NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2021 /, Exams of Pathophysiology

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NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest

2021 /

2022) Rasmussen

1. What are the functions of the kidneys?: Regulation of blood pressure; regulat- ing blood osmolarity; removal of toxins; blood filtration; activate vitamin D
2. What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy?: drib- bling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary retention, decreased stream
3. What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts?: ADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone
4. What is type 2 diabetes characterized as?: peripheral tissue insulin resistance
5. What are the clinical manifestations of Graves' disease?: Exophthalmos (bulging eyes), goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat intolerance, anxiety- hyperthyroidism
6. What processes occur during fasting?: glucogenesis; glycogenesis

7.What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production

in type 1 diabetes?: adipose/ fat

8. What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism?: myxedema, fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain
9. What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism?: Goiter, fatigue, weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle pain
10. What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism?: fatigue, body aches, bone pain, depression, headaches, memory loss
11. What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism?: numbness, tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms
12. What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis?: fruity breath, drowsi- ness, nausea, thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting
13. What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation?: negative feed- back loop
14. What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland?: Growth Hor- mone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, LH, ACTH and endorphins

15. What is diabetes insipidus?: a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss
16. clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus: polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, and polydipsia
17. clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome?: Excessive secretion of cor- tisol causes redistribution of fat, "moon face", "buffalo" hump on the back and pendulous abdomen. - Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen develops stretch marks - • ndividual bruises easily and wound healing is poor - Approximately 1/2 develop mental status changes from irritability to severe psychi- atric disturbance - Females may experience changes due to increased androgen levels
18. clinical manifestations of secondary hypothyroidism: Weakness. - Fatigue. -

Cold intolerance.

• Constipation. - Weight gain. - Depression. - Joint or muscle pain. - Brittle fingernails.

19. clinical manifestations of primary hypothyroidism: fatigue. - lethargy. - sensitivity to cold. - depression. - muscle weakness.
20. clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism: hypertension and hy- pokalemia
21. clinical manifestations of secondary aldosteronism: High blood pressure. - Low level of potassium in the blood. -

Feeling tired all the time. - Headache. - Muscle weakness. - Numbness.

22. What is myxedema?: severe hypothyroidism; non pitting edema
23. What are the causes of hypothyroidism?: Hashimoto's disease: most com- mon when the immune system attacks the thyroid cells

• after surgical or radioactive treatment for hyperthyroidism
• head or neck radiation for cancer
• iodine deficiency

24. What are the three p's in diabetes?: polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia
25. What is the difference between primary and secondary endocrine disor- ders?: Primary endocrine disease inhibits the action of downstream glands, mal- function of the hormone producing gland; Secondary endocrine disease is indicative of a problem with the pituitary gland.
26. What is the cause of Cushing syndrome?: Excessive corticosteroids

27. What is acute gastritis?: Transient inflammation of the gastric mucosa
28. What is chronic gastritis?: Chronic mucosal inflammatory changes leading to atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. This is mostly due to H. Pylori, but in some cases it can be autoimmune.
29. What causes gastritis?: Acute - circulatory disturbances (shock) and exposure to exogenous irritants (drugs [aspirin], alcohol, chemicals, lactose intolerance) Chronic - cause is unknown is probably mediated by immunologic mechanism or related to infection with H. pylori
30. What is amenorrhea?: - absence of menstruation
31. What is metrorrhagia?: - bleeding between periods
32. What is dysmenorrhea?: - painful periods
33. Costal vertebral angle (CVA): angle formed by the 12th rib and the vertebral column on the posterior thorax, overlying the kidney; percuss for kidney tenderness
34. What causes flank pain?: kidney stones

35. When is enuresis abnormal?: after age 5
36. People with polycystic kidney disease should do what?: increase fluid in- take, measure blood pressure regularly
37. What is polyuria?: frequent urination
38. Female Mutilation: risks for uti, trouble urinating

39.What hormone causes bleeding during menopause?: estrogen

40. Where does exchange occur in the kidneys?: As the filtered fluid moves along the tubule, the blood vessel reabsorbs almost all of the water, along with minerals and nutrients your body needs. The tubule helps remove excess acid from the blood. The remaining fluid and wastes in the tubule become urine.

