NREMT /NREMT PREMIUM TEST BANK EXAMS ALL VERSIONS INCLUDED LATEST 2024-2025 EXAM 470+, Exams of Nursing

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NREMT /NREMT PREMIUM TEST BANK EXAMS

ALL VERSIONS INCLUDED LATEST 2024- 2025

EXAM 470+ QUESTIONS AND CORRECT

ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|GRADED A+

Shaken Baby Syndrome can cause which of the following conditions? (A) Hypoglycemia (B) Abdominal bruising (C) Subdural hematoma (D) Lower extremity fracture - CORRECT ANSWER>>(C) Subdural hematoma Which law protects an EMT if the EMT acts in good faith, is not negligent, acts within the scope of practice, and does not accept payment for service? (A) implied consent laws. (B) Good Samaritan laws. (C) malfeasance laws. (D) absolute immunity laws. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) Good Samaritan laws You arrive at a two car accident and the driver of the 1st car is unconscious. Consent for this patient would be? (A) informed. (B) implied. (C) expressed. (D) involuntary. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) implied Organ responsible for insulin production. (A) adrenal (B) pancreas (C) thyroid (D) thymus - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) pancreas Which federal agency regulates telecommunications in the United States? (A) FBI. (B) FDIC.

(C) FCC.

(D) FACEP. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(C) FCC.

What is the rate of chest compressions for a two-year-old in cardiac arrest? (A) 80/minute. (B) 100/minute. (C) 110/minute. (D) 120/minute. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) 100/minute. A BVM with a reservoir and oxygen source (at least 15 LPM) delivers an oxygen concentration of (A) 21%. (B) 40% to 60%. (C) 80%. (D) 100%. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(D) 100%. Beck's triad (associated with pericardial tamponade) includes: distant heart tones, JVD, and... (A) pulse deviation. (B) narrowing pulse pressure. (C) wheezing. (D) delayed capillary refill. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) narrowing pulse pressure. What happens during inspiration? (A) the diaphragm contracts and the intercostal muscles relax. (B) the diaphragm relaxes and the intercostal muscles contract. (C) the diaphragm relaxes and the intercostal muscles relax. (D) the diaphragm contracts and the intercostal muscles contract. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(D) the diaphragm contracts and the intercostal muscles contract. When caring for a child in respiratory distress, you hear a harsh high-pitched sound with each breath. What do you suspect? (A) stridor. (B) wheezing. (C) crackles. (D) rhonchi. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(A) stridor. Cushing's reflex includes increased blood pressure, bradycardia, and:

(A) irregular respirations. (B) irregular pulse. (C) increased respirations. (D) pupil dilation. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(A) irregular respirations. Cushing's reflex is indicative of a head injury with increased intracranial pressure (ICP). You delivered a full-term baby in the back of your ambulance and the initial APGAR score is 5. What treatment should you do? (A) CPR. (B) effective ventilation. (C) vascular access. (D) administration of epinephrine. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) effective ventilation. Most newborns respond favorably to warming, drying, suctioning, and stimulation. All of the following are phases of the stress response EXCEPT: (A) alarm reaction. (B) resistance. (C) exhaustion. (D) acceptance. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(D) acceptance. The 3 phases of the body's response to stress: (1) alarm reaction (fight-or-flight response) (2) resistance: the level of resistance to stress raises (3) exhaustion-as stress continues, coping mechanisms begin to fail Manual maneuvers used to open a patient's airway (A) are contraindicated in most patients. (B) are difficult to perform. (C) include head-tilt/chin-lift and jaw thrust. (D) do not usually work without more extensive intervention. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(C) include head-tilt/chin-lift and jaw thrust. A patient was struck in the head by a large tree branch while trimming a tree. The next day, he complains of dizziness and vomiting. You suspect? (A) an epidural hematoma. (B) a subdural hematoma. (C) a concussion. (D) a contusion. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(a) subdural hematoma.

A subdural hematoma is usually due to rupture of small venous vessels. This type of bleeding is slow and the onset of symptoms may take several hours to develop after the injury. Supine hypotensive syndrome occurs from? (A) reduction of cardiac output due to compression of the aorta. (B) reduction of cardiac output due to compression of the inferior vena cava. (C) reduction of cardiac output due to compression of the superior vena cava. (D) the uterus pushing up on the diaphragm. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) reduction of cardiac output due to compression of the inferior vena cava. The documentation of a baseline neurological status should NOT include which of the following: (A) Pulse oximetry (B) Response to sensory stimulation (C) Pupillary reaction (D) Motor function - CORRECT ANSWER>>(A) Pulse oximetry The chest wall is lined by a layer of smooth, glistening tissue called: (A) visceral pleura. (B) parietal pleura. (C) visceral peritoneum. (D) parietal peritoneum. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) parietal pleura. A dissecting aortic aneurysm may cause the following sign or symptom: (A) a pain sensation on the neck and back of head (B) pain in the lower back and lower quadrants (C) the same blood pressure in each arm (D) respiratory distress - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) pain in the lower back and lower quadrants The description of pain associated with a dissecting aortic aneurysm is severe back pain because the peritoneum can be rapidly stripped away from the wall of the main abdominal cavity. Your patient is 28 weeks pregnant with complaints of dizziness and blurred vision. Her hands and feet are edematous. Vitals are BP 178/108, HR 104, RR 24. You suspect that she: (A) is emotionally upset. (B) has preeclampsia. (C) has borderline hypotension.

