NSG-3250 EXAM 3 with verified solutions, Exams of Nursing

Download NSG-3250 EXAM 3 with verified solutions and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

NSG-3250 EXAM 3 with verified solutions

1. left |hemisphere |functions: |-right |hand

-spoken |language -number |skills -scientific |functions -written |language -reasoning

2. Right |hemisphere |functions: |-left |hand -music -spacial |orientation -artistic |function -insight -creativity
3. The |cerebrum |makes |up |the: | , | , | , |and | lobes: |- Frontal, |parietal, |temporal, |occipital
4. The |brain |stem |makes |up |the: | , | , |and |the | :|Midbrain,|pons, |and |medulla
5. If |there |is |a |drop |of | 2 |points |or |more |in |the |GCS, |this |indicates |a: |significant |clinical |change |and |the |MD |should |be |notified
6. Headaches |(cephalgia) |s/s |include: |significant |discomfort |that |can |interfere |with |lifestyle
7. Headaches |are |caused |by | in |cranium: |blood |vessel |dilation
8. Secondary |headaches |may |indicate: |tumors |or |aneurysm
9. Persistent |headaches |may |require | : |intervention
10. What |kind |of |medications |would |treat |headaches?:|Triptans:|****(IMPOR- |TANT)****** |(Imitrex) -vasoconstrictor

-reduce |inflammation

-reduce |pain

-first |line |treatment

Prophylactic |meds |prevent |headaches

11. Non-pharmacologic |interventions |for |headache |treatments |include::|Dark |room

local|heat

|massage

avoid |foods |with |taramines

12. Ischemic |strokes |are |caused |by | :|sudden |occlusion |of |cerebral

|artery |due |to |thrombus |or |embolus

due |to |arthersclerosis |(THROMBOSIS) |due |to

|cardiac |dysrhythmias |(EMBOLISM)

13. Some |manifestations |of |ischemic |stroke |include::|Numbness |or |weakness |of |face,

|arm, |or |legs

aphasia |vision

|loss

mental |status |change |change

|in|communication

14. Interventions |for |ischemic |strokes::|Body |positioning |to |prevent |contractures |and

|compressive |neuropathies

ROM |4-5 |times |a |day |to |prevent |DVTs, |or|VTEs,

15. Hemorrhagic |strokes |are |caused |by: |Bleeding |in |the |brain |secondary |to |chronic

|HTN |or |an |aneurysm

16. Some |manifestations |of |hemorrhagic |strokes |include:|having |the |"worst |headache

|of |my |life"

alteration |of|LOC

|seizures

sudden |onset |of |agitation |(priority) |changes |in

|pupils

17. Being |unarousable,|unconsciousness, |and |unresponsiveness |are |indica- |tors |of:

|Coma

18. Unresponsiveness|to|environment,|makes|no|movement|or|sounds|but|can |open |eyes |is

|called | : |Akinetic |mutism

19. devoid |of |cognitive |function |but |has |sleep-wake |cycles:|persistent |vegeta- |tive |state
20. •inability |to |move |or |respond |except |for |eye |movements |due |to |a |lesion |affecting |the

|pons: |Locked-in |syndrome

21. Increased |Intracranial |Pressure |(ICP): |an |increase |in |fluids |around |the |brain |which

|causes |pressure |due |to |nonexpendable |skull, |less |arterial |blood |can |enter |the |"high

|pressure" |area |and |tissue |becomes |compressed, |decrease |function |of |neurons, |brain

|tissue |eventually |dies, |leads |to |widespread |loss |of |function

22. Brain |tissues |may |shift |through |the |dura |and |result |in: |herniation
23. increased |CO2 |results |in: |vasodilation
24. Decreased |CO2 |results |in: |vasoconstriction
25. Episodes |of |abnormal |motor, |sensory, |autonomic, |or |psychic |activity |that |results |from

|a |sudden |excessive |discharge |from |cerebral |neurons |is |called:|- |seizures

26. Neuro |overload, |lack |of |sleep, |brain |tumor, |electrolyte |imbalance, |alcohol |withdrawal

|are |risk |factors |for: |seizures

27. Staring |or |subtle |body |movement |and |brief |loss |of |consciousness |are

seizures:|absence |(Petit |mal)

28. Sudden |twitching |or |jerks |of |arms |or |legs |are |types |of | seizures: |-

myoclonic |seizures

29. Loss |of |normal |muscle |tone, |suddenly |collapse |or |fall |are |

|seizures: |Atonic |(drop |seizures)

30. The |most |intense |type |that |causes |LOC,|intermittent |stiffening |or |shaking, |and |loss |of

|bladder |control |indicate | seizures: |Tonic-clonic |(grand

|mal)

31. The |responsibility |of |the |nurse |during |a |seizure |episode |is |to

: |observe |and |record |the |signs |and |sequence |of |events

32. Dilantin |(phenytoin) |therapeutic |range: |10-20 |mcg/mL
33. If |phenytoin |levels |are |below |10, |what |do |you |administer?: |Dilantin
34. After |the |seizure |(postictal), |what |should |the |nurse |do?:|assess |airway |and |positioning

Also, |turn |patient |on |their |side |or |start |suctioning |to |prevent |aspiration |Check |vitals

perform |neuro |assessment

35. During |a |seizure, |DO |NOT | or | : |open |mouth

restrain |patient

36. Carbamazepine |therapeutic |range: |8-
37. Phenytoin |therapeutic |range: |10-20 |mcg/mL
38. valproate |therapeutic |range: |50-125 |mcg/mL
39. Levetriacetam |(keppra) |therapeutic |range: |12-
40. Seizures |that |last |longer |than | 5 |mins |or |repeated |occurrences |for |over | 30 |mins |is

|called | : |Status |epilepticus

41. for |status |epilepticus,|what |IV |meds |would|you |give?: |Lorazepam, |diazepam |(valium)

|with |a |loading |dose |of |Phenytoin

42. Primary |cause |of |epilepsy |is: |idiopathic
43. is |the |leading |cause |of |epilepsy |in |older |adults |over |the |age |of |65:

|dementia

44. Some |anti |epileptics |can |cause: |gum |hypertrophy
45. Modifiable |risk |factors |for |CVA |include::|•A-fib

• Hypertension |is |the |primary |risk |factor
• Cardiovascular |disease

• Elevated |cholesterol |or |elevated |hematocrit
• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Long-term |oral |contraceptive |use
• Smoking |and |drug |and |alcohol |abuse

46. Transient |Ischemic |Attack |(TIA):|Minor |stroke;|where |neurological |function |is |regained

|quickly |with |time

• Temporary |neurologic |deficit |resulting |from |a |temporary |impairment |of |blood |flow

47. If |any |of |the |following |occurs |while |infusing |alteplase, |stop |and |call |the |doc: |severe

|headache

severe|hypertension

|bleeding |nausea

|change |in |LOC

|sluggish |pupils

48. If|a|patient|is|NPO|before|surgery|but|is|prescribed|phenytoin,|what|should |the |nurse |do?:

|Give |via |IV

or

contact |provider |for |a |different |prescription

49. The | lobe |is |responsible |for |a |persons |affect: |frontal
50. When |performing |a |neuro |assessment |on |an |elderly |pt |with |normal |aging,

is |to |be |expected: |reduced |cerebral |blood |flow

51. If|the|patients|foot|becomes|abruptly|dorsiflexed,|it|may|continue|to|"beat" |two|to |three

|times |before |it |settles |into |a |position |of |rest.|This |is |called: |Clonus

52. What |is |the |fibers |tissue |that |is |around |the |brain?: |Pia |Mater
53. If |a |patient |has |a |upper |motor |neuron |lesion, |what |is |likely |to |be |suspect- |ed?: |Loss |of

|voluntary |motor |control

54. If |a |patient |has |a |lower |motor |neuron |lesion, |what |is |likely |to |be |suspect- |ed?: |loss |of

|deep |tendon |reflexes

55. The | regulates |temperature |control: |hypothalamus
56. What |is |the |path |behind |Parkinson's |disease?:|Decreased |availability |of |dopamine
57. is |given |to |a |patient |following |cerebral |edema |to |dehydrate |brain |tissue:

|Mannitol

58. What|is|literally|ALWAYS|the|priority|nursing|intervention,|especially|for|an |unconscious

|patient?: |Maintain |airway |patency

59. If |a |patient |is |a |long |term |user |of |phenytoin, |what |should |be |the |main |nursing

|intervention?: |Provide |oral |care

60. Nuchal |rigidity |and |photophobia |are |signs |of | : |meningitis
61. If |a |patient |has |an |elevated |ICP, |what |diagnostic |test |is |contraindicated?: |-

Lumbar |puncture

62. If |a |patient |is |in |status |epilepticus, |what |medication |should |be |given?: |IV |Diazepam
63. What |position |should |a |patient |be |placed |in |with |increased |ICP?:|Elevated |30-

|degrees

64. A |massive |volume |of |urine |output |after |brain |surgery |is |usually |indicative |of | :

|Diabetes |insipidus

65. If |there |is |a |brain |tumor |increasing |ICP |what |medication |can |be |given |to |decrease

|the |ICP?: |Corticosteroids |like |Dexamethasone

66. A |client |has |experienced |a |seizure |in |which |she |became |rigid |and |then |ex- |perienced

|alternating |muscle |relaxation |and |contraction. |What |type |of |seizure |does |the |nurse

|recognize?: |Generalized |seizure

67. SIADH: |syndrome |of |inappropriate |antidiuretic |hormone
68. If |a |patient |has |SIADH, |what |nursing |intervention |should |you |do?: |Restrict |fluids |and

|monitor |electrolyte |levels

69. If |a |patient |is |reporting |a |headache |after |surgery,|what|nursing |intervention |should |be

|done?: |Administer |morphine |sulfate |as |needed

70. Cerebral |edema |is |expected |to |be |present | following|intracra-

|nial |surgery: |24-36 |hours

71. What |medication |is |used |to |prophylactically |prevent |seizures: |Phenytoin
72. Clients |with |epilepsy |are |at |risk |for |SUDEP |due |to | especially

|when |their |medications |stop |preventing |seizures: |cardiac |abnormalities

73. tPA |(tissue |plasminogen |activator):|a |powerful |chemical |that |dissolves |blood |clots |in

|vessels |supplying |the |brain

74. What |labs |are |you |looking |at |while |giving |tPA?:|PT |and |INR |(Know |those |values)
75. PT |value: |11-12.5 |seconds
76. INR |values: |0.8-1.
77. Aneurysm |Precautions:|absolute |bed |rest, |elevate |hob | 30 |degrees |to |promote |venous

|drainage |or |lay |bed |flat |to |increase |cerebral |perfusion, |avoid |activity |that |increases |BP |or

|ICP, |exhale |through |mouth |when |voiding |or |defecating |to |decrease |strain, |dim |lights, |no

|reading, |no |TV, |no |radio, |prevent |constipation, |restrict |visitors

78. trigeminal |neuralgia:|characterized |by |severe |lightning-like |pain |due |to |an

|inflammation |of |the |fifth |cranial |nerve

Pain |occurs |in |the |face

79. Treatments |for |trigeminal |neuralgia |include: |antiseizure |medications |or |small |surgical

|options |to |compress |the |trigeminal |nerve

80. Pts |with |trigeminal |neuralgia |will |often |neglect | to|prevent

|attacks: |self |care

Stimulations |such |as |washing |face, |brushing |teeth, |or |a |draft |of |air |can |cause |the |attacks

81. Bells |palsy |is |the |inflammation |of |the | cranial |nerve: |7th |(facial)
82. Autonomic |manifestations |of |Parkinson's |include::|•sweating, |drooling, |flushing,

|orthostatic |hypotension, |gastric |and |urinary |retention

83. Psychiatric |manifestations |of |parkinsons |includes::|•depression, |anxiety, |dementia,

|delirium, |hallucinations

84. The |inability |to |initiate |the |first |voluntary |movement |is |called |

|which |is |a |major |sign |of |parkinsons: |bradykinesia

85. Later |progression |of |parkinsons |include | :|loss |of |autonomic |move-

|ments |such |as |blinking, |smiling, |or |swinging |arms

Not |blinking

Dementia |will |also |become |evident |in |later |stages |of |parkinsons

86. Dopa |medications |treat | : |Parkinsons
87. Stage | 1 |Parkinson's: |-unilateral |limb |involvement

-minimal |weakness

-hand |and |arm |trembling

88. stage | 2 |parkinsons:|bilateral |limb |involvement, |masklike |face, |slow |gait
89. Stage | 3 |Parkinson's:|Postural |instability, |increased |gait |disturbances
90. Stage | 4 |Parkinson's:|Tremors |can |decrease |but |akinesia |and |rigidity |make |day-to-

day |tasks |difficult

91. Stage | 5 |Parkinson's: |Complete |ADL |dependence
92. The |inability |to |preform |a |previously |learned |activity: |apraxia
93. signs |include |a |client |that |is |easily |distracted |and |has |impulsive |behavior |and |poor

|judgment |may |indicate: |a |right |hemispheric |stroke

94. is |a |complication |of |an |aneurysm: |seizure
95. If |a |client |reports |having |a |headache |knowing |there |is |a |diagnoses |aneurysm, |what

|should |the |nurse |do?: |Notify |the |doctor |because |this |could |be |indicative |of |the |aneurysm

|leaking

96. COVID-19 |has |shown |to |increase |the |risk |for: |ischemic |storke

97. What |are |the |steps |of |the |ischemic |cascade?: |1.|A |switch |to |anaerobic |respiration
98. cells |cease |to |function
99. blood |flow |decreases
100. Membrane |pump |fails
101. Change |in |pH
102. Lactic |acid |is |generated
103. Hyperthermia |is |a |clinical |manifestation |of |what?: |Increased |ICP
104. An |epidural |hematoma |is | and|the|nursing|intervention|would|be |to |

: |An |EMERGENCY

Prepare |to |skull |opening

100. Clinical |manifestations |of |neurogenic |shock |include | and | -

: |Bradycardia |and |hypotension

so |preparing |meds |to |increase |those |would |be |the |nursing |intervention |for |a |patient |with

|neurogenic |shock

101. If|a |client |just |sustained |a|TBI,|what |medication |is |prescribed |for |sedation |and |does |not

|affect |cerebral |blood |flow |or |ICP?: |Benzodiazepines

102. If |a |client |has |sustained |a |non |depressed |skull |injury, |what |is |the |priority |action?:

|carefully |monitoring

103. What |is |a|common |cause |of |autonomic |dysreflexia?: |Bladder|distention/|full |bladder

A |severe, |throbbing |headache |can |be |indicative |of |it

104. What |medication |can |be |given |for |spasmic |episodes?: |Baclofen

"My |BAC |is |having |a |spasm! |OUCH!" |idk

105. What |is |most |likely |always |the |priority |nursing |diagnosis |after |a |stroke?-

: |disturbed |sensory |perception

106. refractive |errors: |-Myopia |(Near |sightedness)

-Hyperopia |(Far |sightedness)

-Presbyopia |(loss |of |lens |elasticity)

-Astigmatism |(Irregular |curvature |of |cornea)

107. legally |blind: |severely |impaired |vision;|having |20/200 |acuity
108. How |do|you|approach|a|blind|patient?:|Knock |on|he|door|and|make|yourself |known

109. Cataracts |is |a | related |disorder: |age

drying |of |the |lens |due |to |water |loss

110. traumatic |cataract: |cataract |following |an |injury
111. toxic |cataracts:|-Corticosteroids

-Phenothiazine |derivatives

-Miotic |agents

-Betablockers

112. associated |cataracts: |-Diabetes |mellitus

-Hypoparathyroidism

-Down |Syndrome

-Chronic |sunlight |exposure

113. Amsler |grid: |a |set |of |charts |with |various |geometric |shapes |in |black |and |white, |used |for

|detecting |defects |of |the |central |visual |field.

If |lines |become |distorted |or |whatever, |follow |up |with |doctor

114. Complicated |Cataracts: |-Retinitis |pigmentosa

-Glaucoma

-Retinal |detachment

115. Some |expected|findings |for|patients|with |cataracts |includes::|-Decreased |visual

|acuity. |************

-blurred |vision

-Diplopia

-Color |reception |is |also |decreased

116. Physical |assessment |findings |in |a |patient |with |cataracts |includes::|-Pro- |gressive

|vision |loss

-Absent |red |reflex |(SIGNIFICANT)

-Opaque |vision

117. prevents |pupil |constriction |for |long |periods |of |time |and

|relaxes |muscles |in |the |eye: |Anticholinergics

118. During | ,|old |lens |is |removed |and |replacement |prosthetic |lens |is

|inserted: |cataracts |surgery

119. retinal |detachment: |separation |of |the |retina |from |the |underlying |epithelium,

|disrupting |vision |and |resulting |in |blindness |if |not |repaired |surgically

120. Bright |flashing |lights, |floating |dark |spots |are |S/S |of: |retinal |detachment
121. Post |op |care |for |retinal |re-attachment:|Eye |patch |Report

|any |adverse |effects

avoid |activities |that |increase |IOP

122. The |leading |cause |of |blindness |between |ages |of |20-74: |Diabetic |neuropa- |thy
123. Does |diabetic |neuropathy |affect |both |types |of |diabetes?: |YES
124. How |often |should |diabetics |have |their |eye |appointments?:|Yearly |and |regularly

Catch |any |S/S |early |and |get |it |treated

Smoking |cessation |and |control |of |blood |glucose |in |v |dry |important

125. Gradual |blockage |in |retinal |capillary |arteries, |which |results |in |the |macula |becoming

|ischemic|and|necrotic|due|to|lack|of|rental|cells: |Dry|Macular|degen- |eration

126. New |growth |of |blood |vessels |that |have |thin |walls |that |leak |blood |and |fluid: |Wet

|macular |degeneration

127. Dry|macular|degeneration|risk|factors::|Smoking,|hypertension,|female|sex, |short |body

|stature, |family |history, |and |a |diet |lacking |carotene |and |vitamin |E

128. wet |macular |degeneration |risk |factors: |can |occur |at |any |age |with |no |risk |factors
129. What |is |the |test |to |find |macular |degeneration?: |Amsler |grid
130. What |vitamins |and |minerals |help |with |eye |sight?:|Antioxidants, |carotene, |and

|vitamin |E |and |B

131. A |disturbance |of |the |functional |or |structural |integrity |of |the |optimal |nerve:

|Glaucoma

132. The |aqueous |humor |outflow |is |decreased |due |to |blockages |in |the |eyes |drainage

|system: |Primary |open |angle |glaucoma

133. IOP |rises |suddenly.|The |angle |between |the |iris |and |sclera |suddenly |clos- |es, |causing

|the |increase |of |IOP.: |Primary |angle |closure |glaucoma

EMERGENCY

134. Constriction|of|eye

|gets |fluid |out |of |eye

decrease |aqueous |humor: |Miotics |(pilocarpine)******

Initial |blurriness |is |expected

135. Expected |findings |in |primary |open |angle |glaucoma:|Mild |eye |pain |halos

|around |eyes

decreased |accommodation

increased |IOP|(22-32) |tunnel

|vision

136. Expected |findings |in |primary |close |angle |glaucoma: |Sudden |onset
137. Beta |blockers |for |glaucoma:|Decrease |production |of |aqueous |humor. |timolol

|(Timoptic)

