NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSIT, Exams of Nursing

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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

• • Neither recessive nor dominant—co-dominant.
  • Hemoglobin S causes erythrocytes to be abnormally shaped.
  • Abnormal erythrocytes carry less oxygen and clog vessels, causing hypoxia and tissue ischemia. Exercise-induced asthma Chronic Bronchitis Sickle Cell Anemia Occupational asthma
• blood flow reestablished to quickly

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

Distributive shock Anaphylactic shock Reprofusion injury spinal cord injury

• • Life-threatening complication of many conditions
  • Results from an inappropriate immune response
  • Widespread coagulation followed by massive bleeding because of the depletion of clotting factors

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

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• Complications: shock and multisystem organ failure Disseminated intravascular coagulation - DIC Chronic Bronchitis Manifestations and Treatment Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation DIC Traumatic Brain Injury Complications

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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+

NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter 2021/

• thyroid gland - T3, T4,

calcitonin parathyroid gland - parathyroid hormone during acute respiratory failure

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

stress incontinence secondary brain injury Glands that regulate calcium

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

• • Result from direct injury to the spinal cord or indirectly from damage to surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels.
  • Causes: motor vehicle accidents, falls, violence, sports injuries, and weakening vertebral structures (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis or osteoporosis).
  • Direct damage can occur if the spinal cord is pulled, pressed sideways, or compressed.
  • This damage may occur if the head, neck, or back twists abnormally during an accident or injury.
  • Hemorrhage, fluid accumulation, and edema can occur inside or outside the spinal cord (but within the spinal canal).
  • The accumulation of blood or fluid can compress the spinal cord and damage it.
  • Spinal shock: temporary suppression of neurologic function because of spinal cord compression; neurologic function gradually returns. Complications

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

• Loss of neurologic functioning
• Varying degrees of paralysis
• Cauda equina syndrome: injury to the nerve roots in the area of the cauda equina
• Autonomic hyperreflexia: a massive sympathetic response that can cause headaches, hypertension, tachycardia, seizures, stroke, and death; most commonly associated with injuries above T
• Neurogenic shock: an abnormal vasomotor response secondary to disruption of sympathetic impulses
• Respiratory failure
• Effects of immobility (e.g., constipation, pulmonary infections, urinary infections, thrombus, impaired skin integrity, contractures)
• Changes in bowel and bladder function
• Sexual dysfunction
• Chronic pain
• Death Normal HCO3 levels

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

Spinal Cord Injury Sickle Cell Anemia Myocardial Infarction

• high blood pressure damages two organs beta cells Liver failure spinal cord injury heart and kidneys

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

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• • Tends to be more sudden and severe
    • Causes: renal disease, adrenal gland tumors, certain congenital heart defects, certain medications, and illegal

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

drugs stress incontinence Increased Intracranial Pressure Chronic Bronchitis Secondary hypertension

• • Chronic inflammatory disease characterized by thickening and hardening of the arterial wall.
  • Inflammatory process is triggered by a vessel wall injury.
  • Lesions develop on the vessel wall and calcify over time.
  • Leads to vessel obstruction, platelet aggregation, and vasoconstriction

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

• Complications: peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease, thrombi, hypertension, and stroke
• Manifestations: asymptomatic until complications develop
• Treatment: similar to dyslipidemia with the addition of angioplasty, bypass, laser procedures, and artherectomy Atherosclerosis Lobar pneumonia Tuberculosis TB Hypertension

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

• kidney injury and prerenal injury can lead to hemostasis asthma bleeding seizure signs
• • Second most common blood cancer
• Cancer of the leukocytes
• Leukemia cells abnormally proliferate, crowding normal blood cells Pneumonia Leukemia

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

Thalassemia hypoatremia

• • Increased volume in the cranial cavity
  • Causes: traumatic brain injury, tumor, hydrocephalus, cerebral edema, and hemorrhage coronary artery disease (CAD) Tuberculosis Secondary Infection Leukemia Manifestations and Treatment Increased Intracranial Pressure

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

• Thalassemia major is the most severe form of beta thalassemia. It develops when beta globin genes are missing. The symptoms of thalassemia major generally appear before a child's second birthday. The severe anemia related to this condition can be life-threatening. Polycythemia Manifestations and Treatment Hemophilia A Thalassemia major Sickle Cell Anemia
• Left ventricle cannot maintain adequate cardiac output. Cardiogenic shock

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

Nosocomial pneumonia Anaphylactic shock esophageal varices

• decreased blood volume alpha cells Encephilitis Hypovolemic shock Hypovolemia

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

• • Blue bloaters"
  • Characterized by inflammation of the bronchi, a productive cough, and excessive mucus production
  • Complications: frequent respiratory infections and respiratory failure Chronic Bronchitis Occupational asthma Intrinsic asthma Acute Bronchitis
• • Prolonged elevation in blood pressure.
• Excessive cardiac workload due to vasoconstriction, which leads to increased

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

afterload.

• Vasoconstriction decreases renal blood flow, leading to inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system.
• Hypertension can be classified into systolic or diastolic based on which measure is elevated. seizure signs Hypertension Emphysema Tuberculosis TB

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

• strokes caused by blockage in a blood vessel in the brain Ischemic damage is permanent cystic fibrosis Ischemic strokes unstable angina Thrombocytopenia
• • Staging
  • Stage I: The lymphoma cells are in one lymph node group or one part of a tissue or an organ.
  • Stage II: The lymphoma cells are in at least two lymph node groups on the same side of the diaphragm, or the lymphoma cells are in one part of

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

a tissue or an organ and the lymph nodes near that organ.

• Stage III: The lymphoma cells are in lymph nodes above and below the diaphragm. Lymphoma cells may be

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

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found in one part of a tissue or an organ near these lymph node groups. Cells may also be found in the spleen.

• Stage IV: Lymphoma cells are found in several parts of one or more organs or tissues, or the lymphoma cells are in an organ and in distant lymph nodes.
• Recurrent: The disease returns after treatment. Coronary Artery Disease Hodgkin's Lymphoma Staging Pregnancy-induced hypertension Peripheral Vascular Disease

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

• make glucagon - helps raise blood sugar levels alpha cells anemia symptoms hypoatremia appendicitis
• has Reed-Sternberg cells tension pneumothorax Cushing's syndrome

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

Normal HCO3 levels Hodgkin's lymphoma

• • Manifestations: dyspnea, labored and shallow respirations, rales, productive cough with frothy sputum, hypoxia, cyanosis, fever, hypotension, tachycardia, restlessness, confusion, lethargy, and anxiety
  • Treatment: endotracheal intubation with mechanical ventilator, oxygen therapy, corticosteroids, antibiotics (if bacterial infections are present), and emboli precautions Alzheimer's Disease Manifestations and Treatment Cystic Fibrosis Manifestations and Treatment Emphysema Manifestations and Treatment

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Manifestations and Treatment

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

• inflammation of the meninges menigitis Balance pnemonia Alkalosis
• damage to the brain caused by a different disorder injury responding to something else multiple sclerosis

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

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NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY(NUR2063) /

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN

UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED

secondary brain injury Traumatic Brain Injury contact dermatitis

• Another word for homeostasis Balance Stable Angina Encephilitis menigitis