(D) has postpartum depression. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) has preeclampsia. Common signs and symptoms of preeclampsia include headache, dizziness, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, hypertension and edema. Treatment for a patient with preeclampsia would include: (A) rapid transport with lights and siren. (B) administering nitroglycerin to lower the blood pressure. (C) transport for psychiatric evaluation. (D) keeping the patient calm; transport without lights and siren. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(D) keeping the patient calm; transport without lights and siren. If you suspect preeclampsia, you should take precautions to prevent seizures, which include keeping the patient calm and transporting without lights and sirens. Which of the following statements is true regarding chemical burns? (A) Always use antidotes or neutralizing agents. (B) Acid burns are typically more serious than alkali burns. (C) Both acids and alkalis cause burns by disrupting cell membranes and damaging tissues on contact. (D) Always approach a chemical spill from downwind. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(C) Both acids and alkalis cause burns by disrupting cell membranes and damaging tissues on contact. When assessing an injured eye, you see a collection of blood in front of the pupil and iris. What is it called? (A) Raccoon's eye (B) Retinal detachment (C) Hyphema (D) Corneal laceration - CORRECT ANSWER>>(C) Hyphema How would you transport a 22 year old man who was hit in the head with a baseball and had a period of unconsciousness lasting 7 seconds? (A) Recovery position (B) Sitting up at a 90 degree angle (C) Trendelenburg (D) Immobilized on a backboard - CORRECT ANSWER>>(D) Immobilized on a backboard All of the following can affect the accuracy of a pulse oximeter EXCEPT:

(A) hypoperfusion. (B) anemia. (C) carbon monoxide poisoning. (D) hyperthermia. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(D) hyperthermia. Which of the following can help determine possible injuries that may be sustained in an MVC? (A) Length of skid marks (B) Debris at the scene (C) Patient symptoms (D) Mechanism of injury - CORRECT ANSWER>>(D) Mechanism of injury An elderly man is found outside. He is unconscious, unresponsive, apneic, and pulse less. His skin is cold to touch, his muscles are rigid, and his core body temperature is 89.6°F. What is the initial treatment? (A) CPR. (B) Turn the heat up in the ambulance (C) starting passive rewarming. (D) placing in a Trendelenburg position. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(A) CPR. CPR is indicated even if signs of death are present. A hypothermic patient cannot be presumed dead until they are warm and dead. Remember hypothermia can cause Ventricular Fibrillation so rewarming needs to be done in a controlled setting. Injury to which abdominal organ is most likely to cause death in the pediatric patient? (A) Pancreas (B) Liver (C) Spleen (D) Kidney - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) Liver The liver is a solid, vascular organ in the RUQ. Rupture or laceration of the liver can cause severe hemorrhage. Injury to the liver is the most common abdominal injury that leads to death in the pediatric patient. Which blood component transports oxygen? (A) plasma. (B) platelets. (C) leukocytes.

(D) erythrocytes. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(D) erythrocytes. Also known as RBC's. Leukocytes are white blood cells and play a role in fighting infection. Platelets play a role in clotting. Plasma is the liquid that carries the cells throughout the body. Your assessment must be thorough when dealing with an intoxicated patient because: (A) alcohol increases pain tolerance. (B) alcohol decreases the patient's judgment. (C) alcohol is a CNS stimulant. (D) alcohol can mask signs and symptoms of injury. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(D) alcohol can mask signs and symptoms of injury. Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant and, therefore, can mask signs and symptoms of injury. What would you suspect in a 22yo female complaining of severe, stabbing, unilateral pain in the lower abdomen. Vital signs are BP 88/64, HR 128, RR 22. Her skin is cool and she missed her menstrual cycle. (A) a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. (B) endometriosis. (C) pelvic inflammatory disease. (D) amenorrhea. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(A) a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. The classic triad of symptom includes abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and amenorrhea. Other symptoms include referred pain to the shoulder, nausea, vomiting, or syncope. Signs of shock may be present if the ectopic ruptures. An indicator of severe abdominal trauma after an MVC may include: (A) absent bowel sounds. (B) back pain. (C) referred pain to the clavicle. (D) unexplained shock. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(D) unexplained shock. When assessment of a trauma patient does not reveal significant injury, the presence of unexplained shock should lead you to suspect serious abdominal/thorax trauma. You arrive on scene to find a 7 y/o boy who is lethargic, cyanotic and has labored breathing. His RR is 50bpm with diminished breath sounds and crackles over the right lung. His temp is 104°F. What do you suspect?

