year-old male, lying supine in the backyard. He has a partial amputation of his right lower leg that is actively bleeding. The patient is conscious and breathing adequately; however, he is restless and his skin is diaphoretic. You should: - ANSWER- apply direct pressure to the wound. Which of the following statements regarding sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is correct? - ANSWER- Most cases of SIDS occur in infants younger than 6 months. Which of the following injuries would MOST likely occur as a direct result of the third collision in a motor vehicle crash? - ANSWER- aortic ruptures Following direct trauma to the left upper back, a 44-year-old male presents with diaphoresis and restlessness. His blood pressure is 100/50 mm Hg, his pulse rate is 120 beats/min and weak, and his respirations are 24 breaths/min and labored. Your assessment reveals abrasions and contusions over the left scapula. You should: - ANSWER- apply high-flow oxygen, consider spinal precautions, and transport without delay. A young female was involved in a motor vehicle crash. She complains of pain to her left eye, which appears to have a piece of glass impaled in it. Further assessment reveals a large laceration to her left forearm with active venous bleeding. As your partner manually stabilizes the patient's head, you should: - ANSWER- apply direct pressure to her arm wound The general adaptation syndrome is characterized by which of the following phases? - ANSWER- alarm response, reaction and resistance, and recovery The major side effect associated with ingestion of activated charcoal is: - ANSWER- black stools Hypotension, hypoventilation, and pinpoint pupils would be expected following an overdose of: - ANSWER- oxycodone (Percocet). When the body loses sweat, it also loses: - ANSWER- electrolytes When you begin an oral report, you should state the patient's age, sex, and: - ANSWER- chief complaint If direct pressure with a sterile dressing fails to immediately stop severe bleeding from an extremity, you should apply: - ANSWER- a tourniquet proximal to the injury. Common names for activated charcoal include all of the following, EXCEPT: - ANSWER- fructose Which of the following is a metabolic cause of a seizure? - ANSWER- poisoning In contrast to bleeding caused by external trauma to the vagina, bleeding caused by conditions such as polyps or cancer: - ANSWER- may be relatively painless. Successful treatment of a stroke depends on whether: - ANSWER- thrombolytic therapy is given within 3 hours after symptoms began. You respond to the scene of a motor vehicle collision. Upon arrival, you find the driver, a young female, sitting on the curb. She is confused, is in obvious respiratory distress, and has pale, moist skin. As your partner manually stabilizes her head, you perform a primary assessment. After performing any immediate livesaving treatment, you should: - ANSWER- perform a rapid scan of her entire body and prepare for immediate transport. Which of the following conditions would be the LEAST likely to increase a person's risk of hypothermia? - ANSWER- hyperglycemia Which of the following statements regarding the physical examination of a patient with a behavioral problem is correct? - ANSWER- A physical examination for a behavioral problem may be difficult to perform but may provide clues to the patient's state of mind and thought processes. The term "behavioral crisis" is MOST accurately defined as: - ANSWER- any reaction that interferes with activities of daily living or is deemed unacceptable by others. During two-rescuer CPR, the compressor and ventilator switch positions. While rescuer one is finishing his or her cycle of 30 compressions, rescuer two should: - ANSWER- move to the opposite side of the patient's chest. Bleeding from the nose following head trauma: - ANSWER- is a sign of a skull fracture and should not be stopped. A "hip" fracture is actually a fracture of the: - ANSWER- proximal femur What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle? - ANSWER- allows movement of the head An EMT may administer aspirin to a patient if: - ANSWER- authorization from medical control has been obtained. According to the terminal drop hypothesis: - ANSWER- mental function is presumed to decline in the 5 years preceding death. An 81-year-old female fell and struck her head. You find the patient lying on her left side. She is conscious and complains of neck and upper back pain. As you are assessing her, you note that she has a severely kyphotic spine. What is the MOST appropriate method of immobilizing this patient? - ANSWER- Leave her on her side and use blanket rolls to immobilize her to the long backboard. Which of the following statements regarding pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is correct? - ANSWER- PID can scar the fallopian tubes, which increases the risk of an ectopic pregnancy Individuals with chronic alcoholism are predisposed to intracranial bleeding and hypoglycemia secondary to abnormalities in the: - ANSWER- liver Which of the following is a function of the upper airway? - ANSWER- warms and humidifies inhaled air Jugular venous distention suggests a problem with blood returning to the heart if the patient is: - ANSWER- sitting up at a 45° angle. Proper