NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2022 / 2023) Rasmussen, Exams of Nursing

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NUR 2063 Exam 2 Review

1. Which of the following assessment findings indicates an alteration in homeostatic control mechanisms? - Fever 2. Injury that occurs when blood flow is diminished to tissue is called injury. - ischemic 3. The cancer growth continuum is divided into which of the following stages? - Initiation, promotion, progression 4. The activities of the cell are directed by which cell structure? - Cytoplasm 5. Enzymes that use oxidation to convert food materials into energy are found in sausage- shaped structures called: - mitochondria 6. A patient presents with hyponatremia. What is the priority assessment for the patient? - Mental status changes

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7. What is the priority assessment for a patient with a potassium imbalance? - EKG

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8. A patient presents with hypomagnesemia, what would the nurse anticipate the calcium levels would be? - low 9. A patient presents with hypercalcemia. What would the nurse anticipate the phosphorous levels would be? - low 10. The nurse is teaching a patient who has recently given birth about immunity that has been passed to the baby in utero. Which statement by the patient indicates that additional teaching is needed? - "I had chickenpox and am immune to it, so my baby will not need to have the chickenpox vaccine." 11. In preparing a community teaching program, which information presented by the nurse addresses a type of secondary cancer prevention? - Annual measurement of prostate-specific antigen levels 12. A 2-day post-op heart transplant patient begins to have fever and signs and symptoms of heart failure. The patient is more than likely experiencing which of the following? - Type IV delayed hypersensitivity

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13. Which of the following is a complication of chronic stress? - Increased susceptibility to illness 14. Within minutes after receiving an injection of penicillin, the patient complains of shortness of breath and chest pain. The nurse notifies the patient's healthcare provider because this patient is most likely experiencing which type of hypersensitivity? - Type I

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15. During which of the following stages of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) have the body's coping methods been completely utilized? - Exhaustion 16. Which of the following is a chemical triggered by the sympathetic nervous system made from the adrenal medulla that is responsible for many of the physiological symptoms of the "fight or flight" response? - Epinephrine 17. What disease state results from an inability to differentiate self from non-self? - Autoimmune 18. Which of the following patients is at the greatest risk for impaired immune function? - 79-year-old male with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus 19. The nurse is teaching a community health class about the immune system. The nurse asks the class to list various functions of B cells in immunity. Which responses by students are correct? (Select all that apply.) - A) "They are the first to arrive at the scene of infection."

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[Date] B) "They make all sorts of antibodies." C) "They eat up bacteria, viruses, and parasites." D) "They turn into memory cells that keep the person immune." E) "They release chemicals to stop inflammation when healing is done." B & D

20. Difference between a sign and a symptom

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• Sign - Objective Symptom - Subjective 21. The two types of cells seen during a Type 1 hypersensitivity
• Mast and Basophil cells 22. Mantoux test
• PPD - TB test 23. What is the etiology of gout?
• High uric acid levels 24. A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of
• Primary prevention 25. A disorder of unknown cause → Idiopathic
• True 26. Which of the following is a statement about disease pathogenesis?

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• Strep infection activates immune cells, leading to inflammation 27. An obese teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of
• Secondary prevention

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28. When potassium intake is less than potassium output (or when potassium shifts from plasma into cells) - hypokalemia 29. Intake of water and Na is less than output of water and Na - ECV deficit 30. Avoid massive vitamin D supplementation and drink lots of fluids to prevent kidney damage - Patient teaching for hypercalcemia 31. Besides immunity, what other function does the lymphatic system serve - fluid balance 32. Compounds released during stress - Catecholamines / cortisol 33. Which of the following statements about interferon is correct? - Interferon binds to surface receptors of cells invaded with a virus 34. Which of the following is associated with specific immunity?

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• immunoglobulins 35. Injecting a vaccine of a dead or weakened pathogen imparts which type of immunity?

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• Artificial active immunity 36. Normal potassium levels
• 3.5-5.5mEq/L 37. What is the purpose of the stress response?
• restore balance 38. Holds 1/3 of the body's water
• extracellular fluid 39. 135-145 mEq/L
• sodium serum range 40. Alarm stage of GAS
• increased heart rate 41. Which space does fluid enter to cause edema?
• interstitial compartment 42. Treats hives, pruritis and swelling
• histamine and prostaglandin

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43. Macrophage is a type of white blood cell which is a phagocyte.