(G) cardiogenic shock. (H) a drug overdose. (C) respiratory distress. (D) respiratory failure, probably d/t pneumonia. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(D) Respiratory failure, most probably due to pneumonia. This is based on tachypnea, increased work of breathing, diminished breath sounds, and elevated temperature. The nasopharyngeal airway should be measured..... (A) from the corner of the mouth to the earlobe. (B) from the tip of the nose to the earlobe. (C) from the tip of the nose to the corner of the mouth. (D) from the tip of the nose to the chin. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) from the tip of the nose to the earlobe. How would you open the airway of an unresponsive child who was struck by a car traveling approximately 25 MPH? (A) jaw-thrust with c-spine stabilization. (B) head-tilt/chin-lift. (C) hyperextension with jaw-thrust. (D) hyperflexion of the head to the "sniffing" position. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(A) jaw-thrust with c-spine stabilization. Tidal volume is defined as: (A) the amount of gas moved in and out of the respiratory tract per minute. (B) the amount of gas contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. (C) the amount of gas inhaled and exhaled during a normal breath. (D) the amount of gas that remains in the respiratory system after forced expiration. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) Tidal volume is defined as the amount of gas inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath Which of the following is the valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle? (A) tricuspid valve. (B) mitral valve. (C) aortic valve.

(D) pulmonic valve. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. The Sellick maneuver (A) is used to clear a foreign body airway obstruction in an infant or child. (B) is used to clear blood or mucus from the nasopharynx. (C) may be used to minimize gastric distention. (D) is the preferred method for opening the airway of an unconscious patient when cervical spine injury is suspected. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(C) may be used to minimize gastric distention. Posterior pressure exerted on the cricoid cartilage (the Sellick maneuver) will effectively compress the esophagus, minimizing the potential for gastric distention. This maneuver will also reposition the vocal cords for clearer visualization of anatomic structures A small child fell through ice when skating. After 20 minutes, the child is pulled out of the water apneic and pulseless. What is your first action? (A) keep the child cool to maintain the mammalian dive reflex. (B) defibrillate the child immediately. (C) pronounce the child dead at the scene. (D) secure the child's airway and control the cervical spine. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(D) secure the child's airway and control the cervical spine Since it is unknown if there are any c-spine injuries from the fall through the ice, you must secure the airway and control the cervical spine during resuscitation. What are the three parameters of the pediatric assessment triangle? (A) airway, breathing, circulation. (B) appearance, breathing, circulation. (C) airway, respiratory rate, pulses. (D) appearance, lung sounds, skin color. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) appearance, breathing, circulation. The pediatric assessment triangle is based on appearance, which includes mental status and muscle tone; breathing, which includes visible movement, effort, and audible sounds; and circulation, which includes skin color. All are obtained as part of the initial assessment to formulate a rapid determination of the child's stability.

You arrive on the scene of a multiple vehicle crash. Upon arrival, each of the following actions are appropriate EXCEPT to: (A) establish scene command. (B) treat and transport the most critically ill patient. (C) perform a scene size up. (D) control scene hazards. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) treat and transport the most critically ill patient. The first unit to arrive on the scene should begin the scene size up which includes establishing command, calling for back-up units, controlling any hazards and locating and triaging patients. It would not be appropriate for the primary unit to locate and transport the most critically injured patient. The large vessel of the body that carries oxygenated blood is the (A) coronary sinus. (B) pulmonary vein. (C) superior vena cava. (D) femoral vein. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) pulmonary vein Veins carry blood from the body back to the heart. The pulmonary vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back to the heart. Where should you place your hands on the chest of an adult victim when you are performing chest compressions? (A) On the top of the sternum (B) On the lower one-third of the sternum (C) On the lower half of the sternum, at the nipple line (D) Over the very bottom of the sternum - CORRECT ANSWER>>(C) On the lower half of the sternum, at the nipple line During your assessment, you find crepitus and instability to the right rib cage. Lung sounds are equal but there is paradoxical chest movement. You suspect: (A) a tension pneumothorax. (B) a massive hemothorax. (C) a flail chest. (D) an abdominal aneurysm. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(C) a flail chest