procedure for administering oral glucose to a patient includes all of the following, EXCEPT: - ANSWER- ensuring the absence of a gag reflex. When splinting a possible fracture of the foot, it is MOST important for the EMT to: - ANSWER- leave the toes exposed. When faced with a situation in which an older patient with a terminal illness is in cardiac arrest, but written documentation regarding the patient's wishes cannot be located, the EMT should: - ANSWER- attempt to resuscitate the patient The most significant risk factor of hemorrhagic stroke - ANSWER- hypertension The EMT must assume that any unwitnessed water-related incident is accompanied by: - ANSWER- possible spinal injury In which of the following patients would the head tilt-chin lift maneuver be the MOST appropriate method of opening the airway? - ANSWER- a 37-year-old female who is found unconscious in her bed Common side effects of epinephrine include all of the following, EXCEPT: - ANSWER- drowsiness A 50-year-old male was stung by a honeybee approximately 15 minutes ago. He presents with respiratory distress, facial swelling, and hypotension. After placing him on oxygen and administering his epinephrine via auto-injector, you note that his breathing has improved. Additionally, his facial swelling is resolving and his blood pressure is stable. Your next action should be to: - ANSWER- record the time and dose of the injection, and transport promptly. Assessing the blood pressure and oxygen saturation of a patient with a behavioral crisis should be performed: - ANSWER- if doing so will not worsen his or her emotional distress. Which of the following MOST accurately describes septic shock? - ANSWER- bacterial damage to the vessel wall, leaking blood vessels, and vasodilation Your patient has a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13, a systolic blood pressure of 80 mm Hg, and a respiratory rate of 8 breaths/min, his Revised Trauma Score (RTS) is: - ANSWER- 9 A utility worker was trimming branches and was electrocuted when he accidentally cut a high-power line. He fell approximately 20′ and is lying unconscious on the ground; the power line is lying across his chest. You should: - ANSWER- rapidly assess the patient after ensuring that the power line is not live. After ________ minutes without oxygen, brain damage is likely. - ANSWER- 6 Which of the following statements regarding interaction with the caregiver of a child or adult with special health care needs is correct? - ANSWER- Communication with the patient's caregiver or family members is important because they are the most familiar with the patient's condition. If a technical rescue team is required at the scene, but is not present when you arrive, you should: - ANSWER- check with the incident commander to ensure that the team is en route. You are dispatched to an apartment complex for a shooting. Law enforcement personnel are present and have the suspect in custody. You find the patient lying in a narrow space between the couch and coffee table of his small apartment. He is semiconscious and has a large gunshot wound to his chest. You should: - ANSWER- quickly move the coffee table so you can access and treat the patient Which of the following statements regarding the cranium is correct? - ANSWER- Eighty percent of the cranium is occupied by brain tissue. When using a stick and square knot as a tourniquet to control severe bleeding from an amputated arm, the EMT should: - ANSWER- stop twisting the stick when the bleeding stops. Which of the following statements regarding age-related changes in the nervous system is correct? - ANSWER- Interconnections between brain cells often prevent a loss of knowledge or skill, despite a loss of neurons. You are assessing a 49-year-old man who complains of chest pressure that began the night before. He is conscious, but anxious, and tells you he has a history of angina and hypertension. After applying high-flow oxygen, you expose his chest to auscultate his lungs and note that he has a nitroglycerin patch on his right upper chest. His skin is cool and pale, his blood pressure is 78/50 mm Hg, and his pulse is 110 beats/min and irregular. You should: - ANSWER- remove the nitroglycerin patch, place him in a supine position and elevate his lower extremities, and prepare for immediate transport. The musculoskeletal system refers to the: - ANSWER- bones and voluntary muscles of the body The single most significant factor that contributes to suicide is: - ANSWER- depression Which of the following statements regarding rape is correct? - ANSWER- Rape is a legal diagnosis, not a medical diagnosis. Before positioning an infant or child's airway, you should: - ANSWER- place him or her on a firm surface. Minimum airway and ventilation equipment that should be carried on every ambulance include all of the following, EXCEPT: - ANSWER- Combitubes or laryngeal mask airways. You arrive at the home of a 50-year-old female with severe epistaxis. As you are treating her, it is MOST important to recall that: - ANSWER- the patient is at risk for vomiting and aspiration Which of the following is an example of a brand (trade) name of a drug? - ANSWER- Tylenol Signs and symptoms of a sympathomimetic drug overdose include: - ANSWER- tachycardia The