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What causes stress incontinence ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Bladder being under pressure, weakened bladder, cough/sneeze/laugh What is the purpose of dialysis for a patient with kidney disease? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------to remove metabolic wastes and correct fluid and electrolyte abnormalities What is the cause of prerenal kidney injury ---------CORRECT ANSWER----- ------------Decreased blood flow from low blood pressure/volume, heart dysfunction What triggers the RAAS system ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Decreased blood pressure triggers vasoconstriction and retention of salt and water What does the endocrine system produce ---------CORRECT ANSWER------ -----------hormones What is a complication of type 1 diabetic patients where fats are broken down for energy ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Diabetic ketoacidosis - DKA
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Type 1 has little to no insulin, type 2 has insulin but either not enough or cells have become insulin resistant. Type 2 may be reversible with weight loss. What does the hormone insulin do ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
- Unlocks the cell membrane and allows glucose to enter and be used for energy. What does the hormone glucagon do ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------ -----Counteracts the actions of insulin by stimulating hepatic glucose production and thereby increasing blood glucose levels. What is SIADH? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Involves excessive release of antidiuretic hormone - causes fluid retention, causing edema, increased urine osmolarity (concentration) and hyponatremia What electrolyte disorder is associated with SIADH ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Sodium - hyponatremia - brain swelling Clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism ---------CORRECT ANSWER------ -----------Increased heart rate, goiter, Graves' disease, heat intolerance, bulging eyes, develop antibodies to TSH receptor Abnormal functioning of parathyroid glands can lead to which electrolyte imbalance ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------calcium (hypercalcemia)
What is the cause of edema in regards to protein? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Low albumin What is the possible lethal effect of hyponatremia? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Cerebral edema/rapid brain swilling and coma What is an electrolytes pool? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Electrolytes are stores in the bones; shift between ECF and pool in response to need/excess What are the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Bronchioles constrict, increased capillary permeability, peripheral blood vessels dilate/vasodilation What is passive immunity? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal. What are the characteristics of metastatic cells? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body. They also invade their neighbor cells and take over them. What is sepsis and what is the goal of treatment? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Severe inflammation in response to a pathogen in the blood; treat underlying cause, resuscitate patient from septic shock, ID source of infection, and treat with antibiotic therapy/surgery/both
What is the best way to prevent the spread of disease? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------wash hands What is a complication of compartment syndrome? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------pain and tissue damage What is the cause of Rheumatoid arthritis ---------CORRECT ANSWER------ -----------An inflammatory response due to an autoimmune disorder What is the cause of contact dermatitis ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------direct skin contact with an allergen What is kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------ -----------Scoliosis - S curve Lordosis - opposite hunchback Kyphosis - hunch back What is osteoporosis? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------a chronic, progressive metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility. What is intussusception? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The telescoping of one part of the intestinal tract into another
What is cystitis and what bacteria causes most cases? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Inflammation of the bladder lining, UTI, E. Coli What is oliguria? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------low urine output What does costal vertebral angle tenderness indicate? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Kidney issues/failure cause of gout ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------excess uric acid What condition is the result of excess growth hormone in children --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Gigantism What is multiple sclerosis? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A disease in which the immune system eats away at the protective covering of nerves. What does the Glasgow Coma Scale measure? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------level of consciousness When does cerebral palsy occur? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- before, during, or after birth (up to 3 years)
What is the most sensitive indication of altered brain function --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------altered level of consciousness What are the characteristics of Parkinson's Disease ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Decreased dopamine levels, slowed speech and movements, shuffle steps What are encephalitis and meningitis ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------ -----Encephalitis - Inflammation of the brain. Meningitis - Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. How do you prevent further damage in a spinal cord injury --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Immobilization of the spine Mechanism of injury in spinal cord injury ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------- ---------Frequent twisting of the neck What are the physiological causes of increased intracranial pressure --------
- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Compression, inflammation and decreased perfusion What is the cause of CVA and the gold standard for diagnosis --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke due to lack of blood flow to the brain; CT scan is gold standard
Signs and symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis ---------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -------Freq resp infections, inability to gain wt, positive sweat electrolyte test, rales, wheezing, productive large amounts of mucoid, may have hemoptysis What are the three parts of Virchow's triad for risk for pulmonary emboli ---- -----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Venous stasis, endothelial wall damage, hypercoagulability What is a pulmonary embolism and what is the primary cause --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Emboli that originates in the venous circulation that travels to the right side of the heart and then on to the pulmonary circulation. Caused by blood clots that travel to the lungs from deep veins in the legs (DVT) or, rarely, from veins in other parts of the body. How is TB transmitted? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------airborne droplets Signs and symptoms of COPD ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Cough, sputum production, dyspnea, prolonged expiration, barrel chest, activity intolerance. What is the cause of a barrel chest ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- --Occurs when the lungs become chronically overinflated with air, forcing the rib cage to stay expanded for long periods of time.
What is a tension pneumothorax? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------
- A puncture that lets atmospheric air into the lungs causing positive pressure. The pleural cavity acts as a one-way trap for air inside the lungs. It is an EMERGENCY because it compresses the heart, lungs, and blood vessels Normal CO2 levels ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------35 mm Hg - 45 mm Hg Normal O2 levels ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 80 - 100 mmHg Normal pH range ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------7.35-7. normal bicarbonate levels ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- 22 - 26 mEq/L Complication of anemia ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Decreased RBCs, decreased hemoglobin, leading to lack of oxygen and ischemic tissue and organs Goal of anemia treatment ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Increase tissue perfusion Restore iron/oxygen levels Cause, characteristic, and treatment of DIC ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------SEPSIS - Bleeding and clotting - The main goals of treatment for
Risk factors for hypertension? Modifiable and non-modifiable --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Modifiable - diet, exercise, smoking, weight Non-modifiable - age, gender, ethnicity, genetics What are two organs most affected by HTN ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------Heart and kidneys right sided heart failure ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Peripheral edema, decreased cardiac output, JVD Left sided heart failure ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------SOB, crackles, pink frothy sputum What is the difference between stable and unstable angina --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Stable - relieved by resting Unstable - not relieved by resting Characteristics of CAD ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Insufficient O2 delivery to heart muscle Causes of atherosclerotic plaques/CAD ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- --------Endothelial wall damage
Signs and symptoms of Myocardial Infarction and diagnosis --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Chest pain, diagnosed with 12 lead EKG What is sepsis? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection What is septic shock? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, decreased blood pressure and decreased cardiac output Signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock ---------CORRECT ANSWER---- -------------Decreased volume in blood vessels such as hemorrhage or over use of diuretics Cause of cardiogenic shock ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------------ myocardial infarction
- lethal ventricular arrhythmias
- end-stage heart failure
