NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) Rasmussen Qu, Exams of Pathophysiology

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Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

2025) Rasmussen Questions And

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What are the functions of the kidneys? - correct answer ✅Regulation of blood pressure; regulating blood osmolarity; removal of toxins; blood filtration; activate vitamin D What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy? - correct answer ✅dribbling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary retention, decreased stream What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts? - correct answer ✅ADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone What is type 2 diabetes characterized as? - correct answer ✅peripheral tissue insulin resistance What are the clinical manifestations of Graves' disease? - correct answer ✅Exophthalmos (bulging eyes), goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat intolerance, anxiety- hyperthyroidism What processes occur during fasting? - correct answer ✅glucogenesis; glycogenesis

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

2025) Rasmussen Questions And

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What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in type 1 diabetes? - correct answer ✅adipose/ fat What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? - correct answer ✅myxedema, fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism? - correct answer ✅Goiter, fatigue, weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle pain What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism? - correct answer ✅fatigue, body aches, bone pain, depression, headaches, memory loss What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism? - correct answer ✅numbness, tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis? - correct answer ✅fruity breath, drowsiness, nausea, thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

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What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation? - correct answer ✅negative feedback loop What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland? - correct answer ✅Growth Hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, LH, ACTH and endorphins What is diabetes insipidus? - correct answer ✅a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus - correct answer ✅polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, and polydipsia clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome? - correct answer ✅Excessive secretion of cortisol causes redistribution of fat, "moon face", "buffalo" hump on the back and pendulous abdomen. - Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen develops stretch marks - •

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

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ndividual bruises easily and wound healing is poor - Approximately 1/2 develop mental status changes from irritability to severe psychiatric disturbance - Females may experience changes due to increased androgen levels clinical manifestations of secondary hypothyroidism - correct answer ✅Weakness. - Fatigue. - Cold intolerance. - Constipation. - Weight gain. - Depression. - Joint or muscle pain. - Brittle fingernails. clinical manifestations of primary hypothyroidism - correct answer ✅fatigue. -

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

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lethargy. - sensitivity to cold. - depression. - muscle weakness. clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism - correct answer ✅hypertension and hypokalemia clinical manifestations of secondary aldosteronism - correct answer ✅High blood pressure. - Low level of potassium in the blood. - Feeling tired all the time. - Headache. - Muscle weakness. - Numbness. What is myxedema? - correct answer ✅severe hypothyroidism; non pitting edema

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

2025) Rasmussen Questions And

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What are the causes of hypothyroidism? - correct answer ✅Hashimoto's disease: most common when the immune system attacks the thyroid cells

• after surgical or radioactive treatment for hyperthyroidism
• head or neck radiation for cancer
• iodine deficiency What are the three p's in diabetes? - correct answer ✅polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia What is the difference between primary and secondary endocrine disorders? - correct answer ✅Primary endocrine disease inhibits the action of downstream glands, malfunction of the hormone producing gland; Secondary endocrine disease is indicative of a problem with the pituitary gland. What is the cause of Cushing syndrome? - correct answer ✅Excessive corticosteroids What is acute gastritis? - correct answer ✅Transient inflammation of the gastric mucosa

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

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What is chronic gastritis? - correct answer ✅Chronic mucosal inflammatory changes leading to atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. This is mostly due to H. Pylori, but in some cases it can be autoimmune. What causes gastritis? - correct answer ✅Acute - circulatory disturbances (shock) and exposure to exogenous irritants (drugs [aspirin], alcohol, chemicals, lactose intolerance) Chronic - cause is unknown is probably mediated by immunologic mechanism or related to infection with H. pylori What is amenorrhea? - correct answer ✅- absence of menstruation What is metrorrhagia? - correct answer ✅- bleeding between periods What is dysmenorrhea? - correct answer ✅- painful periods

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

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Costal vertebral angle (CVA) - correct answer ✅angle formed by the 12th rib and the vertebral column on the posterior thorax, overlying the kidney; percuss for kidney tenderness What causes flank pain? - correct answer ✅kidney stones When is enuresis abnormal? - correct answer ✅after age 5 People with polycystic kidney disease should do what? - correct answer ✅increase fluid intake, measure blood pressure regularly What is polyuria? - correct answer ✅frequent urination Female Mutilation - correct answer ✅risks for uti, trouble urinating What hormone causes bleeding during menopause? - correct answer ✅estrogen Where does exchange occur in the kidneys? - correct answer ✅As the filtered fluid moves along the tubule, the blood vessel