average pulse rate of individuals between 19 and 60 years of age is typically: - ANSWER- 70 beats/min. Asthma is caused by a response of the: - ANSWER- immune system When introduced into the body, ricin causes: - ANSWER- pulmonary edema and circulatory failure. Which of the following situations would require the use of a specialized rescue team? - ANSWER- a patient trapped in a cave or a confined space With proper technique, you and your partner should be able to safely lift a patient who weighs up to ______ lb. - ANSWER- 220 Which of the following statements regarding the use of the warning lights and siren on the ambulance is correct? - ANSWER- If it is necessary to use the siren, you should tell the patient beforehand. A technique used to gain insight into a patient's thinking, which involves repeating in question form what the patient has said, is called: - ANSWER- reflective listening Which of the following patients has experienced the MOST significant fall? - ANSWER- a 4′6″ patient who fell 13′ Hemoglobin is: - ANSWER- found within the red blood cells and is responsible for carrying oxygen. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is used to assess: - ANSWER- eye opening, verbal response, and motor response. In contrast to the parietal peritoneum, the visceral peritoneum: - ANSWER- is supplied by nerves of the autonomic nervous system, which are less able to localize pain or sensation. As the first arriving emergency responder at the scene of a suspected terrorist or WMD incident, you should request additional resources as needed and then: - ANSWER- function as the incident commander until additional personnel arrive. Which of the following organs is at MOST risk for injury as the result of a pelvic fracture? - ANSWER- urinary bladder A transient ischemic attack (TIA) occurs when: - ANSWER- the normal body processes destroy a clot in a cerebral artery. The term primigravida refers to a woman who: - ANSWER- is pregnant for the first time Substance abuse is MOST accurately defined as: - ANSWER- knowingly misusing a substance to produce a desired effect A 39-year-old female experienced a severe closed head injury. She is unconscious with her eyes slightly open; her pupils are bilaterally dilated and slow to react. In addition to managing problems with airway, breathing, and circulation, you should: - ANSWER- close her eyes and cover them with a moist dressing. Which of the following interventions is the MOST critical to the outcome of a patient with multisystem trauma? - ANSWER- rapid transport to a trauma center Early signs and symptoms of viral hepatitis include all of the following, EXCEPT: - ANSWER- jaundice and abdominal pain. The function of the National Incident Management System (NIMS) is to: - ANSWER- prepare for, prevent, respond to, and recover from domestic incidents. When a motor vehicle strikes a tree while traveling at 40 mph, the unrestrained occupant: - ANSWER- remains in motion until acted upon by an external force. Which of the following MOST accurately describes a mass-casualty incident? - ANSWER- an incident that greatly taxes or depletes a system's available resources When assessing a patient with a hemothorax, you will MOST likely find: - ANSWER- signs and symptoms of shock. During an altercation in a bar, two patrons got into a fist fight. The first patient, a 44-year-old female, was struck in the mouth and refuses EMS care. The second patient, a 39-year-old female, has a small laceration to her left knuckle and also refuses EMS care. Which of the following statements regarding this scenario is MOST correct? - ANSWER- The 39-year-old female is at high risk for an infection. Which of the following statements regarding crush syndrome is correct? - ANSWER- Compromised arterial blood flow leads to crush syndrome and can occur when an area of the body is trapped for longer than 4 hours. If a newborn's heart rate is less than 60 beats/min following delivery, you should: - ANSWER- provide ventilations for 30 seconds If a dislocated shoulder has spontaneously reduced before your arrival, the only way to confirm the injury is by noting: - ANSWER- the patient history A fracture of the humerus just above the elbow would be described as a: - ANSWER- distal humerus fracture The white portion of the eye is called the: - ANSWER- sclera A 70-year-old female was recently discharged from the hospital following a total hip replacement. Today, she presents with restlessness, tachycardia, and a blood pressure of 100/64 mm Hg. Her skin is warm and moist. You should be MOST suspicious that she is experiencing: - ANSWER- septic shock Common signs and symptoms of a chest injury include all of the following, EXCEPT: - ANSWER- hematemesis. General guidelines for safe ambulance driving include all of the following, EXCEPT: - ANSWER- regularly using the siren as much as possible. The upper jawbones are called the: - ANSWER- maxillae When administering supplemental oxygen to a hypoxemic patient with a chronic lung disease, you should: - ANSWER- adjust the flow rate accordingly until you see symptom improvement, but be prepared to assist his or her ventilations. You are assessing the arm drift component of the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale on a 60-year-old woman. When