41.What increases the risk for bladder cancer?: smoking

42. What is the kidney filtration path?: Bowmans capsule>proximal tubule>loop of henle>distal tubule
43. What causes increase in glumerial filtration?: increase capillary hydrostatic pressure

44. What is cystitis?: inflammation of the urinary bladder; UTI, painful burning, itching,
45. What is a hydrocele?: Fluid collection within the tunica vaginalis
46. What are the symptoms of prositis?: pain, fever, trouble urinating, trouble with urine retention
47. What is renal colic?: kidney stone related pain
48. What is the bacteria associated with syphilis?: anaerobic spirochetes
49. What are complications of syphilis?: vascular problems, cardiovascular, aor- tic stenosis, inflamed aorta, aorta necrosis, brain aneurysm, blindness, numbness, tingly, loopyness
50. What end periods?: anorexia, menopause, pregnancy, hypothyroidism, adeno- mas and carcinomas

51.When is RAS activated?: low BP

52. Treatment for herpes: Acyclovir, sitz bath, dry heat

53.symptoms of post streptococcal glomerulonephritis: dark urine

54. What causes acromegaly?: excessive GH during adulthood

55. Primary hypothyroidism levels: low T4, high TSH
56. Secondary hypothyroidism levels: low T3, T4 and TSH
57. What is gigantism?: hypersecretion of GH in children
58. What is SIADH?: syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone; too much sodium secretion
59. What is the tumor of the adrenal gland?: Pheochromocytoma
60. Acromegaly/Gigantism: coarse facial features, deepening of voice, increased ring or shoe size
61. Graves disease: unexplained weight loss, goiter, bulging eyes

62.Myexdema coma is associated with hyperthyroidism: false

63. Patient with dysmenorrhea: assess pain in pelvic area and upper thighs
64. What is the sign of acute prostatitis?: tender prostate

65.CVA is pain is another description for flank pain?: True

66. A client has flank pain of 6 on a scale from 0-10. This flank pain is likely be- cause of what reason?: possible pyelonephritis, with inflammation and stretching of renal caps

67. Which is indicative of secondary hypothyroidism?: Low TSH and LOW T3/T
68. What is indicative of primary hypothyroidism?: High TSH and Low T3/T

69.What are the two stress hormones that increase glucose

production in the liver?: Corticosteroids

• catecholamines

70.A client presents with right lower abdominal pain and occasional

diarrhea. This is likely?: Appendicitis

71. A female arrives at the clinic complaining of bleeding between menstrual periods. The nurse identifies this as?: Metrorrhagia
72. A good explanation for myxedema in thyroid deficiency is?: Lack of thyroid hormone contributes to non- pitting edema

73. An example of a genetic defect in young children with cystitis is?: Vesi- coureteral reflux
74. Diabetes insipidus is caused from?: too little ADH production
75. Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is often a cause of?: peptic ulcer disease
76. In response to a respiratory infection and a high fever, the kidney tubules maintain a normal ph of body fluids by?: secreting acids and reabsorbing bicar- bonate ions
77. Metabolic acidosis develops with bilateral kidney disease for what rea- son?: tubule exchanges are impaired
78. The client has gallstones obstructing the cystic duct. What would the nurse anticipate in the assessment of the client?: severe upper right quadrant pain
79. The glomerular filtration will increase by which of the following?: increase hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
80. Cardinal signs of pheochromocytoma?: hypertension
81. The nurse expects which of the following in an assessment of a client with ketoacidosis?: deep fast respirations and lethargy

82.The nurse is aware that cushings syndrome is caused by

which of the following?: hypercortisolism

83. What causes Hirschsprung Disease?: inadequate innervation of the colon

84.What would the nurse expect to assess in a client with Addisons

disease?-

: severe fatigue, muscle joint pain, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, darkening areas of the skin

