NREMT FISDAP AIRWAY PRACTICE FINAL EXAM 2024.pdf, Exams of Public Health

Download NREMT FISDAP AIRWAY PRACTICE FINAL EXAM 2024.pdf and more Exams Public Health in PDF only on Docsity! NREMT FISDAP AIRWAY PRACTICE FINAL EXAM 2024-2025 500+ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100 % PASS SOLUTION A+ GRADE What type of medication opens the bronchi and increases the effectiveness of breathing when a patient has asthma? - CORRECT ANS>>>bronchodilators What is the maximum flow rate for a nasal cannula? - CORRECT ANS>>>6 LPM Where is the appendix? - CORRECT ANS>>>Right lower abdominal quadrant The patient is complaining of abdominal pain. He has been experiencing dark, tarry stool and hematochezia. You should suspect - CORRECT ANS>>>GI bleeding Which of the following is an infection with associated diarrhea, nausea and vomiting? - CORRECT ANS>>>gastroenteritis What is a behavioral emergency? - CORRECT ANS>>>Abnormal behavior that's unacceptable to patients, family members, or society Physiological changes to diabetic emergencies include - CORRECT ANS>>>Diabetic emergency, hypoxia, head injury, drugs, alcohol, or toxins, seizures, and environmental emergencies To provide oxygen therapy at 100%, what should the flow rate be on a nonrebreather mask? - CORRECT ANS>>>12-15 LPM What airway opening manuever should be used on a patient that has fallen off a ladder and is suffering from respiratory distress> - CORRECT ANS>>>Jaw thrust A device that delivers a specific amount of medication to the lungs in the form of a short burst of aerosolized medicine that the patient inhales is known as a(n)? - CORRECT ANS>>>Metered-dose inhaler CORRECT ANS>>>Circoid cartilage The tongue is often a source of airway obstruction; it falls back and occludes the ? - CORRECT ANS>>>pharynx The lower airway ends at the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen moves to the hemoglobin by passing through a semipermeable membrane. - CORRECT ANS>>>In the capillary bed To create negative pressure in the thorax (chest cavity) the diaphragm contracts and moves . This action expands the volume of the thorax, allowing air to rush into the lungs. - CORRECT ANS>>>Downward Which ventilatory technique is likely to yield the LOWEST tidal volume? - CORRECT ANS>>>One- person bag-valve-mask You are transporting an elderly male patient in respiratory distress with a history of COPD... The patient has very shallow, rapid respirations with minimal chest wall motion and slight wheezing in the upper lung fields. Given this situation, what would you expect the arterial carbon dioxide levels to be? - CORRECT ANS>>>elevated You are transporting a 48-year-old male patient between medical facilities. While obtaining the patient's history, you learn that the patient was involved in a fall at work and suffered a hip fracture and a head injury. The patient is now presenting with labored breathing at 30/min that has progressively worsened over the last 24 hours, a heart rate of 104, and a blood pressure of 98/70. On auscultation, you hear diffuse rales. Esophageal Varices - CORRECT ANS>>>A weakening of the blood vessels lining the esophagus. Frequently associated with alcoholism. Signs and symptoms include vomiting large amounts of bright red blood, history of alcohol abuse or liver disease, and signs/symptoms of hypovolemic shock Ulcers - CORRECT ANS>>>Open wounds along the digestive tract, primarily the stomach AAA (abdominal aortic aneurysm) - CORRECT ANS>>>Weakening of the wall of the aorta in the abdominal region - this weakened area is prone to rupture. A ruptured AAA will likely cause rapid and fatal breathing What is the most common symptom of most gynecologic emergencies? - CORRECT ANS>>>Abdominal pain What are some signs and symptoms of gynecologic problems? - CORRECT ANS>>>Abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding/discharge, signs/symptoms of shock, fever, vomiting, and nausea urinary tract infection (UTI) - CORRECT ANS>>>Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, hematuria (blood in urine), painful or frequent urination, and fever, nausea, and vomiting Kidney stones - CORRECT ANS>>>Crystals formed in the kidneys that can cause an obstruction in the urinary tract, causing severe pain. It is more common for males to develop kidney stones Kidney failure - CORRECT ANS>>>When the kidneys are no longer able to function sufficiently. Water and toxins accumulate and dialysis may be needed. It artificially removes excess fluid and waste products from the blood Your patient complains of acute abdominal pain. It means that the pain... - CORRECT ANS>>>Started suddenly Female versus males for suicides - CORRECT ANS>>>Females are more likely to attempt suicide, but males are more likely to die as a result of suicide Which method of suicide is most common? - CORRECT ANS>>>Firearms The terms "mechanism of injury" (MOI) and "kinematics of trauma" are often used interchangeably to describe... - CORRECT ANS>>>the manner in which traumatic injuries occur. For example, traumatic injuries can be blunt or penetrating, high velocity or low velocity, isolated or multisystem What is index of suspicion? - CORRECT ANS>>>The ability to determine what types of injuries are possible or more likely based on the MOI Coup-contrecoup brain injury - CORRECT ANS>>>A brain injury that occurs under the area of impact with an object Contrecoup brain injury - CORRECT ANS>>>A brain injury that occurs on the side opposite the area that was hit The three collisions - CORRECT ANS>>>First collision - vehicle strikes an object Second collison - the passenger strikes interior of the vehicle or safety restraint system (SRS) Third collision - internal organs strike the internal structures of the body External bleeding - CORRECT ANS>>>may be obvious only if the patient is exposed, more manageable than internal bleeding Internal bleeding - CORRECT ANS>>>Harder to identify and more difficult to manage than external bleeding Sources of bleeding - CORRECT ANS>>>Arteries: spurting, bright red blood Veins: steady flow of dark red blood Capillaries: slowly oozing of dark red blood. May be mixed with clearish fluid Epistaxis (nosebleed) - CORRECT ANS>>>May be due to direct trauma or more serious cause such as hypertension Pneumatic Anti-Shock Garment (PASG) - CORRECT ANS>>>Controversial way of treating shock that is no longer used by EMS Three types of soft tissues - CORRECT ANS>>>Open injuries: Abrasion - a scrape to the skin due to the surface friction Laceration - a jagged cut Penetrating wound - puncture wound Incision - a sharp, clear cut Avulsion - injury caused by a flap of skin being torn partially or completely loose Crush injury - may be opened or closed Amputation - when part of the body is severed completely from the rest Closed injuries: Contusion (bruise) hematoma: a collection of blood beneath the skin Crush injury: may be opened or closed Compartment syndrome - CORRECT ANS>>>Caused by compression of nerves, blood vessels, and muscle in a closed space within the body. The tissue cannot receive adequate blood supply and may die. Crush injury can lead to compartment syndrome. Severe pain is the primary symptom Evisceration - CORRECT ANS>>>Open abdominal injury with external organs (usually intestine) protruding, cover with moist sterile dressing How should you handle a patient with an amputated limb? - CORRECT ANS>>>1. Control bleeding 2. Wrap amputated part in a sterile dressing and place in plastic bag and keep cool 3. Don't delay transport of a high-priority patient for an amputated part What should you use a traction splint for? - CORRECT ANS>>>For closed, midshaft femur fracturesW What are the most common cause of fractures in elderly patients? - CORRECT ANS>>>Fall injuries Which fracture is most likely to increase the risk of a pulmonary embolism? - CORRECT ANS>>>femur fracture What are the life-threatening injuries related to burn injury? - CORRECT ANS>>>Sepsis, hypothermia, hypovolemic shock, and airway compromise What are basal skull fractures? - CORRECT ANS>>>Occur at the base of the skull. CSF may leak from the nose or ears. Signs may include Battle's signs (bruising behind the ears) and raccoon eyes (bruising under the eyes) Cerebral contusion — signs and symptoms - CORRECT ANS>>>Scattered areas of bleeding on the