NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Final Exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023), Exams of Nursing

Download NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Final Exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) Gastritis and Etiology and patho - correct answers ✅inflammation of stomach's mucolas lining (can involve entire stomach or region) can be acute or chronic. may be caused by h. pylori infection (imbeds in mucosal layer activating toxins and enzymes that cause inflammation. NSAIDS, chronic alcohol consumption, stress, trauma, burns, or infections, autoimmune conditions manifestations of gastritis - correct answers ✅indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, malaise. hematemesis and dark, tarry stools indicate ulceration and bleeding. chronic gastritis increases risk for peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, anemia, and hemorrhage. gastritis diagnosis/treatment - correct answers ✅h&p, GI tract x ray, egd, serum h. pylori antibodies, h. pylori breath test, stool analysis (h. pylori and occult blood treatment-acute is self limiting ususally resolves meds-antacids, acid-reducing agents, and mucosal barrier agents other strategies include those for GERD (diet, small meals, antacids) NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) - correct answers ✅refers to erosive lesions affecting the muscularis mucosa of the stomach or duodenum. ulcers vary in size and severity, ranging from superficial erosions to complete penetration through GI tract wall peptic ulcer disease etiology and patho - correct answers ✅ETIOLOGY: most commonly H. pylori and NSAID use. PATHO: develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and protective mechanisms PUD duodenal ulcers - correct answers ✅most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections typically present with epigastric pain relieved in the presence of food PUD gastric ulcers - correct answers ✅less frequent-more deadly typically associated with malignancy and NSAIDS pain worsens with eating NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) aplastic anemia - correct answers ✅bone marrow fails to make enough blood cells leading to pancytopenia MANIFESTATIONS: general anemia, leukcytopenia, and recurrent infections can be caused by cancers, cancer treatment, pesticides Sickle cell anemia - correct answers ✅genetic, hemoglobin-s trait vs. gene crescent shape during times of hypoxia, can clump together and clog vessels. MANIFESTATIONS: swelling in hands and feet, sickle cell crisis, abd. pain, bone pain, jaundice, skin ulcers, stroke, chest pain tissue ischemia and necrosis. electrophoresis and stem cell transplant may cure thalassemia - correct answers ✅genetic, not RBC problem, hemoglobin problem. lack one or 2 proteins that make up hemoglobin MANIFESTATIONS: heart failure, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, bone deformities, jaundice, fatigue, dyspnea Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) - correct answers ✅hypocoagulopathy due to immune system destroying its own platelets NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) (autoantibodies) Circulating IgG reacts with the platelets which are then destroyed in the spleen and liver. can be acute or chronic ETIOLOGY: idiopathic, autoimmune disease, live vaccines, immunodeficiency disorders, viral infections Manifestations: abnormal bleeding (petechiae, epistaxis [nose bleed], hematuria) ACUTE TREATMENT: glucocorticoid steroids, immunoglobulins, plasmapheresis and platelet pheresis CHRONIC TREATMENT: splenectomy, blood transfusions, immunosuppressants Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura - correct answers ✅coagulation disorter d/t deficiency of enzyme responsible for cleaving von Willebrand factor increased clotting which decreases available platelets --> bleeding under skin and purple colored spots called "purpura" manifestations: thrombi>thrombocytopenia>bleeding purpura, LOC changes, confusion, fatigue, fever NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) Thrombocytopenia - correct answers ✅a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood hemostasis - correct answers ✅stoppage of bleeding 1. vasospasm (vasoconstriction)-brief reflex blood vessel narrows to decrease blood flow to injury and increase bp 2. platelet plug formation-involves activation, aggregation, and adherence of platelets into a plug that serves as a barrier against blood flowing out of vessel. 3 coagulation-or clotting changes blood into gel through cascade of events. fibrin mesh is cleaved from fibrinogen. fibrin acts like glue during clot formation holding the platelet plug together. Once blood flow is stopped tissue repair can begin parathyroid hormone (PTH) - correct answers ✅Works in opposite way to calcitonin to regulate serum calcium levels. PTH secreted with Ca levels drop. PTH increases osteoclast activity which releases Ca from bone. Also increases absorption of Ca in GI tract and kidneys. PTH also regulates phosphate levels by reducing renal reabsorption of phosphate in proximal tubule and increasing the uptake from the intestines and bones into blood NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) manifestations of diabetes mellitus - correct answers ✅polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia hyperglycemia, glucosuria, weight loss, blurred vision, fatigue hypoglycemia manifestations - correct answers ✅weak, double or blurred vision, hunger, tachycardia, palpitations hyperglycemia manifestations - correct answers ✅-urinary frequency, anorexia, dry mouth long term complications of diabetes mellitus - correct answers ✅hyperglycemia, DKA, hypoglycemia, heart disease, stroke, HTN, diabetic retinopathy, blindness, kidney disease, amputations, periodontal disease, preg complications, increase susceptibility to infections, erectile dysfunction. high blood glucose can harden vasculature Type 2 diabetes causes - correct answers ✅starts out as insulin resistance. ofter overweight NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) treatment for diabetes mellitus - correct answers ✅Type 1 Insulin therapy Type 2 Lifestyle changes Oral drug therapy Insulin when the above no longer provide glycemic control Diabetes insipidus etiology - correct answers ✅-almost half of the cases are idiopathic -The other half are usually attributed to head trauma resulting in damage to the pituitary gland or hypothalamus -Causes insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -This allows excessive water to be excreted by the kidneys Addisonian crisis/adrenal crisis - correct answers ✅onset of severe symptoms usually triggered by acute infection, trauma, surgery, or sodium loss. NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) manifestations: profound fatigue, dehydration, vascular collapse (decreased BP), renal shut down, decreased serum Na, increased serum K Hyperthyroidism etiology - correct answers ✅excessive iodine, graves disease (autoimmune stimulates thyroid hormone production), thyroid tumors nonmalignant, goiter, inflammation, thyroid hormone replacement meds, high levesls of serum human chorionic gonadotropin hyperthyroidism manifestations and treatment - correct answers ✅sudden weight loss, tachycardia, dysrhythmias, hypertension, increased appetite, nervousness/anxiety, diff. concentrating, tremor, diaphoresis, increased sensitivity to heat, diarrhea, goiter, exophthalmos thyroid storm - correct answers ✅a relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism. fever, decreased mental alertness, abdominal pain hypothyroidism etiology - correct answers ✅iatrogenic, hashimotos NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) little vascularity rarely necrotic often retains original function tumor grading (staging-tnm) - correct answers ✅grading histological characterization of tumor cells degree of anaplasia 3 or 4 classes of increasing degrees of malignancy greater degree of anaplasia=greated degree of malignant potential inflammatory response-innate defese - correct answers ✅triggered by damate/trauma to body tissue erythema, edema, heat, pain leukocytes line vessels walls and migrate to interstitial space phagocytosis begins fibrinogen > fibrin which walls area of injury and contains foreigh substances new cells formed as healing process begins NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) innate defenses - correct answers ✅physical and chemical barriers skin/mucous membrane bacteriostatic layer on skin hydrochloric acid in stomach ters and saliva lysozyme (disolves bacteral cell walls) inlammation pyrogens-released by macrophages, travel to hypothal. cause fever interferons-interefere with spread of viral spread-cells last dying protection complement proteins-membrane attack complex, embeds in bacteria and allows water inflow and lysis. also stimulate vasodilation, increase cas. permeability, promote phagocytosis adaptive (acquired defenses) - correct answers ✅immune system, cellular and humoral Cellular immunity - correct answers ✅T cells produced in bone marrow, mature in thymus. regular cells : helper t cells activate b cells to produce antibodies NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) supressor t cells turn it off Effector cells (killer cells/cytotoxic cells): destroy infected cells by degrading cell walls humoral immunity - correct answers ✅B cells mature in marrow-become memory cells or immunoglobulin secreting antibody cells Each B cell has receptor for antigen antibody-producing cells: quicker response on subsequent exposure because memory cells recall antigen as foreign and response is quicker (acquired immunity) capillary hydrostatic pressure - correct answers ✅outward push of vascular fluid against capillary walls interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure - correct answers ✅inward-pulling force of particles in the interstitial fluid antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - correct answers ✅tap water hormone=kidneys reabsorb plain water NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) restricting water, increase sodium, administering corticosteroids for addison's disease Correction of sodium leves done slowly to not overload heard from fluid shifting into the intravascular space. Seizure precautions, neuro checks Hypernatremia causes - correct answers ✅>145 mEq/L ECF contains too little water from amt of sodium present, cells shrivel. also called water deficit, hypertonic syndrome, hyperosmolality causes: inadequate water intake or excess excretion concentrated tube feedings hypertonic saline infusion loss of more water that salt: osmotic diuresis, diabetes insipidus Hypernatremia manifestions - correct answers ✅mild: thirst, oliguria, confusion, lethargy severe: seizures, coma, death NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) increased temp, warm flushed skin, dry and sticky mucous membranes, dysphagia, weak/thready pulse edema hypernatremia treatment - correct answers ✅underlying cause. replace water and remedy electrolyte deficits. glucose-electrolyte solutions. IV hypotonic solutions. don't want to do too rapid because of cerebral edema neuro checks Normal potassium K levels - correct answers ✅3.5-5 mEq/L most potassium is inside cell hypokalemia causes - correct answers ✅decreased intake shift into cell (insulin administration) increased excretion, usually renal v/d, ng suction, fistulas, laxatives, diuretics, cushing syndrome (decreases sodium excretion, with increases potassium excretion) corticosteroids NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) alkalosis-decreased serum hydrogen causes potassium to shift into cells hypokalemia symptoms - correct answers ✅cardiac: ectopic beats, alteration in conduction, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest abdominal symptoms: distension, diminished bowel sounds, paralytic ileus Muscle symptoms: bilateral muscle weakness, respiratory paralysis hypotension, paresthisa, hyporeflexia, hyperkalemia causes - correct answers ✅deficient excretion: renal failure, addison's disease, excessive intake, increased release from cells with acidosis, burns hyperkalemia manifestations - correct answers ✅intestinal cramping, diarrhea muscle weakness cardiac dysrhythmias or cardiac arrest NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) hypercalcemia treatment - correct answers ✅treat underlying cause. manage dysrhythmias oral phosphate increase mobility calcitonin IVF diuretics Normal Serum magnesium levels - correct answers ✅1.8-2.4 mEq/L magnesium ions present in bound and unbound ionized forms hypomagnesemia cuases - correct answers ✅decreased intake/absorption: chronic alcoholism, malnutriton, diarrhea excessive excretion hypomagnesemia manifestations - correct answers ✅insomnia, hyperactive reflexes, muscle cramps, twitching, grimacing, positive Chvostek and Trousseau sign nystagmus, dysphagia, ataxia, tetany, seizures, cardiac dysrhythmias NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) hypomagnesemia treatment - correct answers ✅moral Mg++ supplements, IV Mg++, treat underlying cause hypermagnesemia causes - correct answers ✅increased intake/absorption: laxitives, antacids decreased magnesium excretion: oliguric renal failure, adrenal insufficiency hypermagnesemia manifestations - correct answers ✅depression of neuromuscular function related to decreased release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions decreased DTRs lethargy hypotension flushing diaphoresis drowsiness, flaccid paralysis, respiratory depression, bradycardia, cardiac dysrhythmias, cardia arrest NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) hypermagnesemia treatment - correct answers ✅underlying cause, diuretics, hypotonic IVF dialysis IV calcium neutrophils - correct answers ✅A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease. Types of WBCs - correct answers ✅monocyte-"clean up crew" remove debris lymphocytes- B and T cells-live for years. immune protection Eosinophils-destroy/attack parasites, present in allergic responses. phagocytizes ANTIGEN-antibody complex basophil-release histamine during inflammation (potent vasodilator) Neutrophils-engulf bacteria, live 5-90 hours RBCs function - correct answers ✅transport oxygen and carbon dioxide NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) Treatment-physical therapy, rest, ice, topical agents, NSAIDS, weight reduction, hip/knee surgery muscular dystrophy MD - correct answers ✅genetically determined myopathies progressive muscle weakness and deegeneration. dystrophin causes muscle dysfunction, weakness, fiber loss and inflammation Manifestations: intellectual disability, muscle weakness leads to hypotonia, muscle spasms, delayed development/motorskills/ poor cordination calf elargement, falling Treatment: muscle relaxers, immunosuppressants, corticosteroid therapy preservation of function, ROM/PT Assistive devices NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) osteoporosis etiology - correct answers ✅progressive loss of bone calcium leaves bones brittle risks: soda, caffeine, low intake of vitamin D, Hx gastrectomy or bypass. smoking, excessive etoh, certain meds, post menopausal manifestations of osteoporosis and treatment - correct answers ✅osteopenia bone pain/tenderness, fractures w/ little to no trauma, low back pain or neck pain, kyphosis, height reduction biphosphanates to help stop breaking down 5 P's of compartment syndrome - correct answers ✅pain, pulse, pallor, paresthesia, paralysis increased pressure within compartment-fascia- restricts blood flow, circulation to tissue and nerves. extreme bleeding or swelling. fasciotomy to relieve pressure NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) Gout - correct answers ✅inherited disorder in which disturbance of uric acid metabolism leads to deposits of urate salts in articular, periarticular, and subcutaneous tissue gout manifestations - correct answers ✅inlammation and accumulation of tophi in bony and connective tissue, red, swollen, very tender to palpation, uric acid calculi (kidney stones) causes of gout - correct answers ✅high purine foods, alcohol, acute illness avoid red meat, turkey stress urinary incontinence (SUI) - correct answers ✅occurs when urine involuntary loss increases in intraabdominal pressure weakening of pelvic muscles or intrinsic urethra sphincter deficiency Urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) - correct answers ✅involuntary leakage of urine accompanied by a sudden urgency to have to go to the bathroom NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) polycystic kidney disease PKD - correct answers ✅inherited disorder numerous grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts in both kidneys cysts enlarge kidneys while compressing and eventually replacing the functional kidney tissue manifestations of PKD - correct answers ✅potter facies -pronounced epicanthic folds (skin folds at the corner of eyes on either side of nose), pointed nose, small shin, floppy, low-set ears large, bilateral symmetrical masses on the flanks respiratory distress (fluid accumulation from renal impairment) uremia HTN, lumbar pain, swollen, tender abdomen, hematuria, nocturia, drowsiness chronic kidney disease CKD - correct answers ✅permanent loss of functional nephrons CKD-> chronic renal failure (CRF) -> end-stage renal disease (ESRD) which requires dialysis NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) CKD risk factors - correct answers ✅diabetes, HTN, recurrent pyelonephritis, urine obstructions, glomerulonephritis, PKD, sickle cell disease, lupus, fam. history of CKD CKD manifestations - correct answers ✅systemic hypertension, polyuria with pale urine, oliguria or anuria with dark-colored urine, anemia, bruising and bleeding, electrolyte impalances especially hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperphosphatemia, muscle twitches/cramps, pericardidits, heart failure, resp. distress, edema, weight changes, malaise, flank pain, jaundice, pruritis Chronic kidney disease treatment - correct answers ✅stop or slow progression, underlying cause. CKD findings - correct answers ✅decreased kidney function eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for 3+ months renal sonogram showing small kidney severe anemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia, subperiosteol erosions on radiography, fatigue, nausea, pruitis, nocturia, hypertension NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) Phases of acute tubular necrosis - correct answers ✅prodromal phase: injury/damage has occured, normal or decreased urinary output, increased BUN and Cr Oliguric: oliguria, anuria, volume overload, hyperkalemia, azotemia/uremia, metabolic acidosis postoliguric phase: fluid volume deficit, labs begin to normalize prerenal kidney injury causes - correct answers ✅due to conditions that diminish kidney perfusion, happens BEFORE kidney hypovolemia, hypotension, heart failure renal artery obstruction fever/vomiting/diarrhea burns overuse of diuretics edema, ascites drugs: ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II blockers, NSAIDS NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) Syphilis manifestations - correct answers ✅primary-formation of chancre after 2-3 weeks secondary-2-3 weeks after chancre forms, generalized, non-pruritic brown- red rash, low grade fever, malaise, patchy hair loss, sore throat, headache, lymphadenopathy latent/tertiary phase: 2/3 asymptomatic, positive serologic assay, contagious only during early part of this stage. can lead to blindness, paralysis, dementia,CVD, pathological fractures, death Syphylis treatment - correct answers ✅penicillin G (first choice) tetracycline doxycycline response to antibiotics monitored by repeating laboratory testing at regular intervals up to 24 months after therapy Gonorrhea Etiology "the clap" - correct answers ✅Neisseria gonorrhoeae transferable through sexual contact and from mother to infant during birth. NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) Gonorrhea pathophysiology - correct answers ✅infects epithelia of vagina, mouth, anus, pharynx, or conjunctivae causing irritation and inflammation. Bacterium attaches to epithelia, microvilli surround it and draw it into the surface of the mucosal cell. Gonorrhea Complications - correct answers ✅PID epididymitis, prostatitis infertility neonatal conjunctivitis ectopic pregnancy can spread to other locations in the body causing arthritis, dermatitis gonorrhea manifestations - correct answers ✅often asymptomatic. 2-10 days after infection dysruia, frequency, urgency penile, vaginal, rectal discharge (while, yellow, or green) penile, scrotal, rectal, or lower abdominal pain and tenderness redness or edema at urinary meatus in men postcoital bleeding, intermenstrual bleeding NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) pharyngitis white blisters that darken and disappear gonorrhea treatment - correct answers ✅combination of antibiotics. ceftriaxone (cephalosporin), azithromycin (Zithromax), doxycycline, or gemifloxacin (Factive) screening of sexual partners Cervical cancer etiology - correct answers ✅almost all caused by HPV detected by pap smear manifestations of cervical cancer - correct answers ✅continuous vaginal discharge, abnormal vaginal bleeding between menstruatuion, after intercourse, or after menopause, and menorrhagia late leaking of urine or feces from vagina; bone fractures; unilateral lower extremity edema treatment for cervical cancer - correct answers ✅loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) increased ICP can occur from TBI and other conditions that increase volume in skull (tumor, hydrocephalus, cerebral edema, and hemorrhage) ICP - Monro-Kellie hypothesis - correct answers ✅Normal ICP is 60-200 mm h20 or 4-15 mm Hg any increase in volume must be compensated for by decrease in volume of another component compensation primarily accomplished by shifts in CSF and blood volume as brain tissue volume remains relatively constant ICP autoregulation and Cushing reflex - correct answers ✅autoregulation: Blood vessels dilate to increase blood flow and constrict if the ICP is increased.provides steady supply of oxygen and nutrients to brain cells and removes metabolic wastes Cushing reflex-complex cascade of events that results in increased BP. When MAP drops below ICP, hypothalamus increases sympathetic stimulation. which causes vasoconstriction, increased cardiac contractility and increased CO. CUSHING TRIAD-increased BP, bradycardia, changes in respiratory pattern. NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) ICP manifestations - correct answers ✅headache, vomiting and altered LOC (drowsiness) blurry vision and edema of optic disk (papilledema) As ICP rises to higher levels, LOC decreases, pupil responsiveness to light becomes impaired (fixed and dilated) altered respiratory and cardiac patterns unresponsive to stimulation, unable to move, verbalize, or open eyes posturing (decorticate or decerebrate posture) brain death myasthenia gravis etiology and pathophysiology - correct answers ✅autoimmune condition in which acetylcholine receptors are impaired or destroyed by IgG autoantibodies. acetylcholine receptor compromise leads to disruption of normal communication between the nerve and muscle at neuromuscular junction. weakness of voluntary skeletal muscle beacuse of inadequate ner stimulation. weakness increases during periods of activity and improves after rest. muscles that control eyes and elelids, facial expressions, chewing, talking and swallowing are often involved NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) myasthenia gravis manifestations - correct answers ✅reflect muscle weakness breathing difficulty dysphagia difficulty climbing stairs, lifting objects, or rising from seated position dysarthria drooping head facial paralysis or weakness fatigue hoarseness or changing voice eye and vision issues myasthenia gravis treatment - correct answers ✅no cure manage symptoms. anticholinesterase agents which improve neuromuscular transmission and increase muscle strength. immunosuppressive drugs NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) Tuberculosis Etiology - correct answers ✅Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing aerobic bacillus. person-to-person trasmission occurs through inhalation of tiny infected aerosol droplets. Only people with active TB can spread the disease to others. opportunistic infection TB pathogenesis - correct answers ✅primary TB infection-when bacillus first enters body, macrophages engulf microbe causing local inflammatory response. some bacilli travel to lymph nodes and activate type IV sensitivity. lypmhatic and hematogenous spread, t cells and macrophages surround organisms in granulomas (infection is contained here) T cells become sensitive about 2-12 weeks, evidenced by positive TB test can lay dormant Secondary (active) may occur years later, impaired immunes system causes reactivation. HIV, corticosteroid use, silicosis, and diabetes mellitus found to be associated with reactivation NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) TB treatment - correct answers ✅6-9 months of antimicrobial therapy: 2 months inital intensive-phase treatment and 4-7 monts of continuation- phase treatment. asthma etiology - correct answers ✅allergies/allergens, smoke, cold exposure, pollution, epinephrine, cortisol and histamine, exercise induced, occupational asthma, drug induced (frequently aspirin) chronic disorder that results in intermittent, reversible airway obstruction. stages of asthma attack - correct answers ✅stage one: bronchospasms, signaled by coughing peaks within 15-30 minutes inflammatory mediators responsible include leukotrienes, histamine, and some interleukins Stage 2: peaks within 6 hours of onset airway edema and mucus production alveolar hyperinflation causes air trapping NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) bronchospasm, smooth muscle contraction, inflammation, mucus production combine to narrow airways manifestations of asthma - correct answers ✅wheezing, SOB, dyspnea, chest tightness, cough, tachypnea, anxiety status asthmaticus-life threatening prolonged asthma attack not responding to usual treatment can lead to repiratory alkalosis and respiratory failure quickly asthma treatments - correct answers ✅inhaled and systemic corticosteroids, bronchodilaters, beta agonists, nebs, leukotriene mediators, mast cell stabilizers, anticholinergics Asthma treatment plan RAAS system - correct answers ✅renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system BP falls, causes pathway kidneys release Renin --> activating angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensis II (a vasoconstrictor) and stimulating aldosterone secretion. NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) Risk factors for hypertension - correct answers ✅age, race (more prevalent with African Americans), family history, overweight/obesisty (amplifies oxygen and nutrient needs), physical inactivity, tobacco use, high-sodium diet (water retention) low-potassium/calcium/magnesium diet. high vitamin D intake excessive alcohol consumption stress Primary hypertension - correct answers ✅no identifiable cause, most common. tends to develop gradually over the years secondary hypertension - correct answers ✅can appear suddenly can be caused by renal disease, diabetes mellitus, adrenal gland tumors, sleep apnea, endocrine disorders (Cushing syndrome, thyroid dysfunction, hyperparathyroidism) some congenital heart defts certain meds (birth control pills, hormone replacement therapy, antihistamines, decongestantds, glucocorticoid steroids) illegal drugs NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) hypertension treatment - correct answers ✅DASH diet-limit salt, saturated fat, cholesterol lifestyle changes-exercise, weight control, smoking cession, avoiding alcohol, stress management Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) - correct answers ✅hypercoagulation uses up all the available clotting factors once available clotting factors are utilized, patient begins excessively bleeding. patient clots, clots, clots, then bleeds, bleeds, bleeds DIC etiology/triggers - correct answers ✅3 pathways: endothelial cell injury, massive tissue destruction, severe inflammation blood transfusion cancer, infection in blood, obstertric complications, recent surgery/anesthesia, sepsis, severe liver disease, severe tissue injury, cardiac arrest, poisonous snakebite, aortic aneurysm NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) Left sided vs. right sided heart failure causes - correct answers ✅LEFT: infarction of left ventricle, aortic valve stenosis, hypertension, and hyperthyroidism Right: infarction of right ventricle, pulmonary valve stenosis, and pulmonary disease (cor pulmonale) Right vs. Left heart failure basic effects - correct answers ✅LEFT: decreased CO and pulmonary congestion RIGHT: decreased CO and systemic congestion Left vs. Right heart failure Manifestations - correct answers ✅LEFT: pulmonary congestion, dyspnea, activity intolerance RIGHT: Edema, weight gain NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) capillary hydrostatic pressure interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure clinical dehydration manifestations - correct answers ✅Combination of ECF volume deficit and hypernatremia postural BP decrease lightheadedness, dizziness, syncope on standing flat neck veins sunken fontanel, rapid/thready pulse, sudden weight loss decreased skin turgor, hard stools, dry mucus membranes, soft/sunken eyeballs, thirst, confusion, increased serum sodium concentration, coma, hypovolemic shock What is shock - correct answers ✅syndrome resulting from inadequate tissue and organ perfusion due to decreased blood volume or circulatory stagnation 3 stages: compensatory (activation of SNS, RAAS), progressive, irreversible 3 Classifications: distributive (neurogenic, septic, anaphylactic), cardiogenic, hypovolemic NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) hypovolemic shock - correct answers ✅blood volume loss leads to decreased venous return ->preload drops --> decreased ventricular filling and SV --> decreased perfusion to tissues and organs Cardiogenic shock - correct answers ✅can be caused by MI LV can't maintain CO anymore -->decreased tissue and organ perfusion --> pultisystem organ failure Distributive shock - correct answers ✅imbalance in fluid distribution or vasodilation septic: pathogen activates immune/inflammatory respones -->increase capillary permeability-->fluid shifts out of vascular space to tissue =decreased intravascular volume=organ failure neurogenic shock: loss of symp. tone in vasc. smooth muscle and autonomic function lead to massive vasodilation anaphylactic: allergic reaction, band bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, very low bp occur