NREMT Paramedic Exam Questions and Answers: Latest Review for Paramedic Students, Exams of Nursing

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Crenation - Shrinking of a cell due to osmosis. Hemolysis - Breaking of a cell. Atrophy (of a cell) - Also involves the shrinking of a cell, but is not due to an osmotic force, and is usually due to tissue breakdown. Hypertrophy (of a cell) - Enlarging or thickening of a cell. Class 1 research - Most reliable and valid, it is the highest and best for citation, research and policy development is derived from prospective, controlled, randomized, double-blind studies. Class 2 research - Biased, non-randomized, or retrospective studies with weaker evidence. Class 3 research - Case studies, medical opinions, or consensus documents. Clinical research - Focuses on improving pt outcomes.

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Evidence-based research - Aims to improve medical practices. Descriptive statistics - Describes a phenomenon. Inferential statistics - Can use information learned in the groups to make predictions about the general public. Pandemic disease - Meets two criteria, number 1 is it affects many people across a large region, and number 2, is the disease is infectious in nature. Trigeminal nerve - 5th cranial nerve, it is responsible for chewing and facial sensation. Oculomotor nerve - 3rd cranial nerve, controls eye movement. Olfactory nerve - 1st cranial nerve, controls sense of smell.

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What shouldn't you do with transdermal patches? - Never rub it into the skin. While trying to intubate the paramedic sees a foreign object just distal to the vocal cords, what should they do? - Attempt to remove it with the magill forceps. What is the antidote for magnesium toxicity? - Calcium gluconate. What change in the elderly will have the greatest impact on paramedics? - Decrease in creatinine clearance (kidney function). What will paramedics see on the monitor for a pt with WPW? - Slurring of the QRS complex known as the delta wave. Which heart valve is usually the first to go? - The bicuspid valve. Why are high-velocity bullets more dangerous than medium velocity? - They cause cavitation which can create more damage.

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What is something you can do to identify crush syndrome? - Do an EKG, and look for hyperkalemia (widening QRS and peaked T waves). What is kernig sign? - It is suspected with meningitis, and it is when the pt is having difficulty extending the lower leg in the flexed position. Gastritis - Sudden onset shortly after eating, abd pain, irritates the stomach, tender abd. What pulmonary issue can affect the lungs unilaterally? - Pulmonary embolism Tilt test - 20/10/20 rule, a decrease in systolic bp of 20, an increase in pulse of 20, and an increase in diastolic bp of 10. Used to determines pt level of hydration. Testicular Torsion - Testicular torsion is an emergency because blood supply to the testes has been reduced due to twisting of the spermatic cord, vessels, and testicles. It commonly occurs in prepubescent boys whose scrotal sac is growing to accommodate the soon-to-enlarge testes. Chronic hypertension usually results in what kind of stroke? - Hemorrhagic

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What condition has a higher mortality rate in geriatric pt's than any other? - Renal disease/kidney failure. What kind of sound will a pneumothorax make upon percussion? - Hyper- resonant (like a drum). What kind of sound will a hemothorax make upon percussion? - Hypo-resonant (a dull sound). A pt takes a med that is enteric coated, why does this med have that coating? - It delays breakdown of the medication until it gets to the duodenum (intestine) so that way it doesn't irritate the stomach. What is tardive dyskinesia? - Uncontrollable repetitive movements (lip smacking, chewing, movements of the mouth) brought on by long term use of anti-psychotic medications. A pulmonary contusion presents with what S&S? - Rales upon inspiration (only unilaterally), diminished breath sounds, pain upon palpation in that area.

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What is the most common cause of cerebral palsy? - The most common cause is abnormal cerebral development or cerebral dysgenisis. What is a low velocity weapon? - Hand held items, knife, fist, sword, etc. What is a medium/high velocity weapon? - Those that discharge projectile that pierces the body (bullet, arrow, etc). Which fracture is most likely to cause compartment syndrome? - Femur fracture. What is the antidote for a benzo OD? - Romazicon (flumazenil) Parenteral medication routes? - IV, IM, subcu, intranasal. Enteral medication routes? - All involve the GI tract. Oral, rectal, sublingual. The CAGE assessment is what? - A well-known tool to help EMS providers identify if a pt has a substance abuse issue. C- "Have you ever been concerned about your drinking?", A- "Have you ever annoyed by criticism of your drinking?", G- "Have

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What are common risks associated with pt's receiving bronchoscopys? - Pneumothorax An acute stress reaction is described as what? - When a person experiences the S&S of stress directly after the incident, (angry, anxious, crying, nervous, etc). A brown-sequard injury (incomplete cord transection) - Usually occurs in a stabbing, or traumatic event. Pt will only experiences loss of PMS on one side of the body, (right or left), or will experiences loss of sensation in one, but loss of motor in the other, meaning that the PMS is not equal on both sides. If they were equal, it would be a complete cord injury. What doesn't cause SLUDGEM affects? - Cyandies. Organophosphates, nerve agents, and carbamates all cause the SLUDGEM affects. An MCI is defined as? - When the # of pt's overwhelms the system. When approaching a school bus while you are driving priority, what's the safest approach? - Come to a complete stop. Do not endanger children.

