NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2024)NU, Exams of Nursing

Download NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2024)NU and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ 1 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ Gastritis and Etiology and patho - correct answers ✅inflammation of stomach's mucolas lining (can involve entire stomach or region) can be acute or chronic. may be caused by h. pylori infection (imbeds in mucosal layer activating toxins and enzymes that cause inflammation. NSAIDS, chronic alcohol consumption, stress, trauma, burns, or infections, autoimmune conditions manifestations of gastritis - correct answers ✅indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, malaise. hematemesis and dark, tarry stools indicate ulceration and bleeding. chronic gastritis increases risk for peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, anemia, and hemorrhage. gastritis diagnosis/treatment - correct answers ✅h&p, GI tract x ray, egd, serum h. pylori antibodies, h. pylori breath test, stool analysis (h. pylori and occult blood treatment-acute is self limiting ususally resolves meds-antacids, acid-reducing agents, and mucosal barrier agents other strategies include those for GERD (diet, small meals, antacids) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ Anemia - correct answers ✅common acquired or inherited disorder of erythrocytes that impairs the bloods oxygen-carrying capacity. ETIOLOGY: decrease in # of circulating erythrocytes, reduction in hemoglobin content, presence of abnormal hemoglobin MANIFESTATIONS: weakness, fatigue, pallor, syncope, dyspnea, tachycardia Pernicious anemia - correct answers ✅B12 deficiency or megaloblastic anemia large, immature erythrocytes. usually lack of intrinsic factor (protein necessary for b12 absorption in stomach) b12 is needed for cell division and maturity. too little b12 gradually causes neuro problems because of the breakdown in myelin, neuro effects may be seen before anemia is diagnosed. Additional manifestations: bleeding gums, diarrhea, impaired smell, DTR loss, anorexia, personality/memory changes, + babinski sign, stomatitis, paresthesia of hands and feet, unsteady gait 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ aplastic anemia - correct answers ✅bone marrow fails to make enough blood cells leading to pancytopenia MANIFESTATIONS: general anemia, leukcytopenia, and recurrent infections can be caused by cancers, cancer treatment, pesticides Sickle cell anemia - correct answers ✅genetic, hemoglobin-s trait vs. gene crescent shape during times of hypoxia, can clump together and clog vessels. MANIFESTATIONS: swelling in hands and feet, sickle cell crisis, abd. pain, bone pain, jaundice, skin ulcers, stroke, chest pain tissue ischemia and necrosis. electrophoresis and stem cell transplant may cure thalassemia - correct answers ✅genetic, not RBC problem, hemoglobin problem. lack one or 2 proteins that make up hemoglobin MANIFESTATIONS: heart failure, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, bone deformities, jaundice, fatigue, dyspnea Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) - correct answers ✅hypocoagulopathy due to immune system destroying its own platelets 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ (autoantibodies) Circulating IgG reacts with the platelets which are then destroyed in the spleen and liver. can be acute or chronic ETIOLOGY: idiopathic, autoimmune disease, live vaccines, immunodeficiency disorders, viral infections Manifestations: abnormal bleeding (petechiae, epistaxis [nose bleed], hematuria) ACUTE TREATMENT: glucocorticoid steroids, immunoglobulins, plasmapheresis and platelet pheresis CHRONIC TREATMENT: splenectomy, blood transfusions, immunosuppressants Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura - correct answers ✅coagulation disorter d/t deficiency of enzyme responsible for cleaving von Willebrand factor increased clotting which decreases available platelets --> bleeding under skin and purple colored spots called "purpura" manifestations: thrombi>thrombocytopenia>bleeding purpura, LOC changes, confusion, fatigue, fever 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ tumors may need surgery and radiation meds to control cortisol production interventions to manage complications Cushing's manifestations - correct answers ✅moon face, obesity, buffalo hump, muscle weakness/wasting, delayed growth, acne, broad purple striae, thin bruisable skin, delayed healing, hyperpigmentation (due to ACTH), increased infections, osteoporosis, hirsutism (abnormail hair growth), glucose intolerance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, edema, hypokalemia, mood changes Growth Hormone (GH) - correct answers ✅stimulates cell growth and fat breakdown. primary targets are muscle and bone, where GH stimulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis. Anterior Pituitary gland Type 1 diabetes mellitus, etiology - correct answers ✅develops when body's immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells. etiology-unknown, most likely viral or environmental trigger in genetically susceptible people. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ manifestations of diabetes mellitus - correct answers ✅polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia hyperglycemia, glucosuria, weight loss, blurred vision, fatigue hypoglycemia manifestations - correct answers ✅weak, double or blurred vision, hunger, tachycardia, palpitations hyperglycemia manifestations - correct answers ✅-urinary frequency, anorexia, dry mouth long term complications of diabetes mellitus - correct answers ✅hyperglycemia, DKA, hypoglycemia, heart disease, stroke, HTN, diabetic retinopathy, blindness, kidney disease, amputations, periodontal disease, preg complications, increase susceptibility to infections, erectile dysfunction. high blood glucose can harden vasculature Type 2 diabetes causes - correct answers ✅starts out as insulin resistance. ofter overweight 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ treatment for diabetes mellitus - correct answers ✅Type 1 Insulin therapy Type 2 Lifestyle changes Oral drug therapy Insulin when the above no longer provide glycemic control Diabetes insipidus etiology - correct answers ✅-almost half of the cases are idiopathic -The other half are usually attributed to head trauma resulting in damage to the pituitary gland or hypothalamus -Causes insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -This allows excessive water to be excreted by the kidneys Addisonian crisis/adrenal crisis - correct answers ✅onset of severe symptoms usually triggered by acute infection, trauma, surgery, or sodium loss. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ M-metastasis staging-location and patterns of spread, size, extent, lymph node and organ involvement, distant metastsis Malignant tumors - correct answers ✅can kill host confirmed by invasive or metastasizing nature tissue specific differentiation (does not closely resemble tissue of origin) grows rapidly, established blood supply (angiogenesis) may initiate tumor vessel growth frequently necrotic dysfunctional-invade and overrun neighbors, gain ability to migrate Benign tumors - correct answers ✅can be life threatening because of area or size does not invade adjacent tissue or spread many are encapsulated more closely resemble original tissue type slower growing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ little vascularity rarely necrotic often retains original function tumor grading (staging-tnm) - correct answers ✅grading histological characterization of tumor cells degree of anaplasia 3 or 4 classes of increasing degrees of malignancy greater degree of anaplasia=greated degree of malignant potential inflammatory response-innate defese - correct answers ✅triggered by damate/trauma to body tissue erythema, edema, heat, pain leukocytes line vessels walls and migrate to interstitial space phagocytosis begins fibrinogen > fibrin which walls area of injury and contains foreigh substances new cells formed as healing process begins 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ innate defenses - correct answers ✅physical and chemical barriers skin/mucous membrane bacteriostatic layer on skin hydrochloric acid in stomach ters and saliva lysozyme (disolves bacteral cell walls) inlammation pyrogens-released by macrophages, travel to hypothal. cause fever interferons-interefere with spread of viral spread-cells last dying protection complement proteins-membrane attack complex, embeds in bacteria and allows water inflow and lysis. also stimulate vasodilation, increase cas. permeability, promote phagocytosis adaptive (acquired defenses) - correct answers ✅immune system, cellular and humoral Cellular immunity - correct answers ✅T cells produced in bone marrow, mature in thymus. regular cells : helper t cells activate b cells to produce antibodies 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ Hyponatremia and causes - correct answers ✅<135 mEq/L, ECF has too much water from amount of sodium ions present, more dillute than normal Excessive ADH (SIADH) excessive intake of hypotonic solution, causes cells to swell diuretic use, GI losses, sweating, adrenal insufficiency, dietary sodium restrictions excessive water, hyperlycemia (excess glucose in blood attracts water from the intracellular and interstitial spaces), excessive water ingestion, renal failure, heart failure Hyponatremia manifestations - correct answers ✅Mild: malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache Severe: confusion, lethargy, seizures, coma, fatal cerebral herniation poor skin tugor, dry mucous membranes, BP changes, pulse changes, edema, headache, diminished DTRs, muscle weakness treatment for Hyponatremia - correct answers ✅treat underlying cause 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ restricting water, increase sodium, administering corticosteroids for addison's disease Correction of sodium leves done slowly to not overload heard from fluid shifting into the intravascular space. Seizure precautions, neuro checks Hypernatremia causes - correct answers ✅>145 mEq/L ECF contains too little water from amt of sodium present, cells shrivel. also called water deficit, hypertonic syndrome, hyperosmolality causes: inadequate water intake or excess excretion concentrated tube feedings hypertonic saline infusion loss of more water that salt: osmotic diuresis, diabetes insipidus Hypernatremia manifestions - correct answers ✅mild: thirst, oliguria, confusion, lethargy severe: seizures, coma, death 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ increased temp, warm flushed skin, dry and sticky mucous membranes, dysphagia, weak/thready pulse edema hypernatremia treatment - correct answers ✅underlying cause. replace water and remedy electrolyte deficits. glucose-electrolyte solutions. IV hypotonic solutions. don't want to do too rapid because of cerebral edema neuro checks Normal potassium K levels - correct answers ✅3.5-5 mEq/L most potassium is inside cell hypokalemia causes - correct answers ✅decreased intake shift into cell (insulin administration) increased excretion, usually renal v/d, ng suction, fistulas, laxatives, diuretics, cushing syndrome (decreases sodium excretion, with increases potassium excretion) corticosteroids 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ hypocalcemia manifestations - correct answers ✅decreases the threshold potential, causing hyperexcitability of neuromuscular cells positve trousseau and chvostek sign paresthesias, twitching/cramping, tetany, laryngospasm, hyperactive reflexes, siezures, cardiac dysrhythmias or heart failure hypocalcemia treatment - correct answers ✅underlying cause, oral supplement, IV calcium gluconate, Vitamin D supplements, limit phosphorus intake hypercalcemia causes - correct answers ✅increased intake or absorption, shift from bone to ECF-hyperparathyroidism, immobilization, bone tumors hypercalcemia manifestations - correct answers ✅muscle weakness, diminished reflexes, cardiac dysrhythmias anorexia, nausea, emesis, fatigue, polyuria, constipation, headache, personality changes, renal calculi, pathologic fractures 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ hypercalcemia treatment - correct answers ✅treat underlying cause. manage dysrhythmias oral phosphate increase mobility calcitonin IVF diuretics Normal Serum magnesium levels - correct answers ✅1.8-2.4 mEq/L magnesium ions present in bound and unbound ionized forms hypomagnesemia cuases - correct answers ✅decreased intake/absorption: chronic alcoholism, malnutriton, diarrhea excessive excretion hypomagnesemia manifestations - correct answers ✅insomnia, hyperactive reflexes, muscle cramps, twitching, grimacing, positive Chvostek and Trousseau sign nystagmus, dysphagia, ataxia, tetany, seizures, cardiac dysrhythmias 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ hypomagnesemia treatment - correct answers ✅moral Mg++ supplements, IV Mg++, treat underlying cause hypermagnesemia causes - correct answers ✅increased intake/absorption: laxitives, antacids decreased magnesium excretion: oliguric renal failure, adrenal insufficiency hypermagnesemia manifestations - correct answers ✅depression of neuromuscular function related to decreased release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions decreased DTRs lethargy hypotension flushing diaphoresis drowsiness, flaccid paralysis, respiratory depression, bradycardia, cardiac dysrhythmias, cardia arrest 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) - correct answers ✅autoimmune-inflammatory response-immune cells attack tissue of joint, result in erosion, cyst, deformity Classic presentation-bilateral symmetric polyarthritis involving small joints, malaise, fatigue, and diffuse musculoskeletal pain treatments: NSAIDS, corticosteroids, biological agents, diease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS), rest with regualr activity. alternate heat/ice. splints, braces, assistimve devices Osetoarthritis - correct answers ✅Overuse, local degenerative, not inflammatory but causes inflammation to surrounding tissues. aging, post menopausal, weat bearing joints most affected (knees, shoulders) localized joint pain and crepitus, often unilateral, bony enlargement- heberden and bouchard nodes morning joint stiffness limited ROM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ Treatment-physical therapy, rest, ice, topical agents, NSAIDS, weight reduction, hip/knee surgery muscular dystrophy MD - correct answers ✅genetically determined myopathies progressive muscle weakness and deegeneration. dystrophin causes muscle dysfunction, weakness, fiber loss and inflammation Manifestations: intellectual disability, muscle weakness leads to hypotonia, muscle spasms, delayed development/motorskills/ poor cordination calf elargement, falling Treatment: muscle relaxers, immunosuppressants, corticosteroid therapy preservation of function, ROM/PT Assistive devices 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ osteoporosis etiology - correct answers ✅progressive loss of bone calcium leaves bones brittle risks: soda, caffeine, low intake of vitamin D, Hx gastrectomy or bypass. smoking, excessive etoh, certain meds, post menopausal manifestations of osteoporosis and treatment - correct answers ✅osteopenia bone pain/tenderness, fractures w/ little to no trauma, low back pain or neck pain, kyphosis, height reduction biphosphanates to help stop breaking down 5 P's of compartment syndrome - correct answers ✅pain, pulse, pallor, paresthesia, paralysis increased pressure within compartment-fascia- restricts blood flow, circulation to tissue and nerves. extreme bleeding or swelling. fasciotomy to relieve pressure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones) - correct answers ✅hard masses of crystals compoased of minerals that the kidneys would normally excrete generally form in renal pelvis, ureters and bladder most commonly made of calcium with oxalate or phosphate supersaturation of urine-stay hydrated manifestaions: renal colic/flank pain radiates down back/groin, bloody/cloudy/foul-smelling urine dysruia, frequency, genital discharge, n/v, fever and chills filter urine, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy percutaneous nephrolithotomy, ureterscopy, surgical removal Bladder cancer - correct answers ✅inner lining of bladder transitional cells smoking, aging caucasian men, exposure to chemicals, frequent UTIs, long term cath placement, previous chemo or radiation manifestations: hematuria, dark/rusty or brown urine, frequency, dysuria, urge incontinence, UTIs, abd. or back pain 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ polycystic kidney disease PKD - correct answers ✅inherited disorder numerous grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts in both kidneys cysts enlarge kidneys while compressing and eventually replacing the functional kidney tissue manifestations of PKD - correct answers ✅potter facies -pronounced epicanthic folds (skin folds at the corner of eyes on either side of nose), pointed nose, small shin, floppy, low-set ears large, bilateral symmetrical masses on the flanks respiratory distress (fluid accumulation from renal impairment) uremia HTN, lumbar pain, swollen, tender abdomen, hematuria, nocturia, drowsiness chronic kidney disease CKD - correct answers ✅permanent loss of functional nephrons CKD-> chronic renal failure (CRF) -> end-stage renal disease (ESRD) which requires dialysis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ CKD risk factors - correct answers ✅diabetes, HTN, recurrent pyelonephritis, urine obstructions, glomerulonephritis, PKD, sickle cell disease, lupus, fam. history of CKD CKD manifestations - correct answers ✅systemic hypertension, polyuria with pale urine, oliguria or anuria with dark-colored urine, anemia, bruising and bleeding, electrolyte impalances especially hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperphosphatemia, muscle twitches/cramps, pericardidits, heart failure, resp. distress, edema, weight changes, malaise, flank pain, jaundice, pruritis Chronic kidney disease treatment - correct answers ✅stop or slow progression, underlying cause. CKD findings - correct answers ✅decreased kidney function eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for 3+ months renal sonogram showing small kidney severe anemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia, subperiosteol erosions on radiography, fatigue, nausea, pruitis, nocturia, hypertension 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ Causes for amenorrhea - correct answers ✅hormonal disturbances (most common) stress sudden weight loss/extreme reduction in fat anemia neoplasms (ovarian, adrenal, pituitary tumors); chemo treatment of amenorrhea - correct answers ✅aimed at underlying cause hormonal supplementation surgery (tumor removal) Syphilis etiology - correct answers ✅spirocete bacterium Treponema pallidum transmitted through skin or mucous membrane contact with infected/ulcerative lesion (chancre) and through placental transfer after 4 months causes inflammation and fibrosis of vascular tissue systemically 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ Syphilis manifestations - correct answers ✅primary-formation of chancre after 2-3 weeks secondary-2-3 weeks after chancre forms, generalized, non-pruritic brown- red rash, low grade fever, malaise, patchy hair loss, sore throat, headache, lymphadenopathy latent/tertiary phase: 2/3 asymptomatic, positive serologic assay, contagious only during early part of this stage. can lead to blindness, paralysis, dementia,CVD, pathological fractures, death Syphylis treatment - correct answers ✅penicillin G (first choice) tetracycline doxycycline response to antibiotics monitored by repeating laboratory testing at regular intervals up to 24 months after therapy Gonorrhea Etiology "the clap" - correct answers ✅Neisseria gonorrhoeae transferable through sexual contact and from mother to infant during birth. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ Gonorrhea pathophysiology - correct answers ✅infects epithelia of vagina, mouth, anus, pharynx, or conjunctivae causing irritation and inflammation. Bacterium attaches to epithelia, microvilli surround it and draw it into the surface of the mucosal cell. Gonorrhea Complications - correct answers ✅PID epididymitis, prostatitis infertility neonatal conjunctivitis ectopic pregnancy can spread to other locations in the body causing arthritis, dermatitis gonorrhea manifestations - correct answers ✅often asymptomatic. 2-10 days after infection dysruia, frequency, urgency penile, vaginal, rectal discharge (while, yellow, or green) penile, scrotal, rectal, or lower abdominal pain and tenderness redness or edema at urinary meatus in men postcoital bleeding, intermenstrual bleeding 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ testicular torsion etiology - correct answers ✅twisted spermatic cord and blood vessels can be brought on by trauma or after strenuous exercise or spontaneously testicular torsion manifestations - correct answers ✅sudden, severe testicular pain (usually unilateral) with or without a predisposing event. scrotal edema nausea, vomiting, dizziness, hematospermia and testicular mass cremasteric reflex (testicular contraction when inner thigh stroked) usually absent on affected side testicular torsion treatment - correct answers ✅emergency manual manipulation and surgery to untwist testis "pex" secure untwisted testis to the scrotal wall "pex" contralateral testis Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and etiology - correct answers ✅increased volume in limited space of cranial cavity. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ increased ICP can occur from TBI and other conditions that increase volume in skull (tumor, hydrocephalus, cerebral edema, and hemorrhage) ICP - Monro-Kellie hypothesis - correct answers ✅Normal ICP is 60-200 mm h20 or 4-15 mm Hg any increase in volume must be compensated for by decrease in volume of another component compensation primarily accomplished by shifts in CSF and blood volume as brain tissue volume remains relatively constant ICP autoregulation and Cushing reflex - correct answers ✅autoregulation: Blood vessels dilate to increase blood flow and constrict if the ICP is increased.provides steady supply of oxygen and nutrients to brain cells and removes metabolic wastes Cushing reflex-complex cascade of events that results in increased BP. When MAP drops below ICP, hypothalamus increases sympathetic stimulation. which causes vasoconstriction, increased cardiac contractility and increased CO. CUSHING TRIAD-increased BP, bradycardia, changes in respiratory pattern. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ ICP manifestations - correct answers ✅headache, vomiting and altered LOC (drowsiness) blurry vision and edema of optic disk (papilledema) As ICP rises to higher levels, LOC decreases, pupil responsiveness to light becomes impaired (fixed and dilated) altered respiratory and cardiac patterns unresponsive to stimulation, unable to move, verbalize, or open eyes posturing (decorticate or decerebrate posture) brain death myasthenia gravis etiology and pathophysiology - correct answers ✅autoimmune condition in which acetylcholine receptors are impaired or destroyed by IgG autoantibodies. acetylcholine receptor compromise leads to disruption of normal communication between the nerve and muscle at neuromuscular junction. weakness of voluntary skeletal muscle beacuse of inadequate ner stimulation. weakness increases during periods of activity and improves after rest. muscles that control eyes and elelids, facial expressions, chewing, talking and swallowing are often involved 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ masklike face Parkinson's treatment - correct answers ✅no cure, control symptoms levodopa, dopamine agonists, monoamine oxidase B inhivitors MAO-B, catechol O-methyltransferase COMT inhibitors, and anticholinergic agents can increase levels of dopanine, but effects diminish overtime. deep brain stimulation Stroke/CVA diagnosis - correct answers ✅history, physical examination including neurologic assessment head CT, head MRI, carotid ultrasound, cerebral arteriogram, serum clotting studdies, blood chemistry, and CBC determine whether it is ischemic or hemorrhagic in orgin prior to treatment is crucial becasue the interventions vary on type. assessment of brain function - correct answers ✅SLUMS test mental status test 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ Tuberculosis Etiology - correct answers ✅Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing aerobic bacillus. person-to-person trasmission occurs through inhalation of tiny infected aerosol droplets. Only people with active TB can spread the disease to others. opportunistic infection TB pathogenesis - correct answers ✅primary TB infection-when bacillus first enters body, macrophages engulf microbe causing local inflammatory response. some bacilli travel to lymph nodes and activate type IV sensitivity. lypmhatic and hematogenous spread, t cells and macrophages surround organisms in granulomas (infection is contained here) T cells become sensitive about 2-12 weeks, evidenced by positive TB test can lay dormant Secondary (active) may occur years later, impaired immunes system causes reactivation. HIV, corticosteroid use, silicosis, and diabetes mellitus found to be associated with reactivation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ TB treatment - correct answers ✅6-9 months of antimicrobial therapy: 2 months inital intensive-phase treatment and 4-7 monts of continuation- phase treatment. asthma etiology - correct answers ✅allergies/allergens, smoke, cold exposure, pollution, epinephrine, cortisol and histamine, exercise induced, occupational asthma, drug induced (frequently aspirin) chronic disorder that results in intermittent, reversible airway obstruction. stages of asthma attack - correct answers ✅stage one: bronchospasms, signaled by coughing peaks within 15-30 minutes inflammatory mediators responsible include leukotrienes, histamine, and some interleukins Stage 2: peaks within 6 hours of onset airway edema and mucus production alveolar hyperinflation causes air trapping 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ atherosclerosis - correct answers ✅chronic inflammatory disease characterized by thickening and hardening of the arterial wall plaques composed of lipids, calcium, and other substances (cellular waste products and fibrin) develop on the vessel wall and harden over time. development of these lesions causes platelet aggregation (collection), thrombosis, vasoconstriction, and vessel obstruction. ineffective tissue perfusion, ischemia, infarction can lead to PVD, CAD, renal disease, and stroke can cause hypertension atherosclerosis treatment - correct answers ✅lowering risk factors-healthy lifestyle lowering cholesterol levels, controlling diabetes, preventing complications angioplasty to open occluded arteries, bypass procedures to detour blood around occlusions, laster procedures to disintegrate plaques and atherectomy to remove the plaques b-complex vitamins can also help lower homocysteine levels 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ Risk factors for hypertension - correct answers ✅age, race (more prevalent with African Americans), family history, overweight/obesisty (amplifies oxygen and nutrient needs), physical inactivity, tobacco use, high-sodium diet (water retention) low-potassium/calcium/magnesium diet. high vitamin D intake excessive alcohol consumption stress Primary hypertension - correct answers ✅no identifiable cause, most common. tends to develop gradually over the years secondary hypertension - correct answers ✅can appear suddenly can be caused by renal disease, diabetes mellitus, adrenal gland tumors, sleep apnea, endocrine disorders (Cushing syndrome, thyroid dysfunction, hyperparathyroidism) some congenital heart defts certain meds (birth control pills, hormone replacement therapy, antihistamines, decongestantds, glucocorticoid steroids) illegal drugs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ hypertension treatment - correct answers ✅DASH diet-limit salt, saturated fat, cholesterol lifestyle changes-exercise, weight control, smoking cession, avoiding alcohol, stress management Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) - correct answers ✅hypercoagulation uses up all the available clotting factors once available clotting factors are utilized, patient begins excessively bleeding. patient clots, clots, clots, then bleeds, bleeds, bleeds DIC etiology/triggers - correct answers ✅3 pathways: endothelial cell injury, massive tissue destruction, severe inflammation blood transfusion cancer, infection in blood, obstertric complications, recent surgery/anesthesia, sepsis, severe liver disease, severe tissue injury, cardiac arrest, poisonous snakebite, aortic aneurysm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ osteomyelitis etiology - correct answers ✅infection of the bone tissue. serious complication of fractures/surgery. can take months to resolve, delays healing and can result in bone or tissue necrosis treated with potent antibiotic terapy and surgery (debridement) Lupus-Systemic lupus erythematous - correct answers ✅chronic inflammatory, autoimmue disorder that can affect any connective tissue B cells activated for unknown reasons to produce autoantiboidess and autoantigens which then combine to form immune complexes which fight against body's own tissues Vitamin K - correct answers ✅plays role in calcium regulation, binds to calcium in bone manufactured by liver, needed for coagulation process. fluid distribution between interstitial and intracellular spaces occurs by what? - correct answers ✅osmosis fluit distribution between vascular and interstitial space is the net result of - correct answers ✅filtration across permeable capillaries 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ capillary hydrostatic pressure interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure clinical dehydration manifestations - correct answers ✅Combination of ECF volume deficit and hypernatremia postural BP decrease lightheadedness, dizziness, syncope on standing flat neck veins sunken fontanel, rapid/thready pulse, sudden weight loss decreased skin turgor, hard stools, dry mucus membranes, soft/sunken eyeballs, thirst, confusion, increased serum sodium concentration, coma, hypovolemic shock What is shock - correct answers ✅syndrome resulting from inadequate tissue and organ perfusion due to decreased blood volume or circulatory stagnation 3 stages: compensatory (activation of SNS, RAAS), progressive, irreversible 3 Classifications: distributive (neurogenic, septic, anaphylactic), cardiogenic, hypovolemic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 NUR 2063 Pathophysiology final exam Questions with Verified Answers (Latest Update 2023) GRADED A+ hypovolemic shock - correct answers ✅blood volume loss leads to decreased venous return ->preload drops --> decreased ventricular filling and SV --> decreased perfusion to tissues and organs Cardiogenic shock - correct answers ✅can be caused by MI LV can't maintain CO anymore -->decreased tissue and organ perfusion --> pultisystem organ failure Distributive shock - correct answers ✅imbalance in fluid distribution or vasodilation septic: pathogen activates immune/inflammatory respones -->increase capillary permeability-->fluid shifts out of vascular space to tissue =decreased intravascular volume=organ failure neurogenic shock: loss of symp. tone in vasc. smooth muscle and autonomic function lead to massive vasodilation anaphylactic: allergic reaction, band bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, very low bp occur 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18