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

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reabsorbs almost all of the water, along with minerals and nutrients your body needs. The tubule helps remove excess acid from the blood. The remaining fluid and wastes in the tubule become urine. What increases the risk for bladder cancer? - correct answer ✅smoking What is the kidney filtration path? - correct answer ✅Bowmans capsule>proximal tubule>loop of henle>distal tubule What causes increase in glumerial filtration? - correct answer ✅increase capillary hydrostatic pressure What is cystitis? - correct answer ✅inflammation of the urinary bladder; UTI, painful burning, itching, What is a hydrocele? - correct answer ✅Fluid collection within the tunica vaginalis

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

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What are the symptoms of prositis? - correct answer ✅pain, fever, trouble urinating, trouble with urine retention What is renal colic? - correct answer ✅kidney stone related pain What is the bacteria associated with syphilis? - correct answer ✅anaerobic spirochetes What are complications of syphilis? - correct answer ✅vascular problems, cardiovascular, aortic stenosis, inflamed aorta, aorta necrosis, brain aneurysm, blindness, numbness, tingly, loopyness What end periods? - correct answer ✅anorexia, menopause, pregnancy, hypothyroidism, adenomas and carcinomas When is RAS activated? - correct answer ✅low BP Treatment for herpes - correct answer ✅Acyclovir, sitz bath, dry heat

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

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symptoms of post streptococcal glomerulonephritis - correct answer ✅dark urine What causes acromegaly? - correct answer ✅excessive GH during adulthood Primary hypothyroidism levels - correct answer ✅low T4, high TSH Secondary hypothyroidism levels - correct answer ✅low T3, T4 and TSH What is gigantism? - correct answer ✅hypersecretion of GH in children What is diabetes insipidus? - correct answer ✅a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss What is SIADH? - correct answer ✅syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone; too much sodium secretion

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

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What is the tumor of the adrenal gland? - correct answer ✅Pheochromocytoma Acromegaly/Gigantism - correct answer ✅coarse facial features, deepening of voice, increased ring or shoe size Graves disease - correct answer ✅unexplained weight loss, goiter, bulging eyes Myexdema coma is associated with hyperthyroidism - correct answer ✅false Patient with dysmenorrhea - correct answer ✅assess pain in pelvic area and upper thighs What is the sign of acute prostatitis? - correct answer ✅tender prostate CVA is pain is another description for flank pain? - correct answer ✅True

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

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A client has flank pain of 6 on a scale from 0-10. This flank pain is likely because of what reason? - correct answer ✅possible pyelonephritis, with inflammation and stretching of renal caps Which is indicative of secondary hypothyroidism? - correct answer ✅Low TSH and LOW T3/T What is indicative of primary hypothyroidism? - correct answer ✅High TSH and Low T3/T What are the two stress hormones that increase glucose production in the liver? - correct answer ✅Corticosteroids

• catecholamines A client presents with right lower abdominal pain and occasional diarrhea. This is likely? - correct answer ✅Appendicitis

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

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A female arrives at the clinic complaining of bleeding between menstrual periods. The nurse identifies this as? - correct answer ✅Metrorrhagia A good explanation for myxedema in thyroid deficiency is? - correct answer ✅Lack of thyroid hormone contributes to non- pitting edema An example of a genetic defect in young children with cystitis is? - correct answer ✅Vesicoureteral reflux Diabetes insipidus is caused from? - correct answer ✅too little ADH production Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is often a cause of? - correct answer ✅peptic ulcer disease In response to a respiratory infection and a high fever, the kidney tubules maintain a normal ph of body fluids by? - correct answer ✅secreting acids and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

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Metabolic acidosis develops with bilateral kidney disease for what reason? - correct answer ✅tubule exchanges are impaired The client has gallstones obstructing the cystic duct. What would the nurse anticipate in the assessment of the client? - correct answer ✅severe upper right quadrant pain The glomerular filtration will increase by which of the following? - correct answer ✅increase hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries Cardinal signs of pheochromocytoma? - correct answer ✅hypertension The nurse expects which of the following in an assessment of a client with ketoacidosis? - correct answer ✅deep fast respirations and lethargy The nurse is aware that cushings syndrome is caused by which of the following? - correct answer ✅hypercortisolism