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• True 44. Allergies are associated with elevated
• eosinophils 45. What causes edema?
• Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure 46. Oncogene is associated with the initiation of cancer
• True 47. Gout is caused by the following:
• elevated uric acid 48. Glucocorticoids reduce inflammation by
• decreasing the permeability in capillaries 49. Wound edges that are approximated signify the wound is infected
• False 50. Which of these exemplifies habituation?
• loud noise no longer causes fight/flight response

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51. Ecchymosis means

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• large bruise 52. Purpura means
• medium bruise 53. Tumors "new growth" not all are life threatening; benign or malignant- Describes
• neoplasm 54. May be Primary Bone Cancer or Metastatic
• Clinical manifestation of Chondrosarcoma 55. Shingles is a disorder of herpes zoster and has which of the following clinical manifestations?
• Psoriasis Eruption of vesicles along sensory neuron dermatomes 56. Distribution of fluid between interstitial and intracellular compartments occurs by
• osmosis 57. A patient describes nausea. What is this?
• Symptom

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58. A simple lab test which can measure the level of inflammation in an individual is - Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 59. The process by where we use hormones in the body to regulate equilibrium, when the body changes

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• Homeostasis 60. Negative feedback
• uses hormone to reach homeostasis 61. Positive feedback
• increases hormones to create a reaction to occur 62. What the four different parts of homeostasis
• Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical manifestations, Treatment implications 63. What are the levels of prevent?
• Primary - Preventative measure Secondary - Detection Tertiary - Reducing effects 64. Mitochondria
• Powerhouse of the cell Produces ATP (Glucose+O2)

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65. Osmosis - Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane 66. What are the fluid compartments?

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• ICF and ECF 67. Sign
• Objective - Rash, erythema 68. Symptom
• Subjective - Fever, nausea 69. How is fluid between interstitial and intracellular compartments distributed?
• Osmosis 70. Main complication of sodium imbalance
• Hyper/ Hyponatremia Concern - Hypovolemia Kidney failure 71. Main complication of calcium imbalance
• Hypercalcemia/ Hypocalcemia Kidney

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72. How is fluid lost from the body? - Feces, urine, insensible loss 73. How do we lose fluid from extracellular compartment? - Vomiting, diarrhea, urinating, sweating, diuretics'

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74. What is potential and fatal complication of hyponatremia - Can cause pressure in brain d/t fluid volume excess 75. Priority assessment for a patient with a potassium imbalance. - Cardiac - Bradycardia, abnormal EKG, Dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest 76. Symptoms of dehydration - Thirst, hypotension, tachycardia, weak-thready pulse, altered level of consciousness 77. Manifestations of fluid excess - peripheral edema, periorbital edema, anasarca, cerebral edema, dyspnea, bounding pulse, tachycardia, jugular vein distension, hypertension, polyuria, rapid weight gain, crackles, and bulging fontanelles 78. Cause of edema - Hydrostatic forces are greater than osmotic fluid - excess fluid in interstitial space 79. Extracellular fluid has higher concentration of which electrolytes/substances - Sodium, Chloride

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80. The energy currency of a cell and role the mitochondrion plays in this currency - ATP - Aerobic metabolism 81. Three electrolytes that are stored in and impact bone and the relationship they have to each other

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• Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus (↑Calcium = ↑Magnesium), (↑Calcium = ↓Phosphorus) 82. What happens during the alarm phase of Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome?
• Epinephrine is release / Decreased ability to respond to stressors Reduced resistance to stressors 83. What clinical findings would the patient in the fight or flight stage present with?
• Increased vitals, pupils dilated 84. Signs of inflammation
• Pain, warmth, edema, erythema, loss of function 85. Type 1 hypersensitivity mediator and its effect on the body
• IgE - Hay fever, systemic anaphylaxis, asthma 86. What do histamines do?
• Stimulate vasodilation to increase blood flow to dilute toxins

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87. A lab test that can measure inflammation - CBC - Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) & C-reactive protein 88. What is metastasis? - to spread - (Cancer spreading)

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89. Cachexia - Muscle wasting 90. What are the properties of cancer cells? - Rapid growing, metastasize quickly, fatal, highly undifferentiated 91. The effects of bone marrow suppression in cancer patients - Anemia - check & replace iron, blood transfusion, erythropoietin injection Leukopenia - teach pt ways to prevent infection Thrombocytopenia - pt at risk for bleeding, unable to clot 92. What are example of benign cells - Edema polyps, moles, skin tag, cysts, fibroid tumor 93. Steps in carcinogenesis - Initiation - introduction of the agent Promotion - initiation of uncontrolled growth Progression - permanent malignant changes