surface of the brain, most commonly along the undersurface and poles of frontal and temporal lobes. Often accompanied by edema and/or concussion injury. Signs and symptoms of cerebral contusion may include at least decreasing mental status, unresponsive, pupillary changes, changes in vital signs. Epidural hematoma - CORRECT ANS>>>Bleeding beneath the skull but above the dura mater. Typically includes significant arterial bleeding. Extremely dangerous due to increase in intracranial pressure. Often accompanied by a skull fracture subdural hematoma — signs and symptoms - CORRECT ANS>>>Bleeding above the brain (beneath the dura mater and above the arachnoid meningeal layer), signs and symptoms include vomiting, decreasing LOC, pupillary changes, unilateral (one side of the body) weakness or paralysis, hypertension, changes in respirations, headaches, and seizures Subarachnoid hemorrhage - CORRECT ANS>>>bleeding within the subarachnoid space. This type of bleeding allows blood to enter the CSF. Can be due to trauma or a ruptured aneurysm Intracerebral hemorrhage - CORRECT ANS>>>Bleeding within the brain tissue. Patients can deteriorate rapidly. High risk of death Flexion - CORRECT ANS>>>Extreme forward (chin-to-chest) movement of the head Extension - CORRECT ANS>>>Extreme backward movement of the head, such as might occur in a rear-impact accident Spinal injury - CORRECT ANS>>>Likely to produce pain or tenderness and likely to produce motor and/or sensory deficits. Motor deficits - weak or absent grips, pushes, pulls, etc, paraplegia, quadriplegia Neurogenic shock - CORRECT ANS>>>A combination of both primary and secondary injuries that lead to loss of sympathetic tone and thus unopposed parasympathetic response driven by the vagus nerve Priapism - CORRECT ANS>>>involuntary penile erection Paraplegia - CORRECT ANS>>>Paralysis of lower extremities Long spine board - CORRECT ANS>>>Can be used for supine or standing patients. Often used if rapid extraction is needed due to potential problems related to airway, breathing, circulation, etc. Battle's sign and raccoon's eyes are signs of a: - CORRECT ANS>>>Basal skull fracture Herniation syndrome is the result of - CORRECT ANS>>>Increased intracranial pressure Which of the following signs are known as Cushing's response? - CORRECT ANS>>>Hypertension, bradycardia, altered respiratory pattern Pneumothorax - CORRECT ANS>>>The accumulation of air in the pleural space. This can compress lung space, prevent gas exchange, and lead to hypoxia. Can lead to trauma or no traumatic injury to lung tissue. Lung sounds may be diminished or absent over injured area tension pneumothorax - CORRECT ANS>>>Causes progressive collapsing of lung tissue. The entire lung and great vessels can be compressed to the other side of the chest. Lung sounds will be absent over the affected area. The patient will develop severe respiratory distress and eventually respiratory failure Sucking chest wound - CORRECT ANS>>>Open chest injury penetrates the pleural space, it can draw air during inhalation. Penetrating thoracic injuries should be covered with a 3-sided occlusive dressing to prevent air from entering the chest cavity Cardiac tamponade (pericardial tamponade) - CORRECT ANS>>>Occurs when blood or other fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac and compresses the heart. Cardiac function can be severely compromised, leading to circulatory collapse. What is a flail chest? - CORRECT ANS>>>Occurs when a portion of the thorax becomes separated from the rest of the thorax. Caused by fracture of at least two consecutive ribs in two or more places. Can also occur if the sternum becomes separated from the rib cage Humerus - CORRECT ANS>>>upper arm phalanages - CORRECT ANS>>>fingers What is the most common cause of a foreign body airway obstruction (FBAO)? - CORRECT ANS>>>Tongue Pleura of lungs - CORRECT ANS>>>two thin layers with fluid between them that allow frictionless movement across one another What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity? - CORRECT ANS>>>diaphragm intercoastal muscles - CORRECT ANS>>>Located between the ribs, the intercoastal muscles contract during inhalation and expand the thoracic cage What is hypoxic drive? - CORRECT ANS>>>Backup system to control respirations when O2 levels fall/backup system to CO2 drive Tidal volume - CORRECT ANS>>>The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath. Normal tidal volume is 5-7 mL per kg of body weight Normal breathing rate/tidal volume (adult, pediatric, infant) - CORRECT ANS>>>Normal adult rate: 12 to 20 breaths per minute (bpm) Normal pediatric rate: 15 to 30 bpm Normal infant rate: 25 to 50 bpm tripod position - CORRECT ANS>>>seated, leaning forward, and using the arms to help breath Agonal breaths - CORRECT ANS>>>dying gasps; slow and shallow; will not move air into alveoli Circulatory system (cardiovascular system) - CORRECT ANS>>>includes all blood vessels, capillaries, and the heart Atria - CORRECT ANS>>>Two upper chambers of the heart. Blood returns to the heart on both sides and enters the atria (atrium). The atria pump the blood into the ventricles just before the ventricles contract. Known as the atrial "kick" and helps increase cardiac output Ventricles - CORRECT ANS>>>The two lower chambers of the heart. They receive blood from the atria and send it out of the heart during ventricular contraction. Under normal circumstances, this generates a palpable pulse. The left ventricle sends oxygen-rich blood throughout the body under high pressure. The right ventricle sends oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs under low pressure heart valves - CORRECT ANS>>>One-way "doors" between the atria and ventricles that allow blood to move in downward direction into the ventricles during atrial contraction. The valves then close during the ventricular contraction to prevent regulation of blood back in the atria Preload - CORRECT ANS>>>the precontraction pressure based on the amount of blood coming back to the heart Afterload - CORRECT ANS>>>The resistance the heart must coercive during ventricular contraction Increased afterload leads to what? - CORRECT ANS>>>Decreased cardiac output T/F: Arteries carry blood away from the heart. - CORRECT ANS>>>True T/F: Veins always carry blood toward the heart - CORRECT ANS>>>True systolic pressure - CORRECT ANS>>>Blood pressure exerted during contraction of the left ventricle Diastolic pressure - CORRECT ANS>>>The blood pressure in between contractions Adequate perfusion - CORRECT ANS>>>Means the blood flow is adequate to all tissues and organs in the body Inadequate perfusion (hypoperfusion or shock) - CORRECT ANS>>>Blood flow has been compromised to the point the entire body is at risk Cerebrum - CORRECT ANS>>>Controls thought, memory, and senses. Largest part of the brain Cerebellum - CORRECT ANS>>>Coordinates voluntary movement, fine motor function, and balance Brain stem - CORRECT ANS>>>Includes midbrain, pons, and medulla; controls essential body functions, like breathing and consciousness Peripheral Nervous System - CORRECT ANS>>>PNS includes all other nervous system structures outside of the CNS, including cranial and peripheral nerves Parasympathetic division - CORRECT ANS>>>"Feed and breed" portion of the nervous system; exerts greater control in times of rest, digestion, or reproduction ventral refers to - CORRECT ANS>>>Anterior surface What are the normal respiratory rates for newborns and infants? - CORRECT ANS>>>Newborns - 30 to 60 bpm Infants - 35 to 50 bpm What are the normal pulse rates for newborns and infants? - CORRECT ANS>>>Newborns - 140 to 160 bpm Infants - 100 to 140 bpm What is the normal blood pressure for newborns and infants? - CORRECT ANS>>>Newborns - 70 systolic Infants - 90 systolic A newborn's will be fully fused by about 18 months. Depressed fontanelles may indicate hypovolemia - CORRECT ANS>>>Fontanelles (soft spots on the skull) Neonates typically have... - CORRECT ANS>>>Startle reflex: open arms wide, spreading fingers Grip reflex: grips when something placed in palm Rooting reflex: turns toward a touch to the cheek Sucking reflex: stimulated by touching the lips Preschoolers are at what age? - CORRECT ANS>>>3 to 6 years old For preschoolers, as their immune system develops... - CORRECT ANS>>>They