Flail chest is defined as three or more adjacent ribs that are fractured in two or more places. This segment of the chest is free to move with the pressure changes of respirations. A high-pitched noise associated with upper airway constriction is known as (A) wheezes. (B) rhonchi. (C) stridor. (D) rales. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(C) Stridor Stridor is defined as a high-pitched sound associated caused by obstruction in the trachea or larynx. Which statement correctly relates to pediatric seizures? (A) Febrile seizures typically occur on the 1st day of a febrile illness and have tonic-clonic activity. (B) Always suspect a fever to be the cause of a seizure if the temperature is more than 101°F. (C) Infants and children between the ages of 4 months and 8 years commonly suffer from febrile seizures. (D) Febrile seizures do not require transport if the patient can be cooled. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(A) Febrile seizures typically occur on the 1st day of a febrile illness and have tonicclonic activity. A patient was burned and has blisters to the chest, abdomen, entire right arm, and front of the right leg. According to the rule of nines, what is the percent of burns? (A) 40.5% (B) 36% (C) 45% (D) 31.5% - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) 36% (chest = 9%, abdomen = 9%, entire arm 9%, front of the leg = 9%) When using the rule of nines for calculating burns, which of the following is a correct modification for a child? (A) The front of each arm for a child is 7% compared to 9% for an adult. (B) The front of each leg for a child is 4% compared to 9% on an adult. (C) The head of a child is 18% compared to 9% on an adult. (D) The entire leg of a child is 9% compared to 18% on an adult. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(C) The head of a child is 18% compared to 9% on an adult.

You arrive to find a 6 year old child who is in the tripod position and drooling. The child has a fever and difficulty swallowing. What do you suspect? (A) bronchiolitis. (B) croup. (C) epiglottitis. (D) meningitis. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(C) Epiglottitis Epiglottitis is a bacterial infection causing the acute swelling of the epiglottis and the soft tissues above the glottic opening. Clinical findings include fever, pain on swallowing, typically sitting in tripod position, and drooling. Which of the following is NOT indicative of a tension pneumothorax? (A) Dyspnea (B) Hyperresonance to percussion (C) Distended jugular veins (D) Clear lung sounds - CORRECT ANSWER>>(D) Clear lung sounds. Stimulation of the vagus nerve may result in: (A) vasodilation. (B) an increase in heart rate. (C) a decrease in heart rate. (D) an increase in cardiac output - CORRECT ANSWER>>(C) a decrease in heart rate. You are caring for a female who is 36 weeks pregnant and involved in a car accident. After you fully immobilize her on a long spine board, you would: (A) carefully tilt the board to the left side 10-15 degrees. (B) carefully tilt the board to the right side 10-15 degrees. (C) manually displace the uterus to the right. (D) allow the patient to roll onto her side. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(A) carefully tilt the board to the left side 10-15 degrees...To prevent supine hypotension syndrome. Tilting the board will allow the uterus to displace to the left and prevent compression of the inferior vena cava. A nasal cannula can deliver ____% of oxygen at a flow rate of 6 LPM in optimal conditions. (A) 30% (B) 40% (C) 50% (D) 65% - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) 40% of oxygen.

Which of the following is treatment for a flail chest injury? (A) Position of comfort with O2 per NRB mask (B) Positive pressure ventilation (C) Stabilization of the flail segment with a sandbag (D) Applying tape to the uninjured side - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) Positive pressure ventilation Your patient injured his left arm in a motorcycle accident. When assessing the injured extremity, which of the following is most important? (A) Check for compartment syndrome. (B) Check deep tendon reflexes. (C) Do a thorough neurovascular exam. (D) Check for position sense - CORRECT ANSWER>>(C) Do a thorough neurovascular exam. It is important to check for pulses, motor, and sensory functions distal to any injury in an extremity. Assessment and documentation of the neurovascular status are required before and after splinting. Which of the following indicate that a pediatric patient is progressing from respiratory distress to respiratory failure? (A) Nasal flaring (B) Respiratory rate over 32 (C) Poor muscle tone (D) Grunting/head bobbing - CORRECT ANSWER>>(C) Poor muscle tone Nasal flaring, elevated respiratory rate, grunting, and head bobbing all indicate respiratory distress. The development of poor muscle tone indicates the patient is tiring and is an ominous sign of respiratory failure. The elements of a negligence claim include all of the following EXCEPT: (A) duty to act. (B) breach of duty. (C) code of conduct. (D) proximate cause. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(C) Code of conduct. The four elements of a negligence claim include: the duty to act, breach of duty, actual damages, and proximate cause. An incomplete or illegible patient care report:

