NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Final Exam Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

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NUR 2063 FINAL EXAM 2023 (FORM A)/NUR

ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM

REAL EXAM 100+ QUESTIONS AND CORRECT

ANSWERS RASMUSSEN |AGRADE

What is septic shock? - ANSWER>>Bacterial endotoxins - Decreased cardiac output - when you experience a significant drop in blood pressure that can lead to respiratory or heart failure, stroke, failure of other organs, and death Physiological response to fight or flight, assessment findings? - ANSWER>>Increased heart rate, tachycardia, anxiety, hypertension, hyperglycemia What is homeostasis? - ANSWER>>process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment function of ribosomes - ANSWER>>protein synthesis Difference between a sign and a symptom - ANSWER>>a sign is something you can see (objective) a symptom is something that they can tell you (subjective) What electrolytes are found more in intracellular space, and extracellular space? - ANSWER>>Intra = Potassium, magnesium, phosphate - Extra = Sodium, chloride, bicarb Possible lethal effect of HYPOnatremia - ANSWER>>Cerebral edema - Brain swelling - death What is an electrolyte pool? - ANSWER>>A store of electrolytes in your BONES Cause of edema- regarding protein? - ANSWER>>Low albumin

What is anaphylaxis? What are the S/S? - ANSWER>>Bronchioles constrict, increased capillary permeability, Peripheral Blood Vessels dilate/vasodilation What is passive immunity? - ANSWER>>the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal. (cord blood or breast milk) What are the characteristics of metastatic cells? - ANSWER>>Grow rapidly, divide and spread to other areas of the body What is sepsis? Goal of treatment. - ANSWER>>Endotoxins in the blood stream. Treat the underlying cause! Best way to prevent spread of diseases - ANSWER>>WASH YOUR HANDS! Complication of compartment syndrome - ANSWER>>Pain and tissue damage, cuts off blood supply, too much pressure in an enclosed space cause of rheumatoid arthritis - ANSWER>>autoimmune, systemic and inflammatory Cause of contact dermatitis? - ANSWER>>Contact with skin allergen Identify kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis- Image - ANSWER>>Scol- S curve, Lord- booty out, Kyph - hunch back What is osteoporosis? - ANSWER>>a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D. What is intussusception? - ANSWER>>The telescoping of one part of the intestinal tract into another

H. Pylori- What is it and what does it cause. - ANSWER>>Main cause of peptic ulcer disease, causes excess acid and deterioration of mucosa wall Signs/Symptoms of appendicitis - ANSWER>>Rebound tenderness and right lower quadrant pain S/S of Liver Disease. - ANSWER>>Upper right quadrant pain, jaundice Cause of hepatic encephalopathy - ANSWER>>Elevated ammonia - Liver's inability to convert ammonia into urea What causes esophageal varices - ANSWER>>Liver Dysfunction - Pressure in the liver

• cirrhosis of the liver - liver failure - portal HTN What causes jaundice? - ANSWER>>Excess bilirubin HPV puts the patient at risk for what? - ANSWER>>Cervical/rectal cancer What hormone do the kidney secrete that influence blood production? - ANSWER>>Erythropoietin What is cystitis. bacteria causes most cases of cystitis? - ANSWER>>Inflammation in the bladder lining, UTI, E. coli What is oliguria? - ANSWER>>Lack of urine What does CVA tenderness indicate? - ANSWER>>Kidney issues/failure - kidney infection

What causes stress incontinence? - ANSWER>>Bladder being under pressure- weakened bladder What is the purpose of dialysis for a patient with kidney disease? - ANSWER>>Remove toxic waste from blood Cause of prerenal kidney injury? - ANSWER>>Decreased blood flow - Low blood pressure/volume, heart disfunction RAAS System: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System - ANSWER>>Low-blood pressure, release renin, AT1, in the lungs, AT1 converts to AT2, AT2 cause vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure, AT2 causes adrenals to release aldosterone, kidneys reabsorb water and sodium, balance is restored What does the endocrine system produce? - ANSWER>>hormones What is a complication in type 1 diabetic patients where fats are being broken down for energy? - ANSWER>>DKA What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus? - ANSWER>>Type 1, autoimmune- insulin dependent. Type 2, body produces insulin but doesn't use it - insulin resistance What does the hormone insulin do? - ANSWER>>decreases blood glucose levels - Unlocks the cells to convert sugar to energy What does the hormone glucagon do? - ANSWER>>Increases BS levels - Counteracts the actions of insulin by stimulating hepatic glucose production and thereby increases blood glucose levels

What is SIADH? - ANSWER>>Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion What electrolyte disorder is associated with SIADH - ANSWER>>Sodium - hyponatremia - brain swelling Clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism - ANSWER>>Increased heart rate, Goiter, Grave's disease, heat intolerance, bulging eyes, body develops antibodies to TSH receptor Abnormal functioning of the parathyroid glands can lead to which electrolyte imbalance?

