NSG 120 Pathophysiology Final Latest Updated Questions With Verified Answers, Exams of Nursing

Download NSG 120 Pathophysiology Final Latest Updated Questions With Verified Answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NSG 120 Pathophysiology Final Latest Updated Questions With Verified Answers Chlamydia S/S - Correct answerMost common STI in US. major cause of sterility and leading cause of PID Often asymptomatic men--> urethritis, thin water discharge with burning and itching, scrotal swelling women--> urethritis, cervicitis, dysuria, yellow vaginal discharge with burning/itching, abdo pain, and dyspareunia (painful intercourse) Gonorrhea - Correct answer2nd most common STI; infxn of urinary tract. asymptomatic, purulent discharge, dysuria Males: prostatitis, epididymitits. Females: PID and infertility, conjunctivitis in neonates Trichomoniasis s/s - Correct answerProtozoal infxn--vaginal in women and urethral in men. - asymptomatic - urethritis, dysuria and itching, women: discharge Chlamydia treatment and prevention - Correct answerTreatment: Azithromycin and other antibiotics Prevention: Safe sex and absitnence Gonorrhea treatment and prevention - Correct answerTreatment: Antibacterial drugs (penicillin or ceftriaxone + doxycycline) Some drug-resistant strains Retest for eradication -Ophthalmia neonatorum prevented by prophylactic treatment of eyes of all newborns within 1 hour -Required by law in U.S. Trichomoniasis treatment - Correct answerMetronidazole (Flagyl) Gonorrhea prognosis - Correct answerGood with prompt diagnosis and treatment. chlamydia prognosis - Correct answer-good with early treatment -if untreated: PID, infertility in females; epididymitis in males, sterility in both endometriosis - Correct answera condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity Endometriosis Signs and Symptoms - Correct answerDysmenorrhea with pain in lower back and vagina. Infertility Severity of pain is not indicative of extent of the disease. Dyspareunia, dysuria, and sometimes painful defecation. breast cancer prevention - Correct answerdiet, exercise, maintaining healthy body weight, pregnancy and breastfeeding decisions, routine screenings--esp for women with a family history Hormones and Menstrual Cycle - Correct answer- After menses, FSH is secreted and causes ovarian follicle to mature. The follicle secretes estrogen, which thickens uterine lining. •Mid-way through the cycle, LH levels greatly increase and cause ovulation •The ovarian follicle increases progesterone production to help the uterus to prepare for a potential implantation of a fertilized ovum. •If no fertilization, estrogen and progesterone levels drop and the uterine lining degenerates, resulting in menstruation. Cancer of the prostate - Correct answerLeading cancer in older males; A hard area on the prostate or hard, fixed, irregular nodules on the prostate suggest cancer. The median sulcus may not be palpable. S/S of prostate cancer - Correct answerinitally asymptomatic. urinary obstuction-blood in urine or semen, painful ejaculation symptoms are similar to BPH benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) - Correct answerenlargement of the prostate gland. More common in older males BPH s/s - Correct answerhesitancy and straining during urination. Decreased strength of the urine stream (weak flow). insulin and fluid deficiency Severe dehydration Loss of electrolytes Including potassium Neurologic changes such as stupor Gout - Correct answerhereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, characterized by excessive uric acid in the blood and around the joints Gout S/S - Correct answerwarmth, pain, swelling in joint-usually the big toe, pain starts at night with red/purple skin around affected area, limited movement in the joint with scaling or peeling skin rheumatoid arthritis - Correct answera chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked s/s of rheumatoid arthritis - Correct answersystemic joint pain Osteoarthritis (OA) - Correct answerprogressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces s/s of osteoarthritis - Correct answer1. joint pain that is worse with use, better with rest 2. pain and stiffness after long periods of inactivity or getting out of bed in the morning 3. swelling, warmth and crepitus around joint ankylosing spondylitis - Correct answerchronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine and lower back. - fusion of the joints, more common in me Lyme's disease symptoms - Correct answercan start as symptoms of arthritis, moves to fever, bull's eye rash Osteoporosis Etiology - Correct answerDecrease of bone density due to a loss of calcium salts. Common in older women compound (open) fracture - Correct answerbone breaks through the skin compression fracture - Correct answercommon in vertebrae; bone is crushed or collapses into small pieces greenstick fracture - Correct answerbending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children hydronephrosis - Correct answerabnormal dilation of the renal pelvis caused by pressure from urine that can't flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract hydronephrosis s/s - Correct answer- dysuria - pain on side, abdomen, and groin - hematuria Urolithiasis - Correct answerkidney stones form from excessive salt intake Urolithiasis s/s - Correct answerasymptomatic, flank pain, n/v, rapid pulse, cool skin, renal colic (obstruction of ureter) Dementia - Correct answera slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes Alzheimer's disease (AD) - Correct answerA progressive disease that destroys the brain's neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself; the most common cause of dementia. Parkinson's disease - Correct answerA disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors. too much ACH and too little dopamine Multiple Sclerosis (MS) - Correct answerProgressive demyelination of neurons in the brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves - Loss of myelin interferes with nerve conduction (motor, sensory, autonomic) S/S of multiple sclerosis - Correct answerinitial--> visual and sensory impairment - dysphagia - muscle weakness - slurred speech - fatigue a coronary artery is totally obstructed, leading to prolonged ischemia and cell death, or infarction of the heart wall - Correct answermyocardial infarction lymphedema - Correct answera condition where the tissues in the extremities swell due to an obstruction in the lymphatic system prodomal phase - Correct answerthe phase that is before a seizure occurs--aura, headache, etc postical period - Correct answerafter seizure, feeling tired normal pH values - Correct answer7.35 (acidosis) to 7.45 (alkalosis) PaCO2 range (respiratory) - Correct answer45 (acidosis) to 35 (alkalosis) HCO3 (bicarbonate) normal range (metabolic) - Correct answer22 (acidosis) to 26 (alkalosis) S/S of hypoglycemia - Correct answer*H- headache *I - irritability *W- weakness *A- anxious and trembling *S- sweaty (diaphoresis) *H- hunger "Cold and clammy gimme candy" acromegaly - Correct answerhypersecretion of the GH in adulthood/after puberty when the epiphyseal plate has fused - enlargement of face, hands, feet - treatment: surgery or radiation giantism - Correct answerhypersecretion of GH before puberty and before the epiphyseal plate has fused. Very tall growth SIADH vs Diabetes Insipidus - Correct answerSIADH--> overproduction of ADH DI--> insufficient production of ADH SIADH and DI S/S - Correct answerSIADH--> increase fluid, decreased urine output; fluid vol excess, edema, increased BP, low sodium (hyponatremia), natriuresis (excretion of sodium in urine) DI--> decreased fluid, increased uo, fluid vol deficit, dry/dehydrated, sunken eyes, more sodium in blood = diluted urine hypoparathyroidism S/S - Correct answerlow calcium levels in the blood muscle pain/cramps, twitching or spasms, tingling, dry skin hyperparathyroidism S/S - Correct answertoo much calcium rlsd into the blood. chronic disorder of uric acid metabolism that manifests as an acute, episodic form of arthritis - Correct answerGouty arthritis condition of chronic hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex, which results in excessive circulating cortisol levels - Correct answerCushing's Disease A neoplastic condition usually involving a single lymph node - Correct answerHodgkin Lymphoma Hodgkin's lymphoma - Correct answerdistinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells chronic malignant disease of the lymph nodes Hodgkin's lymphoma S/S - Correct answerenlargement of cervical, axillary or inguinal lymph nodes, anorexia, weight loss, night sweats, malaise, and extreme pruritus. Later- low grade fever, leukocytosis, respiratory infections, and bone pain Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma - Correct answerMalignancy involves multiple lymph nodes. Reed-Sternburg cells not present multiple myeloma - Correct answermalignant neoplasm of plasma cells in the bone marrow s/s of multiple myeloma - Correct answer-severe bone pain -anemia -skeletal fractures (osteoporosis) -inc risk of infection -spinal cord compression -renal failure sickle cell anemia - Correct answera genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in RBC elongation and hardening in a sickle cell shape when O2 levels are low. - More common in African Americans Hemophilia - Correct answerAn X-linked recessive disorder in which blood fails to clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding if injured. Anemia - Correct answerA condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume. Leukemia - Correct answermalignant disorder of the blood and blood forming organs. - excessive accumulation of leukemic cells due to unconditional growth Clinical Manifestations of leukemia - Correct answerfatigue, bleeding, fever & infxn, anorexia and weight loss, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, headache, blurred vision. pancytopenia (few RBC, WBC, and platelets-- can cause easy bruising, bleeding, etc.) can occur is cells crowd bone marrow Primary symptom of breast cancer - Correct answernew lump, swelling of part of breast, red and flaky skin, pulling or pain in the nipple area Non-modifiable risk factors for breast cancer - Correct answerAge, family history, medical history Modifiable factors for breast cancer - Correct answerweight, physical activity, alcohol consumption Cause of Type 1 Diabetes - Correct answerDestruction of pancreatic cells that produce and release the body's insulin Main symptoms of T1DM - Correct answerpolyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia - weight loss, fatigue, recurrent infxns, vision changes patho of type 2 DM - Correct answerinsulin resistance polydipsia and polyuria are related to diabetes mellitus due to - Correct answerfluid shifts from the osmotic effect of hyperglycemia cerebrovascular accident (CVA) - Correct answera.k.a. "Stroke". Lack of blood supply to the brain causing brain damage S/S: face drooping--uneven smile, arm weakness, speech difficulty, CVA Risk Factors - Correct answerHTN, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes, family history, history of TIA, hormonal contraceptives Ischemic Stroke - Correct answerCaused blockage either by a thrombosis (formed clot on artery wall) or an embolism (clot has detached from wall and traveled to the brain). - blood flow is cut off, which leads to ischemia Ischemic stroke treatment - Correct answertPA if within 3-4.5 hours and no hemorrhage/risk of it reduce risk: aspirin, clopidogrel, BP control, blood sugar and lipids control hemorrhagic stroke - Correct answeroccurs from a ruptured artery, aneurysm (weakening of blood vessel), uncontrolled HTN. - Collection of blood in the brain leads to ischemia and increased ICP Hemorrhagic stroke treatment - Correct answerblood pressure management, ICP monitoring and management Aneurysm Treatment - Correct answerCan be treated by clipping off the weakened site BEFORE hemorrhage occurs aphasia - Correct answerinability to comprehend or express language receptive aphasia - Correct answerinability to understand spoken or written words. - Site of damage: Wernicke area, left temporal lobe, prefrontal lobe Expressive aphasia - Correct answerimpaired ability to speak or write fluently/appropriately. Site of Damage--> Broca, left frontal lobe Global aphasia - Correct answerCombination of expressive and receptive aphasia Major brain damage, including Broca's area, Wernicke's area. - Cannot express self or comprehend others Wernicke's area - Correct answercontrols language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe Broca's area - Correct answerControls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. gullian-barre syndrome - Correct answerAutoimmune attack on the peripheral nerve myelin. Leads to inflammation, destruction, and interruption of nerve conduction. Gullian-Barre S/S - Correct answerStarts with weakness & diminished reflexes, of lower extremities and moves upward