(A) may be acceptable in some situations. (B) may cause subsequent caregivers to provide inappropriate treatment. (C) is of no use. (D) is useful in the ongoing care and treatment. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(B) may cause subsequent caregivers to provide inappropriate treatment. The accuracy and completeness of the patient care report may have a significant impact on ongoing care and treatment of the patient. What are the anatomical differences in the pediatric airway compared to the adult airway. (A) The airway diameter is larger, the larynx is more anterior, the tongue is proportionally smaller. (B) The airway diameter is larger, the larynx is more posterior, the tongue is proportionally smaller. (C) The airway diameter is smaller, the larynx is more anterior, the tongue is proportionally larger. (D) The airway diameter is smaller, the larynx is more posterior, the tongue is proportionally larger. - CORRECT ANSWER>>(C) The airway diameter is smaller, the larynx is more anterior, the tongue is proportionally larger. Cheyne-Stokes - CORRECT ANSWER>>abnormal breaths that begin slow and shallow and gradually get faster and deeper with period of apnea Cheyne-Stokes are associated with - CORRECT ANSWER>>strokes and head injuries and due to damage of the respiratory system - periods of apnea/irregular breaths stridor - CORRECT ANSWER>>high-pitched indicting upper airway obstruction - can be caused by foreign body or croup wheezing - CORRECT ANSWER>>lower respiratory problems like asthma usually due to airway narrowing because of swelling crackles - CORRECT ANSWER>>lungs that contain fluid (alveoli contain fluid) rales - CORRECT ANSWER>>lower airway obstruction from fluid or swelling - popping sound during inhalation from alveoli Biot's breathing - CORRECT ANSWER>>from head injuries

• shallow quick inhalations Cheyne-stokes--> apnea - CORRECT ANSWER>>--> hyperapnea

respiration support structures - CORRECT ANSWER>>chest cage, ribs, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, pleura, phrenic nerve normal breath sounds are vesticular - CORRECT ANSWER>>over the lungs normal breath sounds are bronchial - CORRECT ANSWER>>over the anterior sternum mid hypoxia - CORRECT ANSWER>>91-94% moderate hypoxia - CORRECT ANSWER>>86-90% severe hypoxia - CORRECT ANSWER>><85% pulmonary embolism - CORRECT ANSWER>>piece of foreign material has traveled from another part of the body and is lodged blocking pulmonary artery

• arises from a sedentary lifestyle sellick maneuver - CORRECT ANSWER>>inhibits flow of air into the stomach, reducing gastric distention
• not recommended unless there is a complete airway obstruction - CORRECT ANSWER>>NO HEIMLICH - rather transport and encourage coughing stridor on inspiration - CORRECT ANSWER>>=upper airway obstruction it is a high pitched wheezing sound stridor on exhalation - CORRECT ANSWER>>=lower airway obstruction epinephrine - CORRECT ANSWER>>increase BP, increase Pulse, vasoconstrictor, bronchodilator, airway relaxes contraindications for naso airway - CORRECT ANSWER>>severe head injury with blood coming from nose or nasal fracture epinephrine treats - CORRECT ANSWER>>severe allergic reactions OR cardiac arrest obvious signs of death - CORRECT ANSWER>>rigor mortis, dependent lividity, unsurvivable injury, decomposition of the body

positional asphyxia - CORRECT ANSWER>>improper restraint can restrict airflow during transportation respiratory alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER>>breathing too fast blows out too much CO lower--> upper airway - CORRECT ANSWER>>bronchi--> carina--> crico-thyroid membrane--> epiglottis--> nasopharynx--> mouth positive pressure ventilation is used - CORRECT ANSWER>>when cyanotic child's respiratory effort - CORRECT ANSWER>>note increased work of breathing:

• accessory muscle use
• tachypnea
• head bobbing
• nasal flaring pulmonary artery - CORRECT ANSWER>>only artery carrying unoxygenated blood (to the lungs) false SpO2 readings from - CORRECT ANSWER>>nail polish, movement, hypothermia, jaundice, vasoconstrictive drugs, poisoning Fowler's position - CORRECT ANSWER>>45-60 degrees elevation
• used for dizziness, vomiting, or breathing difficulty finding in anaphylaxis - CORRECT ANSWER>>severe respiratory distress and wheezing to diminished breath sounds
• bronchoconstriction and angioedema (chest swelling) stridor in a responsive patient - CORRECT ANSWER>>from swelling, trauma, or foreign body narrowing artery nasopharyngeal airway - CORRECT ANSWER>>placed in larger nostril with curvature of device facing nose floor golden hour - CORRECT ANSWER>>time from injury to time of surgery positive pressure ventilation may cause - CORRECT ANSWER>>hypotension, gastric distention, barotrauma pulmonary capillary beds - CORRECT ANSWER>>blood vessels that begin as capillary surrounding alveoli and with adequate blood volume and blood pressure, vessels returns oxygenated blood to the heart

allergic reactions - CORRECT ANSWER>>sneezing, tightness in chest, cough, rapid and labored breathing, wheezing stridor how to treat hypothermia - CORRECT ANSWER>>body temperature raised with protected heat packs to core body areas (axillae and groin) NOT extremities - warm drinks may be given IF patient doesn't have an altered LOC ventilating an adult apneic requires what volume of air during each ventilation - CORRECT ANSWER>>enough to give adequate chest rise signs and symptoms of rattlesnake bites - CORRECT ANSWER>>pain at site, progressive, weakness, nausea and vomiting, seizures, vision problems and changes in LOC male reproductive system - CORRECT ANSWER>>reproduction, urination and production of hormones