experience a number of minor colds, viruses, flu-like symptoms, respiratory infections, etc. What are the vitals for adolescents (12-18 years old)? - CORRECT ANS>>>- Respirations are 12 to 20 bpm - Heart rate is 60 to 100 bpm - BP is about 100 to 120 systolic What are the vitals in adulthood (18 to 65)? - CORRECT ANS>>>Respirations: 12 to 20 bpm Heart rate: 60 to 100 bpm Blood pressure: about 110/70 to 130/90 What is the leading cause of death in the young adult age group? - CORRECT ANS>>>Accidental trauma When assessing an infant, you note depressed fontanelles. This indicates that the infant.... - CORRECT ANS>>>... is most likely dehydrated What is ventilation? - CORRECT ANS>>>The moving of air in and out of the lungs. Required for effective oxygenation and respiration What is the active part of ventilation? - CORRECT ANS>>>Inhalation - the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, intrathoracic pressure decreases, and a vacuum is created. As the thorax enlarges, air passes through the upper airway into the lower airway and finally into the alveoli What is the passive part of ventilation? - CORRECT ANS>>>Exhalation - no energy is required. During exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, the thorax decreases in size, and air is compressed out of the lungs What is airway obstruction? - CORRECT ANS>>>Blockage of an airway structure leading to the alveoli, will prevent effective ventilation What are the primary methods of ventilation? - CORRECT ANS>>>Increasing or decreasing the rate of breathing and increasing or decreasing the tidal volume of breaths What is hypoxia? - CORRECT ANS>>>Inadequate delivery of oxygen to the cells. Some early signs are restlessness, anxiety, irritability, dyspnea, and tachycardia. Some late signs are altered or decreased LOC, severe dyspnea, cyanosis, and bradycardia (especially in pediatric patients) What is the carbon dioxide drive? - CORRECT ANS>>>CO2 drive is the body's primary system for monitoring breathing status. Body monitors CO2 levels in the blood and CSF What is hypoxic drive? - CORRECT ANS>>>The backup system for CO2 drive. It monitors oxygen levels in plasma. May be used by end- stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients who have chronically high levels of CO2 What is oxygenation? - CORRECT ANS>>>The delivery of oxygen to the blood. Ventilation is required for oxygenation. Oxygenation is required for respiration but does not ensure respiration Respiration - CORRECT ANS>>>The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The heart and brain become irritable due to lack of oxygen almost immeadiately Adequate breathing - CORRECT ANS>>>Normal respiratory rate and rhythm, nonlabored breathing - adults: about 12 to 20 bpm - children: about 15 to 30 bpm - infants: about 25 to 50 bpm What is auscultation? - CORRECT ANS>>>The use of the stethoscope to listen for lung sounds. Top left lung is compared to the top right lung field. Same for mid- and lower- lung fields Suction catheter - CORRECT ANS>>>Attaches to the suction unit and is inserted into the patient's airway to remove secretions. Suction catheters, tubing, and disposable canisters are all single-patient use only Does suctioning increase or decrease the the risk of hypoxia? - CORRECT ANS>>>Increase Recovery position - CORRECT ANS>>>Reduces the risk of aspiration. Unresponsive patients with adequate breathing and no c-spine injury should be placed in the recovery position Supplemental oxygen - CORRECT ANS>>>The goal of supplemental oxygen is to maintain a pulse oximetry of at least 94%. Supplemental oxygen is not needed if there are no signs or symptoms or respiratory distress and the pulse oximetry is at least 94% Simple face mask - CORRECT ANS>>>Similar to a nonrebreather, but without the oxygen reservoir. With a flow rate of 6 to 10 lpm, the simple face mask delivers 40 to 60% oxygen. Rarely used in prehospital environment Venturi mask - CORRECT ANS>>>A mask that delivers precise contraction of low-flow oxygen Stoma - CORRECT ANS>>>A surgical opening into the trachea What is assisted ventilation? - CORRECT ANS>>>Artificial ventilation or positive pressure ventilation (PPV), assisted ventilations includes: - mouth to mask - flow restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device and automatic transport ventilators (preference is region specific) - bag valve mask (BVM): two-person BVM, rather than one person is preferred Artificial ventilations are indicated for any patients with... - CORRECT ANS>>>Inadequate spontaneous breathing leading to severe respiratory distress or respiratory failure. Caused by central nervous system injury, disease, or impairment; foreign-body airway obstruction, chest trauma, such as flail chest or sucking chest wound, and increased airway resistance due to bronchoconstriction, pulmonary edema, or inflammation Spontaneous breathing versus artificial ventilation - CORRECT ANS>>>Normal spontaneous breathing is done through negative pressure. Artificial ventilations are accomplished thorough positive pressure ventilations (PPV) Hyperventilation - CORRECT ANS>>>A common mistake in the prehospital setting and must be avoided. Occurs when ventilations are provided too fast, too deep, or both What is the correct tidal volume? - CORRECT ANS>>>the best way to determine appropriate tidal volume is appropriate rise and fall of the chest When should you give artificial ventilations to a patient? - CORRECT ANS>>>When they are breathing less than 8 times per minute or more than 24 times per minute What are the correct rates of artificial ventilation for apneic patients with a pulse? - CORRECT ANS>>>Adults: one breath every 5 to 6 seconds (10 to 12 times per minute) Infants and children: one breath every 3 to 5 seconds (12 to 20 times per minute) Newborns: one breath every 1 to 1.5 seconds (40 to 60 times per minute) Compression-to-ventilation ratio - CORRECT ANS>>>30:2 for adults and single-rescuer 15:2 for two-rescuer and children/infants 3:1: for newborns barrier device - CORRECT ANS>>>A mask or shield placed between the victim's mouth and yours during artificial ventilations. Since barrier masks are easy to use, they are the preferred method for providing artificial ventilations What is the EC clamp technique recommended for? - CORRECT ANS>>>Single-rescuer BVM usage. Not a preferred technique What are automatic transport ventilators? - CORRECT ANS>>>Similar to manually triggered ventilators, but the rate and tidal volume can be automated. Provides very consistent rates and tidal volumes, which can reduce risk of hyperventilation Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) - CORRECT ANS>>>Used to improve ventilatory efficiency in spontaneous breathing patients in respiratory distress. Often used for patients with sleep apnea, has proven very effective for patients with COPD or pulmonary edema What is most common in pediatric patients experiencing significant hypoxia? - CORRECT ANS>>>Bradycardia - always assume a bradycardic infant or child is hypoxic and support oxygenation and ventilations aggressively How do you manage FBAO for conscious adults/children and infants? - CORRECT ANS>>>Conscious adults/children: administer conscious abdominal thrusts until the obstruction is relieved or until the patient loses consciousness Conscious infants: administer a series of five back blows and five chest thrusts until the obstruction is relieved or until the patient loses consciousness Due to the risk of hypoxia, suction time should not exceed... - CORRECT ANS>>>15 seconds for an adult Orthostatic vital signs - CORRECT ANS>>>An assessment of pulse and BP in two different positions, first supine and then standing. The second standing set should be taken after the patient has been standing for about two minutes Why do pupils get smaller? - CORRECT ANS>>>Pupils should constrict (get smaller) when light is introduced and gets lighter in the dark. Note that pupils constrict, they don't "contract." Fixed and dilated pupils - CORRECT ANS>>>Refers to pupils that are large and nonreactive to light. Indicates probability of severe illness or injury How do you document pupils? - CORRECT ANS>>>PEARL - pupils equal and reactive to light PERRL - pupils equal, round, reactive to light "Pupils midpoint, equal, reactive" Skin color - CORRECT ANS>>>Check skin color by looking at nail beds, palms of the hands, or soles of the feet. These areas should be pink for all complexions. Abnormal skin color findings - - pale: also called pallor, may indicate a lack of blood due to hypovolemia or vasoconstriction - cyanosis: bluish color; may indicate a lack of oxygenated blood. Often appears in the nail beds or around the mouth first. A series finding but often a late finding - Flush: red skin; may indicate excessive heat, high temperature, exertion, or vasodilation - Jaundice: yellow skin, may indicate liver problems - Mottling: a "marbled" appearance to the skin combining cyanosis with other skin problems, may indicate shock of hypoperfusion Normal skin temperatures - CORRECT ANS>>>Warm skin: normal Cold skin: abnormal Hot skin: abnormal Capillary refill - CORRECT ANS>>>The time it takes for capillaries to refill with blood after being squeezed. Used to assess for possible hypoperfusion (shock). More reliable for infants and younger children. Normal capillary refill for infants and younger children is two seconds or less. More than two seconds is considered "delayed" capillary refill and may indicate hypoperfusion Glucometer - CORRECT ANS>>>Blood glucose meter - identifies the amount of glucose in the blood. Provide reasonably accurate blood glucose levels for capillary and venous blood samples Normal blood glucose levels (mg/dL) - CORRECT ANS>>>Normal: 80 to 120 mg/dL Hypoglycemia: 60 mg/dL or below Hyperglycemia: over about 140 mg/dL Polypharmacy - CORRECT ANS>>>When a patient takes several prescription medications daily Your 5-year-old patient is unresponsive. To determine if chest compressions are indicated, you should immeadiately assess the - CORRECT ANS>>>Cartoid pulse Pharmacokinetics - CORRECT ANS>>>the study of how drugs enter the body, and then are metabolized and eliminated What components should be included in part of a drug profile? - CORRECT ANS>>>Trade name - a brand name for a drug that has typically been trademarked by the manufacturer Generic name - a name that is not trademarked and can be used by any generic manufacturer What is the mechanism of action in regards to drugs? - CORRECT ANS>>>MOA - how the drug does what it does or its intended effects. Example: dilates blood vessels, increases myocardial oxygen supply Routes of Administration for Drugs (External Route) - CORRECT ANS>>>Oral (PO): by mouth - slow onset of action, safe but unpredictable absorption; aspirin, activated charcoal, and oral glucose are all given orally Routes of Administration for Drugs (Parenternal routes used by EMTs) - CORRECT ANS>>>1. Intramuscular - rapid absorption, not quite as fast as intravenous (IV) or intraosseous (IO), faster than oral. Less reliable absorption than IV or IO. EpiPen is administered via intramuscular injection 2. Inhalation - inhaled into the lungs - rapid onset - oxygen, metered- dosed inhaler (MDI) medications, and small-volume nebulizer (SVN) medications are administered through inhalation 3. Intranasal (through the nose): Intranasal drug administration provides a rapid onset of action and is emerging method of drug administration in EMS. These medications are often delivered as a mist using mucosal atomizer device (MAD) 4. Sublingual (SL) - under the tongue - faster onset than oral, nitroglycerin is administered SL What is suspension (medication form)? - CORRECT ANS>>>Medication suspended in a liquid that is easily separates or settles and must be mixed prior to administration Medical Direction - CORRECT ANS>>>EMTs must have online or offline medical direction to administer medications Activated charcoal - CORRECT ANS>>>Mechanism of action - adheres (or binds) many drugs and chemicals, preventing their absorption from gastrointestinal tract - indication: recently ingested poisons, administered orally Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) - CORRECT ANS>>>Class: anti- inflammatory, anti-platelet aggregate, antipyretic MOA: reduces inflammation, decreases platelet aggregation, reduces fever Indication: chest pain Administered orally, side effects include nausea and vomiting The tibia and fibula are bones that make up what? - CORRECT ANS>>>The lower leg What is the membrane that covers the heart called? - CORRECT ANS>>>Epicardium Myocardium - CORRECT ANS>>>Thick muscular layer of the heart Endocardium - CORRECT ANS>>>Smooth inner lining of the heart What chamber of the heart pumps blood into the bloodstream? - CORRECT ANS>>>Right ventricle What chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins? - CORRECT ANS>>>Left atrium The second assessment would typically have a higher priority... - CORRECT ANS>>>Than the patient history What is the nature of illness? - CORRECT ANS>>>what is medically wrong with a patient What is the general impression? - CORRECT ANS>>>The information you are able to immeadiately determine upon arriving at the patient, such as the patient's age, sex, level of distress, and overall appearance Airway (for patient assessment) - CORRECT ANS>>>Assess the airway and intervene as needed. The patient's LOC is a key factor in determining what airway interventions are needed, Don't assume patients with a decreased LOC are capable of protecting their own airway. - Manual airway maneuvers as needed: -> Head-tilt, chin-lift if no spinal injury is suspected -> Jaw thrust maneuver if spinal injury suspected - Mechanical airway adjuncts as neeed -> oropharyngeal airway (OPA) for unresponsive patients -> Consider NPA for patients with decreased LOC What would you do if there's a sucking chest wound? - CORRECT ANS>>>Apply occlusive dressing What is the secondary assessment designed for? - CORRECT ANS>>>It's designed to identify any remaining sings, conditions, or injuries. All potentially life-threatening conditions should be managed already What is the format for head-to-toe assessment? - CORRECT ANS>>>Head and neck - palpate and inspect for DCAP-BTLS (Deformities, Contusions, Abrasions, Penetrating injuries, Burns, Tenderness, Lacerations, Swelling); asses pupils, assess ears for CSF, assess the neck for pain, tenderness, and JVD Chest - assess for DCAP-BTLS; assess for equal and lateral chest rise and fall; auscultate lung sounds. Assess for medication patches and medical devices Abdomen - assess for DCAP-BTLS and rigidity and distention Pelvis - assess for DCAP-BTLS; assess for instability and crepitus; assess for incontinence; do NOT palpate pelvis is patient already complains of pain Extremities - assess distal pulse, motor, and sensation in all four extremities; pulse - palpate for the presence of radial and dorsal pedis pulses; motor function: assess patient's ability to grip, push, and pull on command; Sensation: assess patient's ability to feel you palpate his fingers and toes. Check for medic alert tags or bracelets Posterior: assess the posterior for DCAP-BTLS; ausculta What is a focused exam? - CORRECT ANS>>>Can be considered when an alter patient has an isolated injury or has a specified medical complaint. During a focused exam, the EMT determines what areas are relevant and assesses only those areas. The recommended components of a focused exam will vary based on the patient's condition, but lung sounds should be assessed on every patient if not already completed What is the purpose of a rapid scan? - CORRECT ANS>>>identify any remaining life-threats What is perfusion? - CORRECT ANS>>>Perfusion is the adequate circulation of oxygenated blood throughout the body. You need adequate perfusion to maintain homeostasis What is hypoperfusion? - CORRECT ANS>>>Hypoperfusion (or shock) is inadequate tissue perfusion Compensated versus decompensated shock: - CORRECT ANS>>>- Compensated shock: the early stage of shock. The body is still able to compensate for the hypovolemic state through defense mechanisms, such as increased heart rate and peripheral vasoconstriction - Decompensated shock: late or "progressive" shock. The body can no longer compensate for the hypovolemic state, and blood pressure starts to fall - Irreversible shock: final stage of shock. The patient will not survive once entering irreversible shock What is peripheral vasoconstriction? - CORRECT ANS>>>The body will constrict peripheral blood vessels to try and increase blood pressure and increase perfusion to vital organs Falling blood pressure is a sign of shock - CORRECT ANS>>>Late What is cardiogenic shock? - CORRECT ANS>>>This is a pump problem - the heart muscle cannot pump effectively, causing a backup of fluid, pulmonary edema, and hypotension. Pulmonary edema - the accumulation of fluid in the lungs Cardiogenic shock is caused by low cardiac output due to reduced press, high afterload, or poor myocardial contractility. Which is a slow disease process that obstructs and lowers the lower airways and alveoli? - CORRECT ANS>>>COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) What are some signs and symptoms of a pulmonary embolism? - CORRECT ANS>>>Possible history of recent surgery, or long bone fracture, chest pain, tachypnea Hyperventilation is also known as what? - CORRECT ANS>>>Rapid breathing Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) - CORRECT ANS>>>caused by myocardial ischemia (poor blood supply); it includes angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction Angina pectoris - CORRECT ANS>>>A transient chest pain caused by the lack of oxygen to the heart muscle. Caused by atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries. When does angina usually occur? - CORRECT ANS>>>During physical activity or stress and resolves with rest, oxygen, and nitroglycerin Acute myocardial infarction (AMI or MI) - CORRECT ANS>>>AMI is death due to an area of the myocardial muscle due to lack of oxygenated blood flow through the coronary arteries W When does CHF (congestive heart failure) occur? - CORRECT ANS>>>When the ventricles are unable to keep up with the flow of blood coming through Any patient with chest pain or other signs and symptoms of a cardiac emergency should be considered what? - CORRECT ANS>>>A high transport priority Left versus right ventricular failure - CORRECT ANS>>>If the right ventricle pumps inefficiently, blood backs up into the venous system that feeds into the right heart. Signs include JVD and pedal edema. If the left ventricle pumps inefficiently, blood backs up into the lungs. Signs include pulmonary edema (pulmonary veins due to back pressure) Tinnitus - CORRECT ANS>>>Ringing of the ears Your patient is experiencing orthopnea. This means the patient has - CORRECT ANS>>>difficulty breathing while lying down What is an indication of right ventricular failure? - CORRECT ANS>>>JVD What is a stroke? - CORRECT ANS>>>Death to brain tissue due to an interruption in blood flow Ischemic stroke - CORRECT ANS>>>Blood to the brain is compromised due to a blockage. Ischemic strokes are often due to atherosclerosis Hemorrhaging stroke - CORRECT ANS>>>Caused by bleeding within the brain. Bleeding robs the brain of oxygen delivery, and can apply pressure to surrounding brain tissue, further compromising tissue Seizures/types of seizures - CORRECT ANS>>>Seizures are caused by disorganized electrical activity in the brain - Generalized seizures (grand mail seizures) - patient is unresponsive and experiences full-body convulsions - Absence seizures (also called petit mal seizures) - patient doesn't interact with environment, but there is no convulsive activity - Partial seizures - (simple partial seizures) - no change in level of consciousness (LOC); possible twitching or sensory changes, but no full-body convolutions - (complex partial seizures) - altered LOC; isolated twitching and sensory changes possible Status epilepticus - Prolonged seizure (about 30 minutes) or recurring seizures without the patient regaining consciousness in between. Very dangerous An oral and nasal airway should be: - CORRECT ANS>>>Used to keep the tongue from blocking the airway Dental Avulsion and how to treat it - CORRECT ANS>>>Loss of tooth - control any bleeding to reduce risk of swallowing blood and vomiting. Rinse tooth with saline and transport in saline-soaked gauze How should you treat an impaled object in the cheek? - CORRECT ANS>>>Stabilize the object in place unless it interferes with airway management. Remove only if it causes airway obstruction or interferes with ability to manage airway Sclera - CORRECT ANS>>>white of the eye How should most cases of non-penetrating foreign objects on the sclera be managed? - CORRECT ANS>>>Irrigate the eye What are the two systems of the body that are impacted by the cold? - CORRECT ANS>>>Vasoconstriction (to conserve heat) and an eventual slowing of metabolism rate How are someone's vitals affected by hypothermia? - CORRECT ANS>>>Bradycardia, bradypnea, and hypotension. Vitals can be so depressed the patient appears to be in cardiac arrest even when they're not Frostnip (chilblains) - CORRECT ANS>>>Develops when body parts get very cold but are not yet frozen. Signs and symptoms include pale and cold skin and loss of sensation in affected areas What are the two systems of the body that are impacted by the heat? - CORRECT ANS>>>Vasodilation (to shed excess heat) and an increase in metabolic rate Myocardium Infarction (MI) - CORRECT ANS>>>Heart attack — maintain high index of suspicion for cardiac problems in geriatric patients. Geriatric patients frequently present with atypical (unusual) signs and symptoms when experiencing an MI Congestive heart failure (CHF) - CORRECT ANS>>>Geriatric patients are at higher risk for CHF, especially those with hypertension, previous MIs, and coronary artery disease Pneumonia - CORRECT ANS>>>Geriatric patients are at higher risk for pneumonia, especially those that are chronically ill. Life-threatening infection in the lungs Pulmonary Embolism (PE) - CORRECT ANS>>>PE is caused by a blockage of a pulmonary artery, which compromises blood flow into the lungs. Common signs and symptoms include fatigue, chest pain, tachycardia, sudden onset dyspnea, pedal edema in only one leg, low pulse oximetry readings, and a general feeling of distress. Can potentially lead to sudden cardiac arrest. High-flow oxygen should be provided to patients with a suspected PE Deep vein thombrosis (DVT) - CORRECT ANS>>>DVT is a blood clot in a large vein, usually in the leg. A loose clot (embolus) can cause a pulmonary embolism. Long-term immobility (such as travel, hospitalization, sedentary lifestyle) can increase the risk of DVT and PE Osteoporosis - CORRECT ANS>>>The progressive loss of bone density over time. More common in females and often leads to hip and other fractures. A calcium deficiency often leads to osteoporosis Your elderly patient has a curvature of the spine that causes her to have a rounded back. This is known as a - CORRECT ANS>>>Kyphosis Right heart failure - CORRECT ANS>>>Causes fluid to back up into the body. Typically presents with pedal edema and jugular venous distention (JVD) Dialysis patients - CORRECT ANS>>>They require mechanical assistance to filter their blood supply due to poor kidney function Tracheostomy - CORRECT ANS>>>A surgical procedure that creates an opening through the neck into the trachea. Stoma - CORRECT ANS>>>Surgical opening into the trachea Analgesia pump - CORRECT ANS>>>A patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump is a device that allows patients to self-administer pain medication through infusion Foley catheter - CORRECT ANS>>>Placed into the urethra and allows urine to drain into a bag Your hospice patient has a PCA pump. This is used to - CORRECT ANS>>>Self-administer pain medication Emergency vehicles should travel in the - CORRECT ANS>>>Far left lane Extrication - CORRECT ANS>>>removal of patient from entrapment When working on roadways or around traffic, federal law requires that you - CORRECT ANS>>>Wear an approved, highly reflective safety vest The blue diamond from the 4-diamond placard provides information about - CORRECT ANS>>>Health hazards What system provides an adaptive, standardized approach to any domestic mass casualty incident? - CORRECT ANS>>> Priapism - CORRECT ANS>>>Persistent, painful penile erection You arrive on scene to a patient who has fallen off of a roof. You dictate that the patient needs to be treated for apnea. What is the proper way to open the patient's airway? - CORRECT ANS>>>Jaw thrust A patient has left sided heart failure. What kind of edema would the patient have? - CORRECT ANS>>>Pulmonary edema What causes the fruity or acetone breath, often seen in Type I diabetes? - CORRECT