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

2025) Rasmussen Questions And

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What causes Hirschsprung Disease? - correct answer ✅inadequate innervation of the colon What would the nurse expect to assess in a client with Addisons disease? - correct answer ✅severe fatigue, muscle joint pain, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, darkening areas of the skin Which of the following results from obstruction of the left ureter by a renal calculus? - correct answer ✅severe renal colic What are the clinical manifestations of appendicitis? - correct answer ✅right lower abdominal pain, nausea and occasionally diarrhea What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis? - correct answer ✅overgrowth of Clostridioides difficile (C difficile) bacteria; overexposure to antibiotics What is the nonpharmacologic treatment for pseudocolitis? - correct answer ✅fecal transplant, colectomy, antibiotics

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

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What is the cause of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)? - correct answer ✅bacteria spread from person to person; bacteria penetrates the stomach mucous lining and generates substances to neutralize stomach acids What are the clinical manifestations of gastric carcinoma? - correct answer ✅No early signs; later signs are anorexia weight loss and GI bleeding What causes gastroenteritis due to Salmonella? - correct answer ✅Raw or under cooked chicken or eggs What are complications of a perforated gallbladder? - correct answer ✅Sepsis infection What causes jaundice? - correct answer ✅Increased serum bilirubin over 2.5 mg/dL What disease is associated with jaundice? - correct answer ✅Cirrhosis of the liver; hepatitis

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

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What is dysphasia? - correct answer ✅difficulty swallowing What is occult blood? - correct answer ✅Blood that is not visible to the naked eye What should patients with newly diagnosed pancreatitis avoid? - correct answer ✅Alcohol What causes greenish- yellow emesis? - correct answer ✅Bile What is the most frequent location of peptic ulcers? - correct answer ✅proximal duodenum What types of hepatitis increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma? - correct answer ✅Hep B and C What are the clinical manifestations of chronic gastritis? - correct answer ✅inflammation of the stomach lining and anorexia from not eating

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

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What types of things put a patient at risk for developing acute gastritis? - correct answer ✅lactose intolerance, regular use of pain relievers, stress, excessive alcohol use What are the clinical manifestations of acute gastritis? - correct answer ✅GI distress, bloat, , nausea, vomiting, anorexia from not eating, postprandial discomfort What is the cause of hiatal hernia? - correct answer ✅Increased intra-abdominal pressure, such as ascites, pregnancy, obesity, chronic straining or coughing What is the cause of a rigid abdomen in peritonitis? - correct answer ✅inflamed peritoneum What is cryptorchidism? - correct answer ✅undescended testes What are complications of cryptorchidism? - correct answer ✅infertility and cancer

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

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What are the clinical manifestations of acute prostatitis? - correct answer ✅dysuria, frequency, urgency, painful prostate What is a complication of removing too much fluid during dialysis? - correct answer ✅hemodialysis, low BP What would you monitor while removing fluid during dialysis? - correct answer ✅BP What are the clinical manifestations of pyelonephritis? - correct answer ✅CVA tenderness, fever, chills, N/V, anorexia which increases fever induced dehydration Individuals with HPV are at risk for developing what disease? - correct answer ✅Cervical cancer What is enuresis? - correct answer ✅bed wetting

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

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What is stress incontinence? - correct answer ✅Leakage with increased abdominal pressure, effort, exertion, sneezing, or coughing What is micturition? - correct answer ✅urination What is overflow incontinence? - correct answer ✅Leakage due to inability of the bladder to empty itself correctly (thus causing bladder to fill up to max capacity) caused by a urethral blockage What is a genetic defect in young children with cystitis? - correct answer ✅vesicoureteral reflux; back flow of urine from the bladder to the ureter and renal pelvis How do kidney tubules maintain a normal pH in response to fever and respiratory infection? - correct answer ✅secrete acid and reabsorb bicards Why does metabolic acidosis occur? - correct answer ✅excessive production of fixed acids;

• DKA

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

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• lactic acidosis
• low flow states
• loss of buffers, like loss of bicarb from GIT or
• inability of kidney to eliminate acids; ie. renal failure What is the serum marker ordered when screening fro prostate cancer? - correct answer ✅PSA- Prostate specific antigen What are complications of hydronephrosis? - correct answer ✅ischemia and necrosis; swelling and build-up of fluid in the kidney; back flow, swelling pressure What is the cause of increased glomerular filtration rate? - correct answer ✅increase in the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure What is the most common cause of pyelonephritis? - correct answer ✅E. coli; ascending UTI

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 /

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What are the risk factors for developing chronic renal failure? - correct answer ✅too much Nsaids, chronic kidney disease; diabetes type 1; hypertension