• testes and penis fractures of lower leg bones - CORRECT ANSWER>>possible vessel damage direct pressure on an external bleed may include - CORRECT ANSWER>>application of even pressure including areas just distal and proximal to the injury --> usually effective in capillary and minor venous bleeding minor burns - CORRECT ANSWER>>unless it is a hand, foot, face or genitals, anything less than 10% and partial thickness full circumference of one arm (9% BSA) - CORRECT ANSWER>>would be considered critical due to compartment syndrome potential meningitis symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER>>headache, nucal rigidity, change in LOC, fever brain injury - CORRECT ANSWER>>Decreased mentation; irregular breathing pattern; widening pulse pressure; slow heart rate; ecchymosis about eyes or behind the ear over the mastoid process; clear or pink CSF leakage from scalp wound, nose, or the ear; failure of the pupils to respond to light; unequal pupil size; loss of sensation and/or motor function; a period of unconsciousness; amnesia; seizures; numbness or tingling in the extremities; irregular respirations, dizziness; visual complaints; combative or other abnormal behavior; nausea or vomiting. meninges - CORRECT ANSWER>>lining of the brain that are part of the CNS Unique management considerations for pediatric patients involved in trauma include - CORRECT ANSWER>>manage hypovolemia and shock same as adults, shaken baby syndrome

may cause brain trauma, prevent hypothermia in shock, transport to appropriate facility, pad beneath child from shoulders to hips during cervical immobilization to prevent flexion of neck, ventilate bradycardic pediatric patient structures of the lungs - CORRECT ANSWER>>bronchioles, alveoli and pulmonary capillary beds standard of care - CORRECT ANSWER>>requires you to act and behave a certain way toward individuals endocrine system contains - CORRECT ANSWER>>pituitary, adrenal, parathyroid and thyroid glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries

• each produces hormones tonic phase of tonic clonic seizure - CORRECT ANSWER>>when the patient's muscles become rigid or tense down CPR - CORRECT ANSWER>>want to deliver 100-120 compressions/minute CPR and defibrillation - CORRECT ANSWER>>after initiation of the first shock, 5 cycles or two minutes of CPR should be done with chest compressions 2 person CPR on a child - CORRECT ANSWER>>15:2 ratio with one breath every 3-5 seconds depth of compressions= 2 inches/1/3 diameter of the chest CPR breaths per minute for adult= 5- 6 - CORRECT ANSWER>>CPR bpm for children= 13 CPR adults 10-12 breaths/min (one breath every 5-6 seconds) - CORRECT ANSWER>>CPR children 12-20 breaths/minute (one every 3-5 minutes) once CPR starts with OPA - CORRECT ANSWER>>rate changes to 8-10 breaths per minute WITHOUT pauses in compression apneic with a pulse - CORRECT ANSWER>>10-12 ventilations/minute initiated by 2 rescue breaths apneic and pulseless - CORRECT ANSWER>>30:2 ratio which gives about 6 ventilations with 100 compressions with a significant method of injury suspected, what should be the first action after completing scene size up? - CORRECT ANSWER>>perform a rapid trauma assessment because moose hitting is significant

rhin- - CORRECT ANSWER>>nose upper respiratory system - CORRECT ANSWER>>mouth, nasal cavity, larynx hymenoptera stings (bees, wasps) - CORRECT ANSWER>>remove stinger or venom sack and follow protocol if anaphylaxis develops brain injuries - CORRECT ANSWER>>concussion, contusion, cerebral laceration, space occupying lesions, and penetrating wounds entrance wound of a gunshot is usually - CORRECT ANSWER>>smaller than the exit wound windshield in the ambulance is made of - CORRECT ANSWER>>safety glass- only bullets will penetrate change compressor roles - CORRECT ANSWER>>every 2 minutes or 5 cycles cricothyroid membrane - CORRECT ANSWER>>is superior to the cricoid cartilage meconium - CORRECT ANSWER>>defecation by the fetus and can be a threat to respiratory fetus function blood is Hematochezia - CORRECT ANSWER>>bright red in the stool

• tarry stool = Melena
• if it is vomited it is usually coffee ground in appearance allergic reactions are caused by body's sensitivity to particular antigen or foreign particle - CORRECT ANSWER>>Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are released to attack and destroy the antigen histamine is released during allergic reaction - CORRECT ANSWER>>and may cause bronchoconstriction nitroglycerin lowers the blood pressure - CORRECT ANSWER>>because it dilates the vessels reducing the preload on the heart primary survey (primary assessment) - CORRECT ANSWER>>is to rapidly identify critical patients and life threatening conditions trachea - CORRECT ANSWER>>hollow tube that passes air to the lower airway and is supported by cartilage rings