ANS>>>Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) If there is a major open would to the neck, what kind of dressing should be applied? - CORRECT ANS>>>An all-sided occlusive dressing When the buttocks or lower extremities of a baby presents first during birth, this is called - CORRECT ANS>>>breech birth Which of the following is the division point between the upper and lower airway? - CORRECT ANS>>>Laryngopharnx The most severe dysrhythmia is - CORRECT ANS>>>Asystole What is the most effective way to stop an arterial bleed caused by a laceration to the hand? - CORRECT ANS>>>Apply a tourniquet two inches above the wound Anthrax poisoning would fall under the category of terrorist attacks because anthrax is a bacterium - CORRECT ANS>>>Biological If proper consent is not obtained the EMT leaves themselves open to be charged with what? - CORRECT ANS>>>Assault and battery Your 23-year-old female patient is complaining of generalized lower abdominal pain, described as a 10/10 on a ten scale. Her last normal bowel movement was last night, and her last menstrual period was two months ago. - CORRECT ANS>>>Ectopic pregnancy It is thought that your 72-year-old female patient may have an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Which of the following signs and symptoms support a AAA? - CORRECT ANS>>>Low lumbar pain, tearing pain, absent femoral pulse on one extremity What is the emergency where exposure to the cold causes damage to the skin but leaves no permanent tissue loss? - CORRECT ANS>>>Frostnip What is the environmental emergency where the body temperature rises due to a breakdown of compensatory cooling measures? - CORRECT ANS>>>Heat stroke What is the first step in treating any heat emergency? - CORRECT ANS>>>Remove the patient from the heat Your fully clothed 25-year-old female patient was just pulled from an icy pond. She is alert, oriented, and barely shivering. What is the next step with this patient? - CORRECT ANS>>>Remove the wet clothing When confronted with a patient threatening violence, what is the EMT's first objective? - CORRECT ANS>>>Protect yourself Hepatitis A is most commonly spread through which of the following means? - CORRECT ANS>>>Food You assess a scuba diver complaining of chest pain and shortness of breath. The diver states that he was 70 feet below the surface when a large shark appeared in the area. The diver panicked and ascended to the surface very quickly. Within minutes of getting out of the water, he developed considerable shortness of breath and chest pain that worsened with inhalation. Assessment findings show the patient to have significant respiratory distress accompanied by a rapid pulse rate and severe joint p - CORRECT ANS>>>Check breathing sounds You are responding to a call with lights and sirens. How do you proceed through a stop sign or a red light? - CORRECT ANS>>>Always with due regard for others on the road. One of the more stressful calls for first responders is a mass-casualty incident (MCI). In the most basic, simplest definition, what is an MCI? - CORRECT ANS>>>Any incident that overtaxes your system, general three or more patients Where should the triage and treatment sectors be located in a HazMat incident with 10 victims? - CORRECT ANS>>>Triage and treatment in the cold zone When you arrive at a scene where there has been an industrial exposure, you should request a copy of the SDS for the offending chemical. What is an SDS? - CORRECT ANS>>>Safety data sheet Which of the following would be a high priority for any emergency responder to a terrorist attack? - CORRECT ANS>>>To consider that there might be a secondary device The injuries a patient would sustain from the secondary effects of an explosion are caused by what? - CORRECT ANS>>>From flying shrapnel or objects What is the purpose of using terror against a population? - CORRECT ANS>>>To cause political and socio/economic change to advance the terror group's agenda. When requesting physician medical direction via radio, which of the following procedures should be used? - CORRECT ANS>>>Repeat all orders back to the physician! Several days after treating a chest pain patient, you realize that you made an error on the patient care report. The patient care report has already been submitted to the hospital and your department administration. What procedure should be followed when attempting to correct your documentation? - CORRECT ANS>>>Complete and submit an addendum or supplement to the original patient care report Which of the following is the correct flow of blood through the heart and lungs? - CORRECT ANS>>>Inferior/superior vena cavae, right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left ventricle, aorta Mitral or bicuspid valve: - CORRECT ANS>>>prevents blood from back flowing into left atrium Electrical impulse generated in the right atrium is called the: - CORRECT ANS>>>Sinoatriual node You are treating a patient that has been involved in a motor vehicle accident. You can lift a flap of skin on the patient's head. This type of injury would e referred to as a(n): - CORRECT ANS>>>Avulsion Seizures in children most often are the result of: - CORRECT ANS>>>An abrupt rise in body temperature The three main bones of the arm are the - CORRECT ANS>>>Humerus, ulna, and radius The right side of the heart has a three-flap valve called the - CORRECT ANS>>>Tricuspid valve The medical term for heel bone is what? - CORRECT ANS>>>Calcaneus What are the soft spots on an infant's head called? - CORRECT ANS>>>Fontanels Being an EMT can be a stressful job, Which of the following is/are example(s) of stressful situations that you might encounter as an EMT? - CORRECT ANS>>>Infant or child trauma (NOT "no lunch break") What class of medicine is aspirin? - CORRECT ANS>>>Platelet inhibitor/anti-inflammatory Injuring a person's character or reputation through malevolent spoken words is known as what? - CORRECT ANS>>>Slander While you are obtaining a patient history they tell you that they suffer from GERD. What does GERD stand for? - CORRECT ANS>>>Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease What is a patient in danger of if they fracture their pelvis? - CORRECT ANS>>>Severe internal bleeding The manubrium and xiphoid process make up the - CORRECT ANS>>>Sternum To ensure there are no misunderstandings over the radio, it is best to use plain English. However, what is often used instead? - CORRECT ANS>>>Codes You an your partner have just assisted in delivering a newborn, you are asked to obtain the newborn's APGAR number. What does APGAR stand for? - CORRECT ANS>>>Appearance, Pupils, Grimace, Awareness, Respiration While obtaining a history from the daughter of an elderly patient that your partner is treating, the daughter tells you that her mother takes Aricept and Namenda. This tells you that her mother is suffering from what? - CORRECT ANS>>>Dementia Fugue disorder - CORRECT ANS>>>Amnesia and travel — a temporary state where a person has memory loss (amnesia) and ends up in an unexpected place What does the "R" in the OPQRST assessment tool stand for? - CORRECT ANS>>>Region and Radiation Where are the adrenal glands located? - CORRECT ANS>>>On top of the kidneys Where do most ectopic pregnancies located? - CORRECT ANS>>>Fallopian tubes What is the averge length of time a women who is in labor for the first time can expect to remain in labor? - CORRECT ANS>>>12 to 18 hours What is the last organ that has air pass through prior to entering the trachea? - CORRECT ANS>>>Larynx Difficulty breathing, anxiety, abnormal blood pressure, sudden onset of sweating, and squeezing, dull pressure to the chest are signs of symptoms of what? - CORRECT ANS>>>Cardiac compromise You should be on the lookout for cardiac arrest if your patient has suffered from what? - CORRECT ANS>>>Electric burn Your patient has loss the functionality of the left side of their body. There is no apparent cause and all tests have come back negative. The only thing you do know is that the patient was supposed to go jail. What is this person suffering from? - CORRECT ANS>>>Conversion disorder — a condition in which a person experiences physical and sensory problems, such as paralysis, numbness, blindness, deafness or seizures, with no underlying neurologic pathology. What chamber of the heart pumps blood into the lungs? - CORRECT