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When using the START system for triage, what is the first parameter for sorting pt's out? - Identify the pt's who can walk. What is the antidote for anthrax? - Ciprofloxacin What is the antidote for cyanide poisoning? - Amyl Nitrate What is the minimum space for a LZ during the day? - 60x What do the colors on placards represent? - Yellow, reactivity. Red, flammable. Blue, health hazard. What are the hazard class levels on placards? - 1-explosives, 2-gases, 3-flammable liquid/combustible liquid, 4-flammable solid, spontaneous combustible, and dangerous when wet, 5-oxidizer/organic peroxide, 6-poison/poison inhalation hazard, 7-radioactive, 8-corrosive, 9-misc What does RPM stand for in the START system? - Respiration's, pulse, mental.

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A subcutaneous medication is injected at what angle? - 45 degree into the fatty tissue. What is the most life threatening risk that is associated with lower abd pain in women? - First, ectopic pregnancy. Second, PID- can lead to sepsis. What is an anaphylactoid reaction? - An allergic reaction that happens after the first exposure to something. It's considered abnormal, and happens when a pt starts a new med or tries a new food. What are seratonin reuptake inhibitors? - Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil - used to treat a multitude of psychiatric disorders. What's the first thing an EMS responder should do when dealing with a car in an MVC? - Make sure the ignition is turned off, and make sure the car is parked with the E brake on. How far can rotor wing aircraft go? - They are typically deployed for distances less than 100 miles.

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For transports greater than 100 miles, what should you do? - Fixed wing transport should be considered first. Tension headaches present with what S&S? - Bilateral in nature. Cluster headaches present with what S&S? - Causes severe pain, unilateral, may be a part of a cluster of several headaches over a period of days. More likely to occur in males. What is a big factor in contributing to a wound not healing? - A pt with type 2 diabetes. It can affect wounds more than being old. How does albuterol help in a pt with a crush injury? - Albuterol promotes movement of potassium to the intracellular space, resolving vascular hyperkalemia. If someone has a cognitive impairment, what does it affect? - Language skills, memory abilities, and perceptual skills.

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AHA says the best way to provide ventilation's to someone is how? - Mouth to mask. Pt's age 6-12 months can do what? - Can grasp things with their hands, sit upright on their own & identify objects. What is percussion of the lungs used for? - To determine whether the pt has a pneumothorax or a hemothorax. If you use the percussion technique, and you hear a dull sound what does that mean? - It is interpreted as blood or other fluid. If you use the percussion technique and you hear a hollow sound, what does that mean? - It is interpreted as air. Adrenergic agents affect or stimulate what? - The CNS system. What is the first segment of the large intestine? - The cecum.

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The cecum in the large intestine is followed by what? - The colon, ascending, transverse, and descending. Where should you position yourself when gathering info about the pt? - At the pt's eye level. If someone has decreased peripheral perfusion, what will be affected as far as respiratory goes? - Internal respirations will be diminished. A white layer of fungus covering a newborn/infants tongue is called what? - Referred to as "thrush" or candidiasis. What defines schizophrenia? - Delusional, hearing voices, hallucinations, etc. Not something you would see in a bipolar pt. Neurological deficits secondary to an occlusive stroke are caused by what? - Ischemia and damage to the brain tissue.

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Henry's law describes what? - The effects of pressure on keeping gases dissolved in liquids "Henry's hyperbaric". What makes up "stroke volume"? - Determined by ventricular preload, myocardial contractility, and afterload. Sodium bicarb is now no longer used when? - In cardiac arrest situations. It may be used in cases of suspected hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and tricyclic overdose. Use of nitroglycerin should be withheld in the event of what kind of MI? - Inferior. How to test for a change in cardiac output? - SV x HR. Which ever answer is furthest from the baseline is the correct one. What is one limitation to be considered when using rotor-wing transport not present in other modes of transportation? - Pt weight. What is the major factor that sets apart a TIA from other strokes? - It's symptoms last less than 24 hrs.

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The FDA categories for medication while pregnant are what? - A, B, C, D, X, and NR. A is considered safe. B is when the risks to the fetus are remote. C indicates fetal risk, which cannot be ruled out. D means there is evidence of fetal risk. X is complete off limits for pregnancy. NR means "no rating". DNA is stored within the what of the cell? - The nucleus. Succinylcholine is contraindicated in what kind of pts? - Pt's with suspected hyperkalemia. Burns, crush injuries, or prolonged bed rest, and dialysis pt's because the frequently experience electrolyte imbalances. What is a cumulative effect when giving meds? - The total effect of two medications for the clinical treatment of a single condition. If a pt has a LVAD device, and goes into cardiac arrest, what should be done? - A manual foot or hand pump may be used to support circulation. Do not start compression's as it could tear the LVAD from the muscle wall. Electrical therapy can be performed, but the pump needs to be disconnected first.