she holds both of her arms out in front of her and closes her eyes, both of her arms immediately fall to her sides. You should: - ANSWER- repeat the arm drift test, but move the patient's arms into position yourself. Early bruising following abdominal trauma often manifests as: - ANSWER- red areas of skin Which of the following organs would MOST likely bleed profusely if injured? - ANSWER- liver Skeletal muscle is attached to the bone by tough, ropelike fibrous structures called: - ANSWER- tendons Which of the following statements regarding communication with a child is MOST correct? - ANSWER- Standing over a child often increases his or her level of anxiety. Which of the following processes occurs during the inflammation phase of the healing process? - ANSWER- The immune system releases histamines, which cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, resulting in local redness and swelling. The bones of the forearm are called the: - ANSWER- radius and ulna. Following direct trauma to the upper part of the anterior neck, a young male presents with labored breathing, loss of voice, and subcutaneous emphysema in the soft tissues around his neck. You should suspect a(n): - ANSWER- laryngeal fracture. You are assessing a 59-year-old male and note that his pupils are unequal. He is conscious and alert. When obtaining his medical history, it is MOST pertinent to ask him if he: - ANSWER- has a history of eye surgeries. You are dispatched to a residence for a child with respiratory distress. The patient, an 18-month-old female, is tachypneic, has sternal retractions, and is clinging to her mother. Her skin is pink and dry, and her heart rate is 120 beats/min. The MOST appropriate treatment for this child includes: - ANSWER- administering blow-by oxygen and transporting the child with her mother. Which of the following chemicals is a nerve agent? - ANSWER- soman The heart muscle is called the: - ANSWER- myocardium Which of the following is the MOST reliable method of estimating a patient's cardiac output? - ANSWER- Assess the heart rate and strength of the pulse. An elderly patient may understate or minimize the symptoms of his or her illness because: - ANSWER- he or she fears hospitalization. While examining a woman in labor, you see the umbilical cord protruding from the vagina. You should: - ANSWER- push the infant's head away from the cord When documenting a call in which a female was sexually assaulted, you should: - ANSWER- keep the report concise and record only what the patient stated in her own words The chief component of connective tissues and bones that deteriorates as people age is called: - ANSWER- collagen The EMT should use an AED on a child between 1 month and 8 years of age if: - ANSWER- pediatric pads and an energy-reducing device are available When a female has reached menarche: - ANSWER- she is capable of becoming pregnant Early signs of respiratory distress in the child include: - ANSWER- restlessness A fracture caused by minimal force that is associated with diseases such as cancer and osteoporosis is called a __________ fracture. - ANSWER- pathologic Which of the following statements regarding abdominal eviscerations is correct? - ANSWER- The protruding organs should be kept warm and moist Phosphorus or elemental sodium should be brushed off of the skin instead of irrigated with water because: - ANSWER- these chemicals may ignite upon contact with water. A 71-year-old male is semiconscious following a sudden, severe headache. There is vomitus on his face and his respirations are slow and shallow. The EMT must immediately: - ANSWER- perform oropharyngeal suctioning Law enforcement has summoned you to a nightclub, where a 22-year-old female was found unconscious in an adjacent alley. Your primary assessment reveals that her respirations are rapid and shallow and her pulse is rapid and weak. She is wearing a medical alert bracelet that identifies her as an epileptic. There is an empty bottle of vodka next to the patient. You should: - ANSWER- assist ventilations, perform a rapid exam, and prepare for immediate transport. You respond to a call for an unknown emergency. When you arrive at the scene, the patient's husband meets you at the door and states that his wife has been depressed and has locked herself in an upstairs bedroom. He further tells you that he keeps his handgun in the bedroom. You should: - ANSWER- remain in a safe place and request law enforcement. A 19-year-old male was stung multiple times by fire ants. He is experiencing obvious signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock. You administer 100% oxygen and give him epinephrine via subcutaneous injection. Upon reassessment, you determine that his condition has not improved. You should: - ANSWER- repeat the epinephrine injection after consulting with medical control. The meninges, along with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that circulates in between each meningeal layer, function by: - ANSWER- acting as a shock absorber for the brain and spinal cord. Your priority in caring for a patient with a surface contact poisoning is to: - ANSWER- avoid contaminating yourself. Potentially life-threatening consequences of PID include: - ANSWER- ovarian abscess and ectopic pregnancy.