ANS>>>Right ventricle All of the following apply to the care of a puncture wound except one. Which of the following does not apply to the care of a puncture wound? - CORRECT ANS>>>Do: Expose the wound by cutting clothing away from the wound site, control bleeding, administer oxygen as per local protocols, provide care for shock Don't: Gently remove the impaled object A point that is distant fro the midsagittal or median plane is known as what? - CORRECT ANS>>>Lateral The term "on-line medical control" refers to what? - CORRECT ANS>>>Communication with a base hospital physician While discussing emergency medicine with a coworker they mention something called the "golden hour". They go on to explain that the golden hour means: - CORRECT ANS>>>The fist hour after a multisystem trauma has occurred You are aiding a patient that has been stabbed in the leg. The wound is very deep and the cut is very long. You have applied pressure to help control the excessive amount of bleeding, but this is helping little. What should you do next to help control the bleeding? - CORRECT ANS>>>Splint the leg If you are treating a patient known to have an airborne disease, what precaution(s) should you take? - CORRECT ANS>>>You should place a surgical mask on the patient A bulb syringe is used to suction infants up to what age? - CORRECT ANS>>>3-4 months The patient is a 29-year-old female pregnant with her second child. She is 39-weeks pregnant and a saw a bloody show approximately 4 hours ago. Her contractions are 2 minutes apart and lasting 60 seconds. Transport time is approximately 45 minutes. You should - CORRECT ANS>>>Prepare for an imminent on-scene delivery Which indicates that a patient with hyperthermia is in serious danger? - CORRECT ANS>>>Hot skin A 20-year-old patient was sexually assaulted. The patient states that she is hemorrhaging profusely from the vagina. You should - CORRECT ANS>>>Apply a sterile sanitary napkin Emergency care for an infant when meconium is present in the amniotic fluid includes - CORRECT ANS>>>suctioning and notifying the hospital that meconium was present You are treating a patient who has overdosed on a narcotic. The greatest risk for this patient is - CORRECT ANS>>>Respiratory depression Your patient, a 69-year-old male, is in cardiac arrest. His wife informs you that their physician has written a DNR order for the patient, but she does not have the written order. You should: - CORRECT ANS>>>Provide all necessary care to save the patient's life Which of the following medications is an EMT-B not allowed to assist the patient in taking? A. the neighbor's nitroglycerin for chest pain B. an albuterol inhaler for shortness of breath C. the patient's nitroglycerin of chest pain D. the patient's epipen for an allergic reaction - CORRECT ANS>>>A: The neighbor's nitroglycerin for chest pain The production of insulin occurs in the - CORRECT ANS>>>Pancreas The focused history for patients with altered mental status should include questions about a history of trauma, diabetes, seizures and which of the following? A. heart disease B. pregnancy C. fever D. stress - CORRECT ANS>>>C. Fever Which is an arryhythmia that should be shocked using an AED? - CORRECT ANS>>>ventricular tachycardia To assess the motor function in the lower extremities of a responsive patient you want to: - CORRECT ANS>>>Ask the patient to wiggle his toes The AED is used to treat patients in - CORRECT ANS>>>ventricular fibrillation You are called to the scene of a possible drowning at a local pool. When you arrive on the scene, a bystander is holding the patient at the surface of the water. The patient is unconscious. Your next step is to: - CORRECT ANS>>>Apply cervical and spinal immobilization You should never approach a helicopter from the - CORRECT ANS>>>Rear Which rhythm often converts to ventricular fibrillation? - CORRECT ANS>>>ventricular tachycardia You are treating a patient suffering from anaphylactic shock. Which of the signs and symptoms would you likely see in this patient? - CORRECT ANS>>>urticaria, tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypotension You are treating a 62-year-old female patient who is complaining of shortness of breath, chest pain, and is coughing up a frothy sputum. You would suspect this patient has - CORRECT ANS>>>Left sided congestive heart failure Following an explosion, a patient is trapped in a collapsed structure and suffers crush injuries to both lower extremities. How would the injuries be classified based on the blast-injury phase? A. primary blast injury B. secondary blast injury C. tertiary blast injury D. none of the above - CORRECT ANS>>>Tertiary blast injury What are the differences between primary, secondary, and tertiary blast injuries? - CORRECT ANS>>>Primary blast—unique to high-order explosives; results from the impact of the over- pressurization wave with body surfaces. Secondary blast—results from flying debris and bomb fragments. Tertiary blast—results from individuals being thrown by the blast wind. You are assessing a 24-year-old male who was involved in a bar room brawl. Witnesses say the patient was struck with a barstool. The patient is unresponsive. You note battle signs on your assessment. This is a sign of: A. intracranial bleeding B. basilar skull fracture C. epidural hematoma D. subdural hematoma - CORRECT ANS>>>Basilar skull fracture Which of the following conditions would most likely cause flushed skin? A. shock B. hypoxia C. exposure to heat D. low blood pressure - CORRECT ANS>>>C. Exposure to heat The head of a newborn infant has just been delivered. You should - CORRECT ANS>>>Suction the baby's mouth and nostrils with a bulb syringe Which of the following statements regarding the first stage of labor is FALSE? - CORRECT ANS>>>A. The first stage can last up to 16 hours. B. The first stage may last less than 4 hours. C. Watery, bloody discharge may occur. D. Contractions last 30 seconds to 1 minute. Why is the head tilt contraindicated in establishing a patent airway in an infant? - CORRECT ANS>>>The infant's head is large, and this position can obstruct the airway A call comes in for a child who was in a sledding accident and has a large abdominal laceration. Upon arrival at the scene, you open the girl's coat and see intestines protruding from her abdominal wound. What is the medical term for this? - CORRECT ANS>>>Evisceration Which of the following describes the correct path of blood through the heart? - CORRECT ANS>>>Oxygen-poor blood flows into the right atrium, through the right ventricle, and into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs to receive oxygen. From there, it returns through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium and through the left ventricle where it is pumped to the rest of the body. On a busy city street, a 50-year-old woman has been knocked down by a bike messenger. She is conscious and sitting on the step of a building. The patient says she automatically extended her right hand to break the fall. Her right wrist is bruised and swollen and her right knee joint is locked into an abnormal position. She complains of feeling "pins and needles" in her right hand What is the first step in treating this patient's injuries? What should you do in treating the patient's wrist injur - CORRECT ANS>>>Assessment distal PMS; splint the wrist; splint it in the found position What is the first step in evaluating the airway of an elderly person? - CORRECT ANS>>>Thrust the jaw forward to pull the tongue out of the airway While evaluating the airway, you notice there may be some difficulty in ventilating the patient. How should you proceed? What does the presence of gurgling sounds in this patient indicate? A. Remove the patient's dentures B. Suctioning for 30 seconds C. Initiating the gag reflex D. Offering high-concentration oxygen energy - CORRECT ANS>>>Remove the patient's dentures and this patient requires suctioning All of the following are true statements about the 3rd stage of labor EXCEPT: A. The placenta should be discarded after delivery. B. The placenta will be delivered within 30 minutes. C. The woman can be transported to the hospital before the placenta is delivered. D. Pieces of the placenta can remain attached to the uterine wall and may cause bleeding. - CORRECT ANS>>>The