NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapter, Exams of Nursing

Download NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapter and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College 1. Review common signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders as a whole Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysphagia, and constipation. 2. Review signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease. What is the role of H. pylori in this condition? ► Caused by NSAIDs, stress (glucocorticoids), smoking, genetics ► No relation b/w diet and PUD ► H. pylori plays a key role in promoting both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College ► Thrives in acidic conditions ► Slow rate of ulcer healing ► High rate of recurrence Clearance of H. pylori promotes ulcer healing ► Signs and symptoms- epigastric burning that is usually relieved by the intake of food (especially dairy products) or antacids. ► Pain of gastric ulcers typically occurs on an empty stomach but may present soon after a meal ► Pain of duodenal ulcer classically occurs 2 to 3 hours after a meal and is relieved by further food ingestion ► Life threatening complication: GI bleed ► Treatment: treat with antibiotic and then stomach acid with Sucralfate (Carafate) 3. What is gastritis? What are causes? Inflammation of the stomach lining NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College i. Jaundice (staining tissue by bilirubin), decreased clotting factors, hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamins D and K b. Portal hypertension i. GI congestion, development of esophageal or gastric varices, hemorrhoids, splenomegaly, ascites c. Hepatic Encephalopathy- Complex neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much ammonia Clinical manifestations: Dementia, Psychotic symptoms, Asterixis “liver flap” (classic sign), Spastic jerking of hands held in forced extension, Mild confusion and lethargy to stupor and coma. Complex (Inability of body to metabolize ammonia can lead to swelling of the brain. Use lactulose cause ammonia loss through stool) d. End-stage liver disease also called – cirrhosis e. Ascites due to loss of albumin 7. Review examples of inflammatory bowel conditions. Ulcerative Colitis ► Chronic inflammatory disease of the mucosa of the rectum and colon ► Large ulcers form in mucosal layer of colon and rectum NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College ► Hallmark clinical manifestations are bloody diarrhea and lower abdominal pain NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College Crohn’s Disease ► Also called regional enteritis or granulomatous colitis ► Affects proximal portion of the colon or terminal ileum ► Chronic inflammation of all layers of intestinal wall resulting from blockage and inflammation of lymphatic vessels ► Intermittent bouts of fever, diarrhea (with or without blood), chronic RLQ pain, may have RLQ mass, tenderness NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College ► Adhesions (scar tissue), hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvulus, intussusception (when the intestine pulls inward into itself). More common in small bowel but can be along any part of intestine. Functional a. Conditions that inhibit peristalsis such as certain medications (such as anticholinergics activates sympathetic fight or flight), opioids, low fiber diets, etc. Difference: Mechanical Obstruction: GI contents cannot pass because lumen is blocