NSG 53 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2024/2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH 100, Exams of Nursing

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NSG 53 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM NEWEST

2024 /2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH

100% CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A

What is allergic asthma associated with? Type 1 Hypersensitivity; IgE mediated What are the S&S of ARDS? SOB, Shallow Rapid Breathing, Atelectasis (aveoli close), Dyspnea, Inspiratory Crackles, Respiratory Alkalosis, Decreased Lung Compliance, Hypoxemia What are the S&S of tension pneumothorax? Pressure that builds up and pushes the trachea towards the unaffected side; Absent breath sounds over affected lung What is cystic fibrosis? Excessive mucous coating in the lungs and pancreas; Genetic Disorder (Autosomal Recessive) Changes with an asthma attack: Wheezing, SOB, Bronchoconstriction, Dyspnea, Tachypnea (rapid breathing) How do you interpret ABG's?

1. Look at pH (acidosis - low or alkalosis - high)
2. Check the CO2 (resp. indicator) - less than 35 (alkalosis) more than 45 (acidosis)
3. Check the HCO3 (metabolic indicator) - less than 22 (acidosis) more than 26 (alkalosis)
4. Determine primary disorder (matches the pH)
5. Determine if its compensated (pH returns to normal or near normal) Respiratory Acidosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? Elevation (increase) of pCO2 -- Decreased pH (acidosis) Respiratory Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/CO2?

Depression (decrease) of pCO2 -- Increased pH (alkalosis) Metabolic Acidosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? Depression (decrease) of HCO3 -- Decreased pH (acidosis) Metabolic Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? Elevation (increase) of HCO3 -- Increased pH (alkalosis) What are signs of renal cancer? No pain! Hematuria (Blood in the Urine) How do you manage end stage renal disease? Dialysis, Fluid Restriction, Low Protein Diet, Decrease Medication Doses, Anti-hypertensive, Give Ca Supplements, Give Erythropoietin Shot, Give Iron Supplements/Blood Transfusion (anemic) What do you call kidney pain? Nephralgia What is the most helpful test to determine renal function? Creatinine What bacteria is associated with acute pyelonephritis? E. coli What is the treatment for pre-renal kidney failure? Hypovolemia - Give Fluids What causes acute intrarenal failure? Kidney Stones (renal calculi), Renal Ischemia What do we see associated with SIADH? Fluid Retention (edema), Crackles in Lungs, Hypertension, Decreased Sodium (diluted) What causes myxedema coma?

Hypothyroidism What is the main underlying condition for Type I and Type II Diabetes? Impaired Glucose Transport What is the difference between Type I and Type II Diabetes? Type I - Complete lack of insulin (Hyperglycemia) Type II - Insulin resistance on the cells What would we see with hypoparathyroidism? Decrease of Calcium (softer bones), Positive Chvostek's Sign, Tetany/Hyperactivity of Muscles/Tremors What is the therapy for Type I Diabetes? Give Insulin What is the therapy for Type II Diabetes? Diet, Exercise, Oral Antihyperglycemic Medicine (sensitizes cells to take up insulin) What are some complications of Diabetes? Paresthesia, Neuropathy, Retinopathy, Cardiac Problems, Hypertension, Nephropathy What is Celiac Spruce? What should you avoid? Gluten Intolerance Avoid Wheat Products: Wheat, Rye, Barley What do we associate with hepatic encephalopathy? Increased Ammonia Levels How do histamine antagonists work to manage peptic ulcer disease? Acts of H2 receptors - Coats the stomach and decreases the secretion of stomach acids What are the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disorders? Chron's Disease Ulcerative Colitis

Chron's Disease Hardening of the smooth muscles - things aren't being absorbed. Ulcerative Colitis Large ulcers form in mucosal layer of colon and rectum. Bloody Diarrhea (!) What are the major risk factors for patients developing peptic ulcer disease? Spicy Foods, Stress, NSAID medications, Glucocorticoids, Alcohol, H. pylori What are signs and symptoms of gastric ulcers? Pain when swallowing (dysphagia), Epigastric pain (goes away if they eat food), Vomiting Bright Red Blood, Coffee Grain Colored Stool What are potential risk factors for breast cancer? Early period & Late menopause, Late 1st pregnancy (after 30), Genetic history - especially if mom/sister has it What increases the risk for having candidiasis? Oral or IV Antibiotics How are hepatitis A,B,C contracted? A: Oral - Fecal B: Blood & Bodily Fluids C: Contaminated Blood Transfusions before 1990; Bodily Fluids What happens in acceleration and deceleration? (Coup/Contrecoup) Polar injuries of the brain within the skull resulting in double injury What is the 1st priority for a patient who comes in with S&S of a stroke? Protect the Airway - keep it opened! What is a tonic-clonic seizure? "Grand Mal" (aka: Generalized Seizure) Unconsciousness, Convulsions, Muscle Rigidity

What stage of sleep do most dreams occur in? REM (Stage V) What are the poorest neurological symptoms we can see in an unconscious patient? Hyperactive/Hypoactive Reflexes, Pupil Restriction/No Response, Decorticate/Decerebrate Posturing What are the 3 parts of the Glaucoma scale? Verbal, Motor, Eye Movement Score of 3(least) - 15(best) What kind of hemorrhage do cerebral aneurisms cause? Subarachnoid What causes a cerebral aneurism? Ballooning out of a blood vessel - Atherosclerosis, Trauma, Hypertension, Infection What is the difference between focal and generalized seizure? Focal Seizure - affects 1 spot Generalized Seizure - all over the brain What are night terrors? Affects children, causes fear that is difficult to wake them up from. Fear is still persistent when awoken How do you determine how to treat a stroke? Determine if its a Hemorrhagic or Ischemic Stroke What are the S&S of Parkinson's disease? Pill Rolling, Shuffling Gait, Unintentional Tremors at Rest, Drooling What are the S&S of a right sided cerebral stroke? Life Sided Weakness What causes Encephalitis? West Nile Virus

What are risk factors for hemorrhagic strokes? Hypertension What kind of things will you see with fibro myalgia? (18) Tender Spots, Pain w/o Inflammation, Fatigue What would you expect when a student comes in with S&S of a fever of 102, headache, and confusion? Meningitis - very contagious! Do children have higher or lower thresholds for pain than adults? Lower What happens to the brain signals in multiple sclerosis? Slow Down What is one of the main complications with spinal cord injury patients, even years later after the injury? Autonomic Dysreflexia What is a normal intracranial pressure? 5 - 15 mmHg What will happen if a person has a intracranial pressure of 36? Cranium Herniation What are S&S of spinal shock? Loss of Reflexes Below Level of Injury, Disturbances of the Bowel and Bladder Function Somatic Pain On the body - superficial, arising from the skin described as sharp, dull, aching, or throbbing Visceral Pain

Pain in the internal organs and lining of body cavities described as aching, gnawing, throbbing, intermittent A patient complains of pain, inflammation, pattern of detmatome? Herpes Zoster (Shingles) What is gouty arthritis caused by? Uric Acid What are the complications of fractures? Infection, Improper Healing, Too Much Protein in the Blood, Ischemia, Compartment Syndrome What are the complications of compound (open) fractures? Infection (open wound), Increased Bleeding, Muscle Damage, Emboli - Compartment Syndrome is NOT a problem with this!!! Why are women at an increased risk for osteoporosis? Decreased Estrogen Levels (Menopause) What is the difference between Rheumatoid arthritis and Osteoarthritis? Rheumatoid: Autoimmuned, Pain Decreases Throughout the Day, Chronic Inflammation, Affects Tissues & Joints Osteoarthritis: Pain Increases Throughout the Day, Inflammation in the Joints When is a bone completely healed? Once the Callus is Reabsorbed What is Osteomalacia due to? Vitamin D Deficiency What do you do for a patient who has a casted broken arm with no capillary refill and the fingers turned white? Cut the Cast Off

What are S&S of rhabdomyolysis? Increased Potassium, Increased Proteins, Increased BUN/Creation, Tea Colored Urine When do your refer a person to the dermatologist for a mole? Painful, Bleeding, Uneven Boarders, Two-Toned (color), Larger than 1/2 cm, Change Over Time What are the most common causes of burns in children? Scalding What is scleroderma? Hardening of the Skin What is the 1st priority in caring for a burn patient? Save the Airway - keep it open! Why do we get atopic dermatitis or eczema? Allergic Reaction to the Skin What causes skin ulcers? Pressure, Shearing Force/Friction, Moisture What are melanocytes? Pigmented Skin What is the treatment of choice with major burn injury? Skin Graphing What type of shock do burn victims go into? Hypovolemic Shock - sudden loss of fluid What is impetigo? Crusty Infection due to Bacteria What is the aim of burn wound management?

Infection Control Autonomic Dysreflexia Medical Emergency caused by simultaneous sympathetic and parasympathetic activity (bowel or bladder distension pain or a pressure ulcer) What are S&S of Autonomic Dysreflexia? Hypertension, Bradycardia, Severe Headaches, Pallor below and Flushing above the cord lesions, Convulsions What are the normal ranges for pH, HCO3, and CO2? pH: 7.35 (acid) - 7.45 (base) HCO3: 22 (acid) - 26 (base) CO2: 35 (base) - 45 (acid) What is the major s&s that differentiates meningitis from encephalitis? Severe pain when moving the neck (extension/flexion) due to Inflamed Meninges What are the s&s of Vertigo? Loss of balance, Nystagmus (Rapid involuntary movements of the eyes) How are eyes damaged in Diabetes? Hypertension causes hemorrhage in the weak blood vessels What are the s&s of compartment syndrome? Pallor, Pain, No Pulse, Paresthesia, Paresis (slight/partial paralysis) How do you treat compartment syndrome? Make cuts to relieve the pressure What are the different types of skin cancer? Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, cutaneous melanoma, kaposi sarcome What are the s&s of scleroderma?

Decreased skin turgour, hard skin, hypopigmented skin, taut, shiny, difficulty moving fingers/joints What is the main difference between viral pneumonia and bacterial pneumonia? Viral- Dry Cough Bacterial - Cough up Mucous/Phlegm What happens to the lungs in ARDS? Pulmonary Hypertension, Oxygen has no effect on increasing the pulse-ox (hypoxemia), Atelectasis, Decreased Tidal Volume, Vasoconstriction, Fibrosis of Aveoli What are the s&s of COPD? Fatigue, Dyspnea, Cough, Hypoxemia, Hypercapnia (increased CO2), Cor pulmonale (right side heart failure), SOB What causes esophageal varices? Portal Hypertension, Gastric Acid Erosion What are the s&s of Cushing's disease? Increased ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), Wt. Gain, Moon Face, Buffalo Hump, Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, Decreased Potassium, Decreased Immune Function, Increased Sodium Why can prolonged seizure activity cause brain damage? Tissue Ischemia, Damage to the Neurons What happens in a myoclonic, absence, and a partial stroke? Myoclonic - sporadic (isolated), jerking movements Absence - brief loss of consciousness Partial - abnormal electrical activity is restricted to one brain hemisphere What is the classic sign of emphysema? Barrel Chest What is the classic sign of bronchitis? Productive Cough (Phlegm/Mucous/Sputum)