placenta should be discarded after delivery What is the condition that describes where the patient's internal body temperature is greater than 98.6 degrees F? - CORRECT ANS>>>Hyperthermia You have been called to the home of a patient who was found unconscious. On first observation, you notice the patient has vomited what appears to be vomit mixed with dark brown liquid that looks like coffee grounds. This could possibly be indicative of which of the following? - CORRECT ANS>>>Blood that has been in the stomach for a while has been partially digested What should you do in delivering the placenta? - CORRECT ANS>>>Save the afterbirth in a container Your adult patient has a respiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute, Which of the following best describes this respiratory rate? - CORRECT ANS>>>Normal rate You arrive at the home of a 75-year-old woman who has had a fall. What should you do in addition to addressing potential injuries? - CORRECT ANS>>>Assess potential causes of the fall An 82-year-old female patient is complaining of abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, feeling extremely tired, and dizziness. What may these symptoms be indicative of? - CORRECT ANS>>>Myocardial infarction En route to a call, what is an emergency vehicle NOT allowed to do? - CORRECT ANS>>>A. Pass in a no-passing zone. B. Exceed the speed limit C. Pass a school bus with red lights blinking. D. Pass through a stop sign. Because the stinger of a honeybee remains in the wound following a sting: - CORRECT ANS>>>It can continue to inject venom for up to 20 minutes Chemicals that are responsible for the signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction to a bee sting include - CORRECT ANS>>>Histamines and leukotrienes You respond to the community pool for a cardiac arrest. After attaching the AED, you notice that the patient is wet and is lying in a puddle of water. You should? - CORRECT ANS>>>Move the patient to a dry area, wipe down the patient's chest and reattach the AED You arrive on scene to find a male in cardiac arrest and an AED that has been placed on them by a security officer. The AED is charged and ready to deliver a shock. What should your first response be? - CORRECT ANS>>>Allow the AED to deliver the initial shock What valve opens during right ventricular contraction and what valve closes? - CORRECT ANS>>>The tricuspid valve closes and the pulmonary valve opens What is emphysema and what are the signs and symptoms associated with it? - CORRECT ANS>>>Emphysema is a reduction in the surface area of the alveoli, which causes decreased elasticity of the lungs and an increase in airway resistance. It is a type of COPD. It is characterized by a pink complexion, nonproductive cough, barrel chest, and wheezing upon auscultation of chest sounds. You are performing ventilations for an unconscious patient in the back of an ambulance with a bag- valve mask and the assistance of your partner. An OPA has been inserted, oxygen is being provided at a rate of 15L/min, and your ventilations are causing the patient's chest to rise equally and bilaterally at a rate of 20 breaths per minute. Suddenly your patient begins to gag on the OPA. What should you do? - CORRECT ANS>>>Remove the OPA and keep it safe in case the patient becomes unconscious again, maintain a clear airway, insert an NPA, and continue ventilating the patient You arrive to a home where a 5-year-old male patient with Down syndrome is having trouble breathing. Upon palpation of his radial pulse, you notice that his pulse is irregular and slow at a rate of 60bpm. The patient's heart problems are a result of: - CORRECT ANS>>>A congenital disorder You arrive on scene of a multiple vehicle accident. You finish attending to one patient and find a man complaining about pain in his neck on the other side of the street. After asking him a few questions you realize this man was a driver of one of the cars in the crash. What should you do? Call over at least two other EMT's or paramedics to assist you in a standing take down maneuver. - CORRECT ANS>>>Call over at least two other EMT's or paramedics to assist you in a standing take down maneuver You respond to a call where a 44-year-old female with a history of epilepsy is experiencing a seizure. You arrive during the tonic-clonic phase of the seizure. What is the most appropriate intervention? - CORRECT ANS>>>Loosen restrictive clothing and prevent injury You arrive at the home of a 44-year-old man with severe abdominal pain. He tells you that 5 days ago he was hit in the stomach with a baseball bat. Upon examination, his abdomen is rigid. What is the most likely field diagnosis for this patient? - CORRECT ANS>>>Peritonitis - the most likely field diagnosis for a patient with a recent history of abdominal trauma who has overall abdominal pain and a rigid abdomen is peritonitis, or inflammation of the peritoneal cavity You are dispatched to a chemically hazardous scene. How can you tell if the scene is safe to approach? - CORRECT ANS>>>Park the ambulance a safe distance away from the scene and scan with binoculars The swelling and inflammation of bronchioles, thickening of the bronchi and bronchioles with excessive mucus production, and the subsequent difficulty in breathing caused by this is: - CORRECT ANS>>>Chronic bronchitis What is the function of the ventricles? - CORRECT ANS>>>Pumps blood away from the heart to either enter the lungs or to become oxygenated or to the body to oxygenate muscle tissue What are the signs of early hyperthermia? - CORRECT ANS>>>Cool/sweaty skins, tachycardia, tachypnea Scuba diver who ascend too rapidly are at risk for - CORRECT ANS>>>Decompression sickness The rule of nines describes the percentage of the body that certain areas take up, on average. For adults, this is: - CORRECT ANS>>>9% each for the head (and neck), and each arm. 18% each for the chest, back, and each leg. 1% for the genitals Usually when a baby is delivered, it is covered in healthy amniotic fluid. If a baby is delivered and this fluid instead is greenish/brownish in color and is foul smelling, it is then referred to as: - CORRECT ANS>>>meconium CORRECT ANS>>>oxygenated; left atrium You have finished attending to a patient and arrive at a hospital where another ambulance is unloading a 27-year-old female. The EMT caring for the woman asks for help unloading her from the ambulance as she is lying flat on a gurney and states he was unable to control her blood pressure. As you assess her quickly, you can clearly see that she is pregnant. What intervention would you suggest and what is this patient's possible diagnosis? - CORRECT ANS>>>Elevate the patient's right side so that she is left in the lateral recumbent position; supine hypotensive syndrome You are attending to a 14-year-old with shortness of breath and chest tightness. She has a history of sickle cell anemia. What is the most likely pathological reason for her shortness of breath that would help you direct your patient care? - CORRECT ANS>>>Abnormal hemoglobin causes the blood cells to have an inability to carry oxygen Regardless of the APGAR score, if the baby's pulse is below 60, you must: - CORRECT ANS>>>Begin CPR at the appropriate heart rate for the baby You arrive on scene where a 54-year-old male patient is experiencing shortness of breath. He had an AMI last year on the left side of his heart. Upon assessment of his neck, you notice that the veins in his neck are swollen and bulging. His vital signs are — HR: 110bpm, respiratory rate: 32 breaths per minute and shallow, and BP: 125/82. What is the most likely and descriptive field diagnosis for this patient? - CORRECT ANS>>>Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) - because of the JVD You arrive on scene where a 31-year-old male patient has fallen from his roof while cleaning. Which type of shock should you be most concerned about if there is evidence of spinal injury and no open wounds? - CORRECT ANS>>>Neurogenic shock --- there is evidence of spinal injury You respond to a call where a 65-year-old woman is reported to have an altered mental status. Upon arriving at the scene, the patient is slurring her words and has facial drooping on the left side. What is the most probable field diagnosis for this patient? - CORRECT ANS>>>TIA ---