NSG 120 Midterm Exam: (New 2024/ 2025 Update) Pathophysiology Exam Review with Questions a, Exams of Nursing

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NSG 120 Midterm Exam: (New 2024/ 2025

Update) Pathophysiology Exam Review with

Questions and Verified Answers

Correct| A Grade – Herzing

QUESTION

Weakened reflex increases susceptibility to pneumonia Answer: cough

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Cardinal signs of inflammation Answer: redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

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Transmission of Infectious Agents Answer: Direct contact, vector borne, indirect contact, inhalation, ingestion, aerosol

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portals of entry Answer: mucous membranes, skin, parenteral route

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prevalence Answer: number of active ongoing cases of infection at any given point

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opportunistic infection Answer: Caused by a microorganism that flourishes because of a host's deficient immune system

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nosocomial infection Answer: hospital acquired infection

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Prions are protein-like molecules that cause deformation of proteins within the central nervous system. Their mode of action is not well understood. Prions are transmitted by ingestion of undercooked meat contaminated with prions or by organ donation from an infected donor. Answer: mode of action

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macule

Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer: flat, circumscribed

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papule small (<.5cm in diameter), raised, well-defined lesion

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vesicle thin wall, raised, fluid-filled

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ulcer cavity in tissue

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nodule firm, raised, deep

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pustule Answer:

Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer: raised, filled with exudate

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plaque slightly elevated, flat, "scale"-like lesion

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what is the most common form of skin cancer? basal cell carcinoma (BCC)

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squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) malignant tumor of the squamous epithelium

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what is the most lethal, rapidly progressive, and metastatic form of skin cancer? malignant melanoma

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Answer:

Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer: Approximately of melanomas occur in a nevus (mole) 30%

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ABCDEs of melanoma asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolution

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decubitus ulcer bed sore

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Affect all 3 layers of the skin bed sores

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Psoriasis Lesions are dry, raised, red skin patches (plaques) covered with silvery scales that usually appear on elbows, knees, lower back and scalp

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Acute Uritcaria Answer: Hives: A skin reaction that is commonly caused by allergy or Type I sensitivity (immediate allergic response)

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Type I hypersensitivity Answer: anaphylaxis

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Type II hypersensitivity Answer: Reaction results in the production of antibodies to fight cellular antigens

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Type III hypersensitivity Answer: An abnormal immune response where antigen-antibody complex aggregates called "immune complexes". These aggregates can occur in various tissues such as the skin in systemic lupus erythematosus

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Type IV hypersensitivity reaction

Answer: A cell-mediated reaction that can occur in response to direct contact such as in contact dermatitis. Also TB skin test

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cellulitis bacteria Answer: staphylococcus aureus

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occurs in the lower trunk and legs Answer: cellulitis

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paronychia Answer: diseased state around the nail

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what bacteria causes paronychia Answer: staphylococcus aureus

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The two most common parasitic insects to infect humans

Answer: Scabies and Pediculosis

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herpes zoster (shingles) Answer: a disease that involves a painful, blistering rash accompanied by headache, fever, and a general feeling of unwellness

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Dermatophytes (tinea) Answer: a chronic superficial fungal infection of the skin.

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superficial burns Answer: first degree, damage only the epidermal layer

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superficial partial-thickness burn Answer: second degree, involve the dermis and epidermis

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deep partial-thickness burn Answer: Extends from the epidermis through the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis Nerve endings are damaged (more discomfort)

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full thickness burn Answer: a burn in which all the layers of the skin are damaged. There are usually areas that are charred black or areas that are dry and white. Also called a third-degree burn.

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innate immune response Answer: rapid, nonspecific, not always effective

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adaptive immune response Answer: Specific, primed, memory, slow. 3rd line of defense- B & T cells, moral immunity, cell-mediated immunity

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2 major categories of adaptive immunity Answer:

B lymphocyte immunity (humoral) T lymphocyte immunity (cell mediated)

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The primary immune response involved antibodies which are produced by Answer: B cells

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resident flora Answer: microorganisms that normally reside on the skin, mucous membranes, and inside the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts

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metabolic syndrome Answer: A syndrome marked by the presence of usually three or more of a group of factors (as high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, low HDL levels, and high fasting levels of blood sugar) that are linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes.

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Anoreixa Nervosa Answer: self-imposed starvation

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bulimia Answer: Binging and purging

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purging Answer: Includes self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse, inappropriate diuretic use, and excessive exercising

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adipokines Answer: proteins synthesized and secreted by adipose cells

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what does polypharmacy mean Answer: 5 or more medications (older adults)

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treatment goals for elderly Answer: quality of life and functional independence, rather than cure

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Decreased cardiac reserve due to (older adults) Answer: atherosclerosis

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costal cartilage becomes Answer: calcified

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rule of nines Answer: The body is divided into regions that present 9% or multiples of nine, with the exception of the perineum, which is 1% BSA

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Never use on a large burn: it causes blood vessel constriction, hypothermia, and worsens tissue damage Answer: ice

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The focus of care in burns

Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer: airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure, and fluid restriction

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fluid loss in burns can lead to hypovolemic shock

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albinism Absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes

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vitiligo localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches

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refractive errors hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, presbyopia

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hyperopia Answer:

Answer: farsightedness

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myopia Answer: nearsightedness

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astigmatism Answer: defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye

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presbyopia Answer: farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age.

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strabismus Answer: crossed eyes

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nysagmus Answer: Involuntary abnormal movement of one or both eyes

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diplopia Answer: double vision

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stye Answer: small purulent infection of sebaceous gland of eye treated with hot compresses and surgical incision; also called hordeolum

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result of increased IOP caused by excessive accumulation of aqueous humor Answer: glaucoma

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Acute or narrow-angle glaucoma Answer: the angle between cornea and iris decreases

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Chronic or open-angle glaucoma Answer: thickening of trabecular network

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macular degeneration Answer: Central vision becomes blurred, then lost

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common cause of visual loss in older adults Answer: macular degeneration

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Cataracts Answer: clouding of the lens

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Changes in the retina caused by alterations of the retinal blood vessels High blood glucose levels cause endothelial injury in the retinal blood vessels Makes the blood vessel walls susceptible to arteriosclerosis, aneurysm, and rupture Blood glucose control is vital to slow progression of retinal changes Answer:

diabetic retinopathy

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lobar pneumonia Answer: bacteria pneumonia

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bronchopneumonia Answer: diseased state of the bronchi and lungs

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aspiration pneumonia Answer: Infection of the lungs caused by inhaling saliva, food, liquid, or vomit

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emphysema and chronic bronchitis Answer: COPD

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the destruction of the alveolar walls and septa, which leads to large, permanently inflated alveolar air spaces and loss of the normal recoil of alveoli

Answer: emphysema

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fibrosis Answer: Narrowed airways Weakened walls

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atelectasis Answer: collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli

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pleural effusion Answer: Presence of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity

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adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Answer: acute respiratory failure in adults characterized by tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, tachycardia, and hypoxia

Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer:

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hydrostatic pressure PUSH factor

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oncotic/osmotic pressure PULL

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hypotonic solution Fluid will shift from ECF to ICF

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Isotonc solution Fluid shifts between ICF and ECF will not occur and the cell will not change shape

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hypertonic solution Fluid will shift from ICF to ECF causing the cell to shrink

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1. Buffer pairs in the blood respond to pH changes immediately
2. Respiratory system can alter carbonic acid levels to change pH
3. Kidneys can modify the excretion rate of acids and absorption of bicarbonate ions to regulate pH (most significant control mechanism, slowest mechanism) Answer: Control of serum pH

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The body has 4 major buffer pairs Answer:

• The sodium bicarbonate-carbonic acid system
• The phosphate system
• The hemoglobin system
• The protein system

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Normal ABG values Answer: pH: 7.35-7. PCO2: 35 - 45 PO2: 80 - 100 Bicarb: 22 - 26 BE: 2 - 6

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dysphagia

Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer: difficulty swallowing

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what mostly causes gastric and duodenal ulcers? H. pylori

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Peptic ulcers sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system

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cholelithiasis gallstones

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colonscopy visual examination of the colon

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colostomy Answer:

Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer: the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface

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Diverticulitis inflammation of the diverticula

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dyspepsia indigestion

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gastrectomy surgical removal of part or all of the stomach

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Hemoccult test for hidden blood in the stool

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Answer:

Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer: Answer: hematemesis vomiting blood

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Cholecystitis inflammation of the gallbladder

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cholangitis inflammation of the bile ducts

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chronic renal failure most common causes diabetes and hypertension

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What is the primary cause of malnutrition? decrease in protein energy

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Risk factors for obesity Answer: excess calorie I&O, sedentary lifestyle, poverty, culture, genetics and age, gender (mostly female), smoking cessation, Cushing's disease (which is secondary disorder that causes obesity

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atrophy Answer: decrease in cell size

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hypertrophy Answer: an increase in cell size

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hyperplasia Answer: increase in cell number

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Metaplasia Answer: change in the appearance of the cell

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dysplasia Answer: disordered growth of the cell

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apoptosis Answer: programmed cell death

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necrosis Answer: refers to the death of one or more cells or a portion of tissue or organ as a result of irreversible damage and not a programmed cellular event

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Ischemia Answer: decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a body part or organ

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hypoxia Answer: