Download NUR 2063 EXAM 1 2025 | ALL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED A+ | LATEST EXAM and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity!
NUR 2063 EXAM 1 2025 | ALL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED A+ |
LATEST EXAM | VERIFIED ANSWERS
- Which of the following assessment findings indicates an alteration in homeostatic control mechanisms? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
- Injury that occurs when blood flow is diminished to tissue is called _____ injury. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ischemic
- The cancer growth continuum is divided into which of the following stages? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Initiation, promotion, progression
- The activities of the cell are directed by which cell structure? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Cytoplasm Enzymes that use oxidation to convert food materials into energy are found in sausage-shaped structures called: ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------ -----mitochondria
- A patient presents with hyponatremia. What is the priority assessment for the patient? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Mental status changes
What is the priority assessment for a patient with a potassium imbalance: -- -------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------EKG
- A patient presents with hypomagnesemia, what would the nurse anticipate the calcium levels would be? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- --------low A patient presents with hypercalcemia. What would the nurse anticipate the phosphorous levels would be? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- low
- The nurse is teaching a patient who has recently given birth about immunity that has been passed to the baby in utero. Which statement by the patient indicates that additional teaching is needed? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------"I had chickenpox and am immune to it, so my baby will not need to have the chickenpox vaccine."
- In preparing a community teaching program, which information presented by the nurse addresses a type of secondary cancer prevention? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Annual measurement of prostate- specific antigen levels
- A 2-day post-op heart transplant patient begins to have fever and signs and symptoms of heart failure. The patient is more than likely experiencing which of the following? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Type IV delayed hypersensitivity
---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A) "They are the first to arrive at the scene of infection." B) "They make all sorts of antibodies." C) "They eat up bacteria, viruses, and parasites." D) "They turn into memory cells that keep the person immune." E) "They release chemicals to stop inflammation when healing is done." B & D
- Difference between a sign and a symptom ---------CORRECT ANSWER-- ---------------Sign - Objective Symptom - Subjective The two types of cells seen during a Type 1 hypersensitivity --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Mast and Basophil cells Type 2 Hypersensitivity - Blood transfusion ---------CORRECT ANSWER----
Mantoux test ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------PPD - TB test What is the etiology of gout ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------High uric acid levels A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Primary prevention
A disorder of unknown cause → Idiopathic ---------CORRECT ANSWER----- ------------True Which of the following is a statement about disease pathogenesis? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Strep infection activates immune cells, leading to inflammation An obese teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Secondary prevention When potassium intake is less than potassium output (or when potassium shifts from plasma into cells) ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- hypokalemia Intake of water and Na is less than output of water and Na --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ECV deficit Avoid massive vitamin D supplementation and drink lots of fluids to prevent kidney damage ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Patient teaching for hypercalcemia Besides immunity, what other function does the lymphatic system serve ---- -----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------fluid balance
135 - 145 mEq/L ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------sodium serum range Alarm stage of GAS ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------increased heart rate Which space does fluid enter to cause edema ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------interstitial compartment Treats hives, pruritis and swelling ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- histamine and prostaglandin Macrophage is a type of white blood cell which is a phagocyte. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------True zQuiz Allergies are associated with elevated ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------- ------eosinophils What causes edema? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure Oncogene is associated with the initiation of cancer ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------True
Gout is caused by the following: ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- elevated uric acid Glucocorticoids reduce inflammation by ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- --------decreasing the permeability in capillaries Wound edges that are approximated signify the wound is infected --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------False Which of these exemplifies habituation ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------loud noise no longer causes fight/flight response Ecchymosis means ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------large bruise Purpura means ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------medium bruise Tumors "new growth" not all are life threatening; benign or malignant- Describes ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------neoplasm May be Primary Bone Cancer or Metastatic ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------Clinical manifestation of Chondrosarcoma
What the four different parts of homeostasis ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical manifestations, Treatment implications What are the levels of prevent ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Primary - Preventative measure Secondary - Detection Tertiary - Reducing effects Mitochondria ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Powerhouse of the cell Produces ATP (Glucose+O2) Osmosis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane What are the fluid compartments ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- ICF and ECF Sign ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Objective - Rash, erythema Symptom ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Subjective - Fever, naseu How is fluid between interstitial and intracellular compartments distributed? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Osmosis
Main complication of sodium imbalance ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- --------Hyper/Hyponatremia Concern - Hypovolemia Kidney failure Main complication of calcium imbalance ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------- ---------Hypercalcemia/Hypocalcemia Kidney disease How is fluid lost from the body ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Feces, urine, insensible loss
- How do we lose fluid from extracellular compartment? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Vomiting, diarrhea, urinating, sweating, diuretics'
- What is potential and fatal complication of hyponatremia --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Can cause pressure in brain d/t fluid volume excess
- Priority assessment for a patient with a potassium imbalance. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Cardiac - Bradycardia, abnormal EKG, Dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest
Reduced resistance to stressors
- What clinical findings would the patient in the fight or flight stage present with? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Increased vitals, pupils dialted
- Signs of inflammation ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Pain, warmth, edema, erythema, loss of function
- Type 1 hypersensitivity mediator and its effect on the body --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------IgE - Hay fever, systemic anaphylaxis, asthma
- What do histamines do? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Stimulate vasodilation to increase blood flow to dilute toxins
- A lab test that can measure inflammation ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------CBC - Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) & C-reactive protein
- What is metastasis? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------to spread - (Cancer spreading) Cachexia ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Muscle wasting
- What are the properties of cancer cells? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----- ------------Rapid growing, metastasize quickly, fatal, highly undifferentiated The effects of bone marrow suppression in cancer patients --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Anemia - check & replace iron, blood transfusion, erythropoietin injection Leukopenia - teach pt ways to prevent infection Thrombocytopenia - pt at risk for bleeding, unable to clot
- What are example of benign cells ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----Edema polyps, moles, skin tag, cysts, fibroid tumor
- Steps in carcinogenesis ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Initiation - introduction of the agent Promotion - initiation of uncontrolled growth Progression - permanent malignant changes What are T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------T cells recognize antigen, produced in bone marrow, mature in thymus, 2 types (regulator - helper & suppressor, & effector/killer), protect against viruses & cancer, responsible for hypersensitivity reactions & transplant rejections. B cells encounter antigen, produced & mature in bone marrow, differentiate into 2 types (memory & immunoglobulin-secreting [Ig]), antibodies produced 72hrs after initial antigen exposure, subsequent exposure to same antigen leads to quicker response
- Transfusion reactions, Hemolytic disease Type 3 hypersensitivity ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------B- Lymphocyte
- IgG
- Host tissue cells
- Complement
- Serum sickness, Arthus phenomenon SLE, Rheumatoid arthritis Type 4 hypersensitivity ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------T- Lymphocyte
- None
- Host tissue cells
- Cytokines
- Contact dermatitis, Infection allergy Apoptosis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Cell kill themselves Cancer cells do not go through this Carcinogenesis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Process in which cancer develops Gangrene ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Severe hypoxic injury Benign cell ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------slow, progressive, localized, well defined, resembles host, grows by expansion
Malignant ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Rapid growth, spreads quickly, Fatal Cancer complications ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Anemia - Decrease in circulation of blood Cachexia - Unexplained weight loss and weakness Leukopenia - Decrease in circulating white blood cells Thrombocytopenia - Decrease in circulating platelets General adaptation syndrome ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Alarm Resistance Exhaustion Rheumatoid arthritis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Systemic autoimmune condition involving multiple joints. Inflammatory response in rheumatoid joint leads to accumulation of immune cells and infiltration of the synovium Rheumatoid arthritis clinical manifestation ---------CORRECT ANSWER------ -----------Low grade fever, malaise, muscle spasms, AM muscle stiffness, bilateral joint pain, fatigue, anorexia, anemia, depression, unsteady gait
- Conditions which result from excessive immune response --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------RA, SLE, Guillain-Barre syndrome
- The 5 P's of compartment syndrome ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------- ---------Pain Pallor Pulseless Paresthesia Paralysis
- What is muscular dystrophy ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- genetically driven progressive muscle weakness & degeneration; muscle is replaced by fat and fibrous connective tissue
- What is Fibromyalgia ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Widespread muscular pains & fatigue 1st degree burn ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Only the epidermis (red, painful, and edema) 2nd degree burn ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------epidermis and part of dermis (blistered) 3rd degree burn ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Full thickness damage through skin into nerves and muscles Simple fracture ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Single break with bone ends keeping alignment
Transverse Fracture ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Straight across the bone shaft Oblique fracture ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------at an angle to the bone shaft Spiral fracture ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Twists around the bone shaft Comminuted fracture ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Multiple fracture lines and bones pieces Greenstick fracture ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Incomplete break in the bone, only slight bend Compression fracture ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Bone is crushed or collapses / small pieces Complete fracture - ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------broken into two or more sperate pieces Incomplete fracture ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Partially broken