Injury and rupture to which of the following organs would most likely cause an infection - CORRECT ANSWER>>transverse colon because it is hollow and damage may spill contents and cause an infection which layer of the skin has no blood vessels or nerves - CORRECT ANSWER>>epidermis reciprocity - CORRECT ANSWER>>the exchange of licensure or privileges in this case from state to state AHA Guidelines state that two person health care provider CPR performed on a child should be done at a 15:2 ratio - CORRECT ANSWER>>which means you deliver 13 breaths/minute instead of 5-6 delivered for an adult if c-spine injury is suspected when doing CPR--> - CORRECT ANSWER>>manual c-spine stabilization because mechanical/cervical with get in the way my- - CORRECT ANSWER>>muscle cognitive impairment for injured geriatric patients - CORRECT ANSWER>>Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, Down's syndrome, Autistic disorders, brain injury, and stroke

• dynia - CORRECT ANSWER>>painful real danger with regards to blood loss in adults comes when 500mL lsot - CORRECT ANSWER>>small child can die from 300 mL blood loss shunt used in hemodialysis - CORRECT ANSWER>>a surgically created connection between a vein and an artery hemophilia - CORRECT ANSWER>>body's inability to develop spontaneous blood clots failure of the left ventricle - CORRECT ANSWER>>difficulty breathing and chest pain, rales when auscultating lungs because of pump area's inability to pump effectively rales! - CORRECT ANSWER>>pump portion incapability and fluid back up in the lungs Sellick's maneuver - CORRECT ANSWER>>identify the cricoid cartilage, apply firm backward pressure to cricoid cartilage with thumb and index finger when a body temperature drops below 90 degrees - CORRECT ANSWER>>they will stop shivering, which is a sign of severe hypothermia blood pressure is calculated in - CORRECT ANSWER>>millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)

perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER>>blood moving through the tissues 37th week of pregnancy transportation - CORRECT ANSWER>>left lateral recumbent- relieves potential pressure on the inferior vena cava uterus and fetus could press against it causing hypotension bradycardia - CORRECT ANSWER>>children- below 80 bpm infants- below 100 bpm hypoperfusion - CORRECT ANSWER>>extreme thirst and restlessness, pale, cool, clammy, altered mental status, rapid and shallow respirations and increased heart rate causes of hypovolemic - CORRECT ANSWER>>cut to the hand that is uncontrolled, dehydration on a hot day, slow GI bleed hypovolemic shock - CORRECT ANSWER>>type of shock that results from excessive vomiting, urination and diarrhea, injuries or severe thermal burns hypoglycemic event - CORRECT ANSWER>>person has too much insulin and not enough glucose will cause sugar levels to drop and person will go into insulin shock trigger that respirations and/or perfusion is inadequate - CORRECT ANSWER>>is an increase in CO2 in cerebral spinal fluid trigger that respirations and/or perfusion is inadequate in COPD patient - CORRECT ANSWER>>is increased O2 COPD signs - CORRECT ANSWER>>oxygen tank, tripod position, use of accessory muscles to breathe intracranial hemotomas - CORRECT ANSWER>>epidural- between dura mater and skull subdural- between brain and dura mater subarachnoid- beneath arachnoid membrane and the brain nitroglycerine action - CORRECT ANSWER>>smooth muscle relaxation, reduces cardiac workload, dilates coronary arteries, and dilates systemic arteries management of respiratory distress in burns - CORRECT ANSWER>>Administer high concentration oxygen, assist ventilation, and position with head elevated if spine injury not suspected

external respiration - CORRECT ANSWER>>the exchange of respiratory gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillary beds basic causes of shock - CORRECT ANSWER>>poor pump function, blood/fluid loss, and vessel dilation pneumothorax - CORRECT ANSWER>>absence of breath sounds on one side and pain when coughing--> can originate from weakened lung tissues happens when air becomes trapped between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura infarcted cells - CORRECT ANSWER>>cells that die during a stroke lower portion ICP - CORRECT ANSWER>>pupil blown - same side as injury, ataxic respirations, flaccid response to painful stimuli, pulse rate changes, diminished blood pressure Cheyne Stokes respirations - CORRECT ANSWER>>occur in patients who have congestive heart failure, central sleep apnea or neurological diseases anaphylaxis - CORRECT ANSWER>>bronchoconstriction and vasodilation pulmonary edema - CORRECT ANSWER>>fluid accumulating in the lungs, making the transfer of oxygen more difficult cardiac arrest in children is most likely the result of - CORRECT ANSWER>>respiratory arrest abruptio - CORRECT ANSWER>>premature separation of the placenta from the wall of the uterus causing bleeding ectopic pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER>>occurs early when the egg attaches in another place that's not in the uterus (usually in the fallopian tube symptoms of ectopic pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER>>sharp or stabbing pain, vaginal bleeding, GI symptoms, weakness/dizziness aspirin's action - CORRECT ANSWER>>reduction of inflammation, fever reduction (antipyretic), analgesic (pain reliever) and prevention of clotting (antiplatelet) itis - CORRECT ANSWER>>inflammation pericardial tamponade - CORRECT ANSWER>>severe chest pain, hypotensive (89/30), weak pulse, muffled heart tones, jugular vein distention heart is impeded by fluid in the pericardium

hypoxemia - CORRECT ANSWER>>low partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood (blood doesn't contain enough oxygen to properly perfuse the tissues

