NSG 522 Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions, Exams of Nursing

Download NSG 522 Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

NSG 522 Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions Absolute Risk Correct Answers The overall incidence of the disease in a specified population Attributable Risk Correct Answers The amount of disease associated with a causative factor in a specified population Calculation of Risk Correct Answers The probability that an event will occur; calculated as a proportion; the same as the incidence proportion; presented as a probability and can vary from 0 to 1. Case Correct Answers An individual who has the disease, disorder, injury, health behavior, or health event of interest Case-controls studies Correct Answers Retrospective study design; Studies people who already have the disease and looks backward at exposure; Two groups of individuals are studied: a group that has the disease under study (cases) and a group that does not have the disease under study (controls Common source Correct Answers Attributed to a specific; point sources, intermittent sources, continuous sources Confirmed Correct Answers All criteria are met

Cross-sectional studies Correct Answers Prevalence studies; A population is studied at a single point in time; participants are asked about their current disease state and their exposures to certain factors; weakest study design Crude (All Cause) Mortality Rate Correct Answers the mortality rate from all causes of death for a population Describe cocooning. Correct Answers Used to protect infants from communicable disease; only family and friends who are fully immunized are allowed to be around the infant Describe epidemiology as a quantitive science. Correct Answers Epidemiology is a story about health related states and events supported with data; measurement is an essential feature. Describe herd immunity. Correct Answers Viewed as the resistance a population has to the invasion and spread of an infectious disease; based on the fact if 85% of the community is vaccinated the change of major epidemic occurring is reduced Describe how the natural history of a disease describes the stages of a disease. Correct Answers 1. Stage of susceptibility

2. Stage of preclinical, subclinical, pre symptomatic, or latent disease
3. Stage of clinical disease
4. Stage of recovery, disability, or death Describe indirect transmission. Correct Answers Vehicle borne (food, water, bedding, instruments) or vector borne (mosquitos, fleas, and ticks)

Describe the "Casual Pie" model. Correct Answers Causative agent or event Characteristics of the person Characteristics of the environment Presence of preventative factors Action of catalysts or addictive factors Mediating and moderating factors Interaction between the factors Describe the Bradford Hill Criteria for Causation. Correct Answers Strength of association Consistency Specificity Temporal relationship Biological gradient Plausibility Coherence Analogy Experimental evidence Describe the direct transmission. Correct Answers Direct contact like kissing, sexual intercourse, and soil contact. Describe the included activities for primary prevention for infection. Correct Answers Eliminating or sanitizing the reservoir, eliminated or covering the portal of exit, covering of filtering the portal of entry or placing the host in a good health and immunize when available.

Describe what a prospective cohort study is. Correct Answers A group of disease free indiviuals is identified at one point in time and then followed over a period of time to determine whether the disease occurs Described isolation. Correct Answers Used for persons who are known to be ill with contagious disease; used in inpatient settings Described the portal of entry. Correct Answers The way in which the microbe enters the host; respiratory tract, mouth, break in the skin or mucous membrane, surgical sites or catheters Endemic Correct Answers Amount of disease usually present in a community Health Screening Correct Answers used to promote the detection of diseases in their earliest stages, when treatment has the greatest chance of working, in order to reduce morbidity and mortality Hyperendemic Correct Answers Persistent high levels of disease If the RR or OR is greater than 1 and the CI is not does not include 1: Correct Answers There is a greater risk in the exposed group of If the RR or OR is less than 1 and the CI does not include 1: Correct Answers There is a reduced risk in the exposed group

Incidence Correct Answers measures the rate at which people without a disease develop the disease during a specified period; measure of the onset and the appearance of disease Incidence Proportion Correct Answers number of new cases of a disease in a specific time period/population at risk of the disease at the start of that time period Incidence Rate Correct Answers number of new cases of a disease in a specified time period/time that each person was observed, totaled for a persons; most accurate estimate of risk, more difficult to calculate, accounts for incomplete data Index Case Correct Answers First case brought to the epidemiologists attention (not necessarily the primary case) Infant Mortality Rate Correct Answers Deaths of infants < 1 year of age Denominator is number of live births in the given time period Per 1,000 live births List the determinants of health. Correct Answers Biological Environmental Social Health Behaviors List the experimental studies. Correct Answers Randomized trials and non-randomized trials (quasi-experiments)

List the observations studies. Correct Answers Cohort studies, case studies, and cross-sectional studies Maternal Mortality Rate Correct Answers Deaths of women due to pregnancy related causes during pregnancy or during the first 42 days after pregnancy termination, regardless of the duration of the pregnancy Per 100,000 live births Measures of Association Correct Answers used to compare the occurrence of disease in one group with the occurrence of disease in another group; commonly used measures are Risk Ratio or Relative Risk (RR) and Odds Ratio Mixed epidemic Correct Answers Starts with a common sources; then spread by person-to-person contact Morbidity Correct Answers a measure of the frequency of occurrence of disease or injury in a defined population during a specified interval Mortality Rate Correct Answers A measure of the frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interval Name the 3 Models used to understand the occurrence of disease. Correct Answers Epidemiological Triad or Triangle BEINGS Model Web of Causation

Name the health indicators. Correct Answers Physical or mental illness, impairments or disabilities, social well being, service provision, resource availability Negative Predictive Value Correct Answers Probability that a person who has a negative test does not have the disease; proportion of people with negative test results who do not have the disease Neonatal Mortality Rate Correct Answers Deaths of infants < 28 days of age Denominator is number of live births in the given time period Per 1,000 live births Non-randomized clinical trials (quasi-experiments) Correct Answers prospective study design no randomization to treatment groups comparison group may be different from the intervention group control of the intervention Odds Ratio Correct Answers Used to estimate the relative risk when the RR cannot be calculated; used in case-control and other retrospective studies Percentages (P) Correct Answers calculated as P = A/A+B x 100; numerator is always apart of the denominator Period prevalence Correct Answers assessed during a certain period

Point prevalence Correct Answers assessed at one specific point in time Positive Predictive Value Correct Answers Probability that a person who has positive test actually has the disease; proportion of people with a positive test result who have the disease Prevalance Correct Answers refers to the status of disease; measures the frequency of a disease at a particular point in time; measures all cases Primary Case Correct Answers First case of the disease or condition or behavior Primary Prevention Correct Answers Used during the stage of susceptibility Protects against the disease Place the host in good health Protects against disease or other health-related events public health measures Propagated Correct Answers Transmitted from person to person Proportions (p) Correct Answers calculated as p = A/A+B; the numerator is always a part of the denominator Randomized clinical trials Correct Answers prospective study design randomization to treatment groups control of the intervention

Rates Correct Answers the frequency of occurrence of an event during a given time frame for a designated population Ratios Correct Answers Expressed by X/Y or X:Y (divide the numerator by the denominator), the numerator may or may not be apart of the denominator (they may or may not be related) Relative Risk Correct Answers measure association between the exposure to a particular factor and the risk of a particular disease or outcome; only calculated from prospective studies RR or OR < 1 Correct Answers Risk or Odds in the exposed group is less than the risk/odds in the non-exposed group RR or OR = 1 Correct Answers Risk/Odds in the exposed is equal to the risk/odds in the non-exposed group RR or OR >1 Correct Answers Risk/Odds in the exposed group is greater than the risk/odds in the non-exposed group Screening as Secondary Prevention Correct Answers used to identify disease during the preclinical (subclinical, pre symptomatic, latent) stage of disease Secondary Cases Correct Answers Cases that became ill after the disease was introduced into the population and become infected from the primary

Secondary Prevention Correct Answers Used during the preclinical (subclinical, pre symptomatic, latent) and early clinical stages of disease Early detection and prompt intervention to control the disease and minimize or eliminate complications Sensitivity Correct Answers Probability that a person with the disease will rest positive for the disease (true positive); the ability of the test to correctly identify those with the disease; probability of correctly identifying the disease Specificity Correct Answers Probability that a person who does not have the disease (true negative); the ability of the test to correctly identify those without the disease Spectrum of Disease Correct Answers Describes the severity of disease and can vary from mild to fatal Sporadic Correct Answers Occurs infrequently and irregularly Stage of Clinical Disease Correct Answers Onset of symptoms Diagnosis usually occurs during this stage Stage of Subclinical Disease Correct Answers Not apparent of symptomatic Pathological changes occur Pathology may be detected by screening Incubation period for infectious diseases latency for chronic disease

Suspect Case Correct Answers An individual who has all of the signs and symptoms of a disease or condition, yet not diagnosed Systematic Reviews: Meta-Analyses Correct Answers Study of studies, very powerful methodology. Quantitative analysis to combine and compare results of the studies Tertiary Prevention Correct Answers Used during the advanced stage of clinical disease or when disability has occurred Measures aimed at reducing the long term impact of disease and disability What are notifiable diseases? Correct Answers Diseases that are of considerable public health importance because of their seriousness. What are the biological sources of disease? Correct Answers Congenital Hereditary Infectious Inflammatory Metabolic Nutritional Tumors Vascular What are the core functions of epidemiological functions? Correct Answers 1. Surveillance

2. Field Investigations
3. Analytic Studies
4. Evaluation

5. Linkages
6. Policy What are the environmental sources of disease? Correct Answers Allergens Chemical Exposures Infectious Organisms Nutrition Physical Agents Trauma What are the health behavioral sources of disease? Correct Answers Nutrition Physical Activity Rest and Relaxation Tobacco Use Alcohol Use Illicit Substance Use Immunization What are the prospective study designs in epidemiology? Correct Answers Randomized controlled trails, Quasi- experiments (non-randomized trials), and prospective cohort studies What are the retrospective cohort studies in epidemiology? Correct Answers Retrospective cohort studies and case-controls studies What are the retrospective cohort studies? Correct Answers Requires access to information about the subjects before the

exposure to disease causing factors and the onset of the disease occurs; also known as historical cohort studies What are the three categories of vital statistics? Correct Answers Mortality, Morbidity, Natality What are the two types of epidemiology? Correct Answers Descriptive and Analytic What do the measurements of epidemiology focus on? Correct Answers Distribution of health-related states and events and the determinants of health-related states and events What does analytic epidemiology describe? Correct Answers Analytic epidemiology focuses on the cause and the effect. The "why" examines potential causes and also explains those causes; the determinants. Analytic epidemiology quantifies the association between exposures and outcomes to determine causal relationships. What does descriptive epidemiology describe? Correct Answers Describing the when, where, and who, descriptive epidemiology studies the distribution, the frequency, and the pattern of health related states and events. What does the "BEINGS" model of disease stand for? Correct Answers B- Biological or Behavioral E- Environmental I- Immunological N-Nutritional G-Genetic

S-Services, Social, Spiritual What happens if the RR or OR is less than one and the CI does not include 1 when comparing groups? Correct Answers There is a reduced risk in the exposed group RR or OR 0.72 [CI: 0.54, 0.92] What happens if the RR or the OR is greater than 1 and the CI does not include 1 when comparing groups? Correct Answers There is a greater risk in the exposed group RR or OR = 3.3{CI: 2.0, 2.6) What happens when the confidence intervals do not include 1? Correct Answers the RR is statistically significant and that means the exposure significantly increased or decreased the risk of disease; there is a difference between the exposed and unexposed groups RR or OR = 1.5[CI: 1.1, 1.9] What happens when the confidence intervals include 1? Correct Answers the RR is not statistically significant and the exposure did not significantly increase or decrease the risk of disease; there is not a difference between the exposed and unexposed groups RR or OR = 1.5 [0.8, 2.2)

What is a portal of exit? Correct Answers This is how the infectious agent leaves the host. Portals of exit include urine, feces, blood, emesis, respiratory tract (either airborne or droplet), crossing the placenta, semen, or blood sucking mosquitos. What is a reservoir? Correct Answers A habitat in which the agent grows and lives; they can be human, animal, invertebrates, or environment What is a susceptible host? Correct Answers Immune status, the overall health of the patient and the nutritional status. What is active immunity? Correct Answers The body produces its own antibodies in response to having been vaccinated or having a specific disease pathogen invade the body. What is epidemiology? Correct Answers The study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations and the application of this knowledge to the control of health problems. What is multicausality? Correct Answers The idea that every causal mechanism involves the joint action of a multitude of component causes. The cause of all diseases is multifactorial. What is natural history of disease? Correct Answers Natural history of a disease describes the progression of the disease process over time in an untreated individual

What is passive immunity? Correct Answers Administration of immune globulin The transplacental transfer of immune globulins to the fetus or the transfer of antibodies and other immunoprotectant in human milk. What is public health surveillance? Correct Answers The ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation of health- related data essential to information for the planning, implementation, and of public health practice, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those responsible for prevention control What is quarantining? Correct Answers Used for persons who have been exposed to a contagious disease but may or may not become ill What is the chain of infection? Correct Answers Reservoir, Portal of Exit, Transmission (Direct, Indirect, Airborne), Portal of Entry, Susceptible