85.Which of the following results from obstruction of the left ureter

by a renal calculus?: severe renal colic

86. What are the clinical manifestations of appendicitis?: right lower abdominal pain, nausea and occasionally diarrhea
87. What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis?: overgrowth of Clostrid- ioides difficile (C difficile) bacteria; overexposure to antibiotics
88. What is the nonpharmacologic treatment for pseudocolitis?: fecal trans- plant, colectomy, antibiotics

89. What is the cause of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)?: bacteria spread from person to person; bacteria penetrates the stomach mucous lining and generates substances to neutralize stomach acids
90. What are the clinical manifestations of gastric carcinoma?: No early signs; later signs are anorexia weight loss and GI bleeding
91. What causes gastroenteritis due to Salmonella?: Raw or under cooked chick- en or eggs
92. What are complications of a perforated gallbladder?: Sepsis infection
93. What causes jaundice?: Increased serum bilirubin over 2.5 mg/dL
94. What disease is associated with jaundice?: Cirrhosis of the liver; hepatitis
95. What is dysphasia?: difficulty swallowing
96. What is occult blood?: Blood that is not visible to the naked eye

97.What should patients with newly diagnosed pancreatitis avoid?:

Alcohol

98. What causes greenish- yellow emesis?: Bile
99. What is the most frequent location of peptic ulcers?: proximal duodenum

100. What types of hepatitis increase the risk of hepatocellular

carcinoma?: -

Hep B and C

101. What are the clinical manifestations of chronic gastritis?: inflammation of the stomach lining and anorexia from not eating

102. What types of things put a patient at risk for developing

acute gastritis?-

: lactose intolerance, regular use of pain relievers, stress, excessive alcohol use

103. What are the clinical manifestations of acute gastritis?: GI distress, bloat, , nausea, vomiting, anorexia from not eating, postprandial discomfort
104. What is the cause of hiatal hernia?: Increased intra-abdominal pressure, such as ascites, pregnancy, obesity, chronic straining or coughing
105. What is the cause of a rigid abdomen in peritonitis?: inflamed peritoneum

106. What is cryptorchidism?: undescended testes
107. What are complications of cryptorchidism?: infertility and cancer
108. What are the clinical manifestations of acute prostatitis?: dysuria, frequen- cy, urgency, painful prostate
109. What is a complication of removing too much fluid during dialysis?: he- modialysis, low BP

110. What would you monitor while removing fluid during

dialysis?: BP

111. What are the clinical manifestations of pyelonephritis?: CVA tenderness, fever, chills, N/V, anorexia which increases fever induced dehydration

112. Individuals with HPV are at risk for developing what

disease?: Cervical cancer

113. What is enuresis?: bed wetting
114. What is stress incontinence?: Leakage with increased abdominal pressure, effort, exertion, sneezing, or coughing
115. What is micturition?: urination

116. What is overflow incontinence?: Leakage due to inability of the bladder to empty itself correctly (thus causing bladder to fill up to max capacity) caused by a urethral blockage
117. What is a genetic defect in young children with cystitis?: vesicoureteral reflux; back flow of urine from the bladder to the ureter and renal pelvis
118. How do kidney tubules maintain a normal pH in response to fever and respiratory infection?: secrete acid and reabsorb bicards
119. Why does metabolic acidosis occur?: excessive production of fixed acids;

• DKA
• lactic acidosis
• low flow states
• loss of buffers, like loss of bicarb from GIT or
• inability of kidney to eliminate acids; ie. renal failure

120. What is the serum marker ordered when screening fro

prostate cancer?-

: PSA- Prostate specific antigen

121. What are complications of hydronephrosis?: ischemia and necrosis; swelling and build-up of fluid in the kidney; back flow, swelling pressure
122. What is the cause of increased glomerular filtration rate?: increase in the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
123. What is the most common cause of pyelonephritis?: E. coli; ascending UTI
124. What are the risk factors for developing chronic renal failure?: too much Nsaids, chronic kidney disease; diabetes type 1; hypertension