• any reading below 96% in adults with no history of smoking hypoxia - CORRECT ANSWER>>low O2 saturation types of splints - CORRECT ANSWER>>rigid, formable, traction, air, vacuum, pillow/blanket, short spine, long spine PAT - CORRECT ANSWER>>circulation, appearance, work of breathing first stage of labor - CORRECT ANSWER>>the cervix dilates and thins- ends when cervix is fully dilated second stage of labor - CORRECT ANSWER>>the baby enters the birth canal until it is fully delivered 3rd stage of labor - CORRECT ANSWER>>delivery of the placenta and umbilicus who is likely to be very thirsty - CORRECT ANSWER>>hyperglycemia- dehydration is a part of DKA from polyuria and losing a lot of fluids hyperglycemia - CORRECT ANSWER>>Increased thirst Headaches Trouble concentrating Blurred vision Frequent peeing Fatigue (weak, tired feeling encephal- - CORRECT ANSWER>>brain Levine's sign - CORRECT ANSWER>>is a signal that a person may be having a heart attack - it is a clutching of a closed fist to the sternum hemiparesis - CORRECT ANSWER>>weakness on one side of the body oss- - CORRECT ANSWER>>bone a repeater - CORRECT ANSWER>>is used to further a radio communication from one frequency to another

age related changes to respiratory systems in geriatric patients - CORRECT ANSWER>>-Higher resting respiratory rate

• lower tidal volume
• less elasticity/compliance of chest wall. glands of the endocrine system - CORRECT ANSWER>>adrenal, gonads, thyroid, pineal, pancreas respiratory drives - CORRECT ANSWER>>hypoxic when oxygen level in brain gets too low - carbon dioxide when level of carbon dioxide gets too high signs of abnormal work of breathing - CORRECT ANSWER>>retractions, nasal flare, abdominal breathing and diaphoresis abnormal lung sounds - CORRECT ANSWER>>wheezing, crackles and silent chest spiral fracture - CORRECT ANSWER>>caused by a twisting force that causes an oblique fracture greenstick fractures - CORRECT ANSWER>>are incomplete and only pass part way through the bone transverse fracture - CORRECT ANSWER>>happens straight across the bone comminuted fracture - CORRECT ANSWER>>when the bone fractures or splinters in many different pieces hematochezia - CORRECT ANSWER>>passing blood in stool (usually bright red) lower airway - CORRECT ANSWER>>trachea, alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi and diaphragm - to exchange oxygen and CO2 through diffusion A diabetic emergency where the patient had a headache would likely point to it being - CORRECT ANSWER>>a hypoglycemic event diabetic coma - CORRECT ANSWER>>has a gradual onset
• patient breathing deeply and rapidly, fruity odored breath-->respiratory acidosis two important hormones produced by the pancreas are - CORRECT ANSWER>>insulin and glucagon- to break down sugars and maintain them at proper levels

pancreas is made up of - CORRECT ANSWER>>exocrine (ductless) and endocrine glands major function of lower airway - CORRECT ANSWER>>to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through diffusion ventilating a patient - CORRECT ANSWER>>1st - Explain the procedure to the patient 2nd - Place mask over the patient's nose and mouth 3rd - Initially assist at a rate at which the patient is breathing 4th - Squeeze the bag each time the patient begins to inhale 5th - Over the next 5-10 breaths, slowly adjust the rate and volume. enteral - CORRECT ANSWER>>drug administration that introduces the drug directly into the GI tract erythema - CORRECT ANSWER>>occurs when blood vessels dilate and increased blood flow to tissue of the skin causing redness which can be caused by an allergic reaction abdomen quadrants - CORRECT ANSWER>> A complete neurological exam of a brain trauma patient, as part of the general assessment, should include all of the following - CORRECT ANSWER>>appearance and behavior, observe posture and motor behavior, facial expression, speech and language, thoughts and perceptions, memory and attention, pupils and vital signs esophagus - CORRECT ANSWER>>a collapsible tube about 10 inches in length hollow organs - CORRECT ANSWER>>stomach, intestine, heart or urinary bladder shunt - CORRECT ANSWER>>brains fluid off the brain cavity erythorocytes is another name for red blood cells - CORRECT ANSWER>>leukocytes is another name for WBC dyspnea - CORRECT ANSWER>>difficulty breathing signs of hypoperfusion - CORRECT ANSWER>>extreme thirst, restlessness, cool, clammy skin, altered mental status, rapid and shallow respirations and increased heart rate capillary refill more than 2 seconds and poor mentation no distal pulses in an extremity - CORRECT ANSWER>>call medical control for stabilization instruction