138. inflammation |of |the |conjunctiva: |conjunctivitis
139. chalazion: |a|nodule|or|cyst, |usually|on|the|upper|eyelid,|caused|by|obstruction |in |a

|sebaceous |gland

kinda |like |a |stye

140. presbycusis: |age |related |hearing |loss
141. External |or |middle |ear |problem: |conductive |hearing |loss
142. Damage |to |cochlea |or |vestibulocochlear |nerve: |sensorineural |hearing |loss
143. both |conductive |and |sensorineural: |mixed |hearing |loss
144. Emotional |problem |hearing |loss: |functional
145. Perception |of |sound |or |"ringing |in |ears": |Tinnitus
146. Deterioration |of |speech, |fatigue, |indifference, |social |isolation |are |in- |creased

|with | : |hearing |loss

147. Removal |of |earwax |impaction....: |gentle |irrigation, |glycerin |or |mineral |oil |will |soften |the

|earwax

148. Inflammation |caused |by |a |bacterial |or |fungal |infection |that |presents |with |pain,

|tenderness, |discharge, |erythema |and |hearing |loss: |External |otitis

149. A |rare, |progressive |condition |that |starts |in |the |ear |and |the |infection |spreads

|into |cranium: |malignant |otitis

150. chronic |otitis |media:|repeated |episodes |of |acute |otitis |media |causing |irre- |versible

|tissue |damage |and |persistent |tympanic |membrane |perforation

151. tympanoplasty: |surgical |repair |of |the |middle |ear

treatment |for |chronic |otitis |media |**********

152. ossiculoplasty: |surgical |repair |of |the |ossicle
153. mastoidectomy: |removal |of |the |mastoid |process, |usually |to |treat |intractable

|mastoiditis

154. A |benign |tumor, |an |ingrowth |of |skin |that |causes |persistently |high |pres- |sure |in |the

|middle |ear, |which |caused |hearing |loss |and |neurologic |disorders |and |destroys

|structures: |Cholesteatoma

155. stapedectomy: |the |surgical |removal |of |the |top |portion |of |the |stapes |bone |and |the

|insertion |of |a |small |prosthetic |device |known |as |a |piston |that |conducts |sound |vibrations |to

|the |inner |ear

156. ear |discharge: |otorrhea

157. Decreased |lateral |eye |gaze |or |dropping |of |the |face |after |surgery |should |be:

|immediately |reported

158. Occasional |sharp, |shooting |pains |may |occur |in |the |Eustachian |tube |as |the |tube

|opens |to |air: |Normal |finding |or |sum |idk

159. Inner |ear |disorders |include:: |Dizziness, |vertigo, |and |nystagmus
160. The |illusion |of |motion |or |a |spinning |sensation: |vertigo
161. Conditions |of |the |Inner |Ear: |-Tinnitus

-Labyrinthitis

-Benign |positional |vertigo

-Ototoxicity

-Acoustic |neuroma |(tumor |of |the |8th |cranial |nerve)

162. Medications |that |cause |ototoxicity:|Aminoglycoside |antibiotics, |loop

|diuretics,

antimalarial|drugs,

|chemotherapy,

high-dose |salicylates.

163. Abnormal |inner |ear |fluid |balance |caused |by |malabsorption |of |the |en-

|dolymphatic |sac |or |blockage |of |the |endolymphatic |duct.: |Ménière |Disease

164. Treatments |for |Ménière |Disease:|LOW |SODIUM |DIET |************ |Surgical

|management

Antiverts?

165. Episodic |vertigo,|tinnitus,|and |fluctuating |sensorineural |hearing |loss |are |S/S |of:

|Ménière |Disease

166. Pts |should |learn |how |to |blow |out |of |one |nose |at |a |time |after: |mastoid |surgery
167. Cochlear |implants |are |used |for |patient |who |do |not |benefit |from: |hearing |aids
168. Autonomic |Dysreflexia:|involves |uncontrolled |activation |of |autonomic |neu- |rons

(potentially |life |threatening |emergency!) |HOB |elevate | 90 |degrees, |loosen |con- |strictive

|clothing, |assess |for |full |bladder |or |bowel |impaction, |(trigger) |administer |antihypertensives

|(may |cause |stroke, |MI, |seizure)

169. Bradycardia |and |hypertension |are |manifestations |of | :|Autonomic

|dysreflexia

170. What |should |a |nurse |do |if |a |patient |experienced |a |chemical |burn |to |the |eyes?:

|Generously |flush |with |saline |or |water

171. How |long |should |the |intervals |be |between |eye |drops: | 5 |mins
172. What |medications |are |used |for |glaucoma?: |Cholinergics

173. where |should |eye |drops |be |administered: |Conjunctival |sac
174. After |a |retinal |detachment |surgery, |what |position |do |they |need |to |stay |in: |prone
175. What |foods |should |patients |avoid |if |they |have |meniere |disease:|ANY- |THING

|WITH |HIGH |SODIUM

176. What |kind |of |fluid |draining |from |ear |should |be |reported |immediately |following

|trauma: |CSF/ |clear |fluid

177. damage |to |cochlea |or |auditory |nerve: |sensorineural |hearing |loss
178. Anything |over | 80 |decibels |is: |way |to |loud
179. bone|infection:|osteomyelitis

|reason |for |most |amputations

sepsis |= |S/S |of |infection

180. Amputation |is |necessary|if: |Limbs |have |poor |circulation, |is |necrotic, |or |infect-

|ed/gangrene

181. Hemorrhage,|phantom |pain,|infection,|neuromas,|and |flection |contracture |are |possible

|complications |with | : |amputations

182. The |hyperextension |or |overuse |of |tendons |and |ligaments:|sprains |and |strains
183. Overuse, |overstretch, |excessive |stress: |strain
184. Hyperextension:|sprain

patient |may |hear |a |"pop"

185. Sprains |and |strain |injury |intervention: |PRICE

|protect, |rest, |ice, |compress, |elevate

186. synarthrosis |joint:|immovable |joint
187. Amphiarthrosis: |slightly |movable |joint
188. Diarthrosis:|freely |movable |joint
189. muscle |with |greater |than |normal |tone: |Spastic

190. denervated |muscle,|soft |and |flabby, |atrophies:|Atonic
191. L4-S1 |have |the |highest | : |incidence |of |mechanical |stress
192. type | 1 |open |fracture: |clean |wound |less |than | 1 |cm |long
193. type | 2 |open |fracture:|larger |wound |without |extensive |soft |tissue |damage |or |avulsions
194. type | 3 |open |fracture: |highly |contaminated |and |has |extensive |soft |tissue |damage.|It

|may |be |accompanied |by |traumatic |amputation |and |is |the |most |severe

195. compartment |syndrome: |involves |the |compression |of |nerves |and |blood |ves- |sels |due

|to |swelling |within |the |enclosed |space |created |by |the |fascia |that |separates |groups |of

|muscles

196. The | 5 |Ps |in |compartment |syndrome: |pain, |pallor, |pulselessness, |paralysis,

|paresthesia |(numbness) |(1st |sign)

197. Fat |embolism |syndrome:|blocking |of |small |blood |vessels |by |fat |globules

|subsequent |to |a |fracture, |especially |one |of |long |bones |or |pelvis

I |(when |emboli |are |deposited |in |lungs): |anxiety, |agitation, |acute |confusion, |fever

>103, |chest |pain, |dyspnea, |tacky, |tachypnea, |thick |white |sputum, |petechiae |(on |chest, |neck,

|shoulder, |axillae, |flank, |abdomen), |sudden |onset, |24-72 |hrs |after |fracture

NI: |High |Fowler's |position, |oxygen |in |high |concentrations, |possibly |with |positive/expi- |ratory

|pressure, |corticosteroids, |vasoactive |meds |to |prevent |hypotension |and |shock, |fluid

|replacement |guided |by |accurate |I |& |O

198. Elderly |are |more |prone |to |osteoporosis |due |to: |altered |calcium |absorption, |post

|menopausal |(decreased |estrogen |levels), |diminished |senses.

199. Avoid | and | to |prevent |osteoporosis: |alcohol

caffeine

200. Paget's |disease:|a |bone |disease |of |unknown |cause |characterized |by |the

|excessive |breakdown |of |bone |tissue, |followed |by |abnormal |bone |formation

bowed |legs

BIPHOSPHONATE |and |ALENDRONATE|THERAPY

201. Alendronate: |used |for |osteoporosis |in |post |menopausal |women

esophagitis |is |a |major |side |effect |of |medication

202. Reloxifene:|selective |estrogen |receptor |modulator