• ANSWER>>Calcium Cause of Cushing's Disease - ANSWER>>Corticosteroids - Excess cortisol, buffalo hump, moon face Cause of gout. - ANSWER>>Excess uric acid What condition is the result of excess growth hormone in childhood? - ANSWER>>Gigantism What is Multiple sclerosis? - ANSWER>>An autoimmune disease in which the immune system eats away at the protective covering of nerves. Demyelination of neurons Glasgow Coma Scale - what does this scale measure. - ANSWER>>A qualitative tool. Level of consciousness - The scale assesses patients according to three aspects of responsiveness: eye-opening, motor, and verbal responses. Cause of brain damage in cerebral palsy. When does it happen? - ANSWER>>Before or during birth and brain damage caused by mechanical means (forceps) or O deprivation (cord around the neck or kinked)

Most sensitive indication of altered brain function? - ANSWER>>Changes in the level of consciousness Characteristics of Parkinson's Disease. - ANSWER>>Dopamine deficiency, tremors, shuffling gait What are encephalitis and meningitis? - ANSWER>>Inflammation of the brain and meninges respectively - meninges are the lining of the brain How to you prevent further damage in spinal cord injury? - ANSWER>>Immobilizing/stabilization Mechanism of injury in spinal cord injury - ANSWER>>Spinal cord injury - FREQUENT twisting of the neck What are the physiological causes of increased intracranial pressure? - ANSWER>>Compression, inflammation and decreased perfusion Cause of CVA. Gold standard for diagnosis. - ANSWER>>Ischemia (clot) or hemorrhage (bleed) but usually ischemia. Lack of blood flow to the brain. Gold standard is CT scan What is reperfusion injury? - ANSWER>>tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to the tissue after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen What kind of seizure is a result of abnormal neuronal firing on both sides of the brain? - ANSWER>>Generalized - Epileptic - Grand mal What is the process of moving air into the lungs called? - ANSWER>>Ventilation

Clinical manifestations of a patient with acute respiratory failure (ARDS)? What would we expect the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels to be. - ANSWER>>restlessness. anxiety. sleepiness. loss of consciousness. rapid and shallow breathing. racing heart. irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias) profuse sweating. Frothy Sputum cyanosis Low O2 and high Co Findings in hypoventilation? - ANSWER>>Laboured breathing (Dyspnoea) during activity. Increased levels of anxiety. Disturbed sleep and sleep apnoea. Laboured breathing even during periods of inactivity. Persistent sleepiness throughout the daytime, prolonged sleep at night. Cyanosis Delirious state, including confusion and diminished awareness of surroundings. Visual disturbances and headaches. Difficulty staying awake. Difficulty remaining cognitively focused and responding to others. Who is at risk for pneumonia? - ANSWER>>The people most at risk are infants and young children, adults 65 or older, and people who have other health problems. Inactive or sedentary. Immunocompromised. Hospital S/S of asthma and exercise induced asthma - ANSWER>>Coughing. Wheezing.

Shortness of breath. Chest tightness or pain. Fatigue during exercise. Poorer than expected athletic performance. Avoidance of activity (a sign primarily among young children) S/S of Cystic Fibrosis - ANSWER>>Thick secretions Very salty-tasting skin. Persistent coughing, at times with phlegm. Frequent lung infections including pneumonia or bronchitis. Wheezing or shortness of breath. Poor growth or weight gain in spite of a good appetite. Frequent greasy, bulky stools or difficulty with bowel movements. Male infertility. Virchow's triad for risk for pulmonary emboli - ANSWER>>intravascular vessel wall damage, venous stasis of flow, and the presence of a hypercoagulable state. Stasis, endothelial damage and coagulopathy What is a Pulmonary Embolism and what is the primary cause? - ANSWER>>A pulmonary embolism happens when a blood vessel in your lungs becomes blocked. Most of the time, this blockage is caused by a blood clot and happens suddenly. Usually, a pulmonary embolism is caused by a blood clot travelling up from one of the deep veins in your body, usually in the leg. DVT that has broken off How is TB transmitted? - ANSWER>>airborne droplets - through the air when a person with untreated TB disease of the lungs coughs, sneezes, laughs, or sings. S/S of COPD. - ANSWER>>Dyspnea on exertion Chronic cough. Shortness of breath while doing everyday activities (dyspnea)

Frequent respiratory infections. Blueness of the lips or fingernail beds (cyanosis) Fatigue. Producing a lot of mucus (also called phlegm or sputum) Wheezing. Cause of barrel chest - ANSWER>>air trapping in the alveoli - hyperventilation What is tension pneumothorax? - ANSWER>>Pleural cavity greater than atmospheric pressure. A flap so air can't get out. Lung collapses. Need negative pressure. A puncture causes positive pressure. a life-threatening condition caused by the continuous entrance and entrapment of air into the pleural space, thereby compressing the lungs, heart, blood vessels, and other structures in the chest Know the normal ABGs and what they indicated. Alkaline/acidic? - ANSWER>>Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2): 80 to 100 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2): 35 to 45 mm Hg (5.1 to 5.6 kPa) - Arterial blood pH: 7.35 to 7.45 - Oxygen saturation (SaO2): 95% to 100% - Bicarbonate (HCO3): 22 to 26 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L) - Complication of anemia - ANSWER>>Organ hypoxic, reduced oxygen carrying capacity

• SOB, Weakness, Heart problems. Anemia can lead to a rapid or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). When you're anemic your heart must pump more blood to make up for the lack of oxygen in the blood. This can lead to an enlarged heart or heart failure Goal of anemia treatment - ANSWER>>Increase tissue perfusion Restore iron/oxygen levels

Cause, characteristic, and treatment of DIC - ANSWER>>SEPSIS - Bleeding and clotting - The main goals of treatment for DIC are to control clotting and bleeding and to treat the underlying cause. DIC may go away once the underlying cause is treated. S/S leukemia? - ANSWER>>Fever or chills. Persistent fatigue, weakness. Frequent or severe infections. Losing weight without trying. Swollen lymph nodes, enlarged liver or spleen. Easy bleeding or bruising. Recurrent nosebleeds. Tiny red spots in your skin (petechiae) What is polycythemia? - ANSWER>>Polycythemia refers to an increase in the number of red blood cells in the body. The extra cells cause the blood to be thicker, and this, in turn, increases the risk of other health issues, such as blood clots What is thrombocytopenia? - ANSWER>>Thrombocytopenia is a condition in which you have a low blood platelet count. Platelets (thrombocytes) are colorless blood cells that help blood clot. Treatment for hemophilia A - ANSWER>>FACTOR 8 VIII Treatment includes injections of a clotting factor or plasma. Defining characteristic of Hodgkin Lymphoma - ANSWER>>Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells What is hemostasis and what are the 3 main parts of hemostasis? - ANSWER>>Stopping the blood flow! Hemostasis includes three steps that occur in a rapid sequence: (1) vascular spasm, or vasoconstriction, a brief and intense contraction of blood vessels; (2) formation of a platelet plug; and (3) blood clotting or coagulation, which reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin mesh that acts as a glue to hold the clot

What is Sickle Cell Disease? What are the S/S? - ANSWER>>SOB, PAIN, RBC misshapen Risk factors for HTN, modifiable and non-modifiable? - ANSWER>>Mod- diet, exercise, smoking, weight. Non-mod- age, gender, ethnicity, genetics Which two organs are most affected by HTN? - ANSWER>>Heart, kidneys Backward effect of right sided heart failure - ANSWER>>peripheral edema, frequent night urination Effects of all forms of heart failure. - ANSWER>>Heart muscle weakens or hardens. Does to effectively pump enough blood - DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT S/S of left sided heart failure - ANSWER>>Shortness of breath, pink frothy sputum, crackles What is the difference between stable and unstable angina? - ANSWER>>Stable is relived by resting. Unstable is not Characteristic of CAD? - ANSWER>>Chest pain and SOB, plaque buildup, decreased O2 perfusion to heart muscle Causes of atherosclerotic plaques/CAD? - ANSWER>>Endothelial injury S/S of MI. How is it diagnosed? - ANSWER>>Chest pain and 12 lead EKG What is sepsis? - ANSWER>>Sepsis is the body's extreme response to an infection. reaction to pathogen in the blood

S/S of hypovolemic shock? - ANSWER>>an emergency condition in which severe blood or other fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body. Cause of cardiogenic shock? - ANSWER>>MI- Severe heart attack - a life-threatening condition in which your heart suddenly can't pump enough blood to meet your body's needs. The condition is most often caused by a severe heart attack, but not everyone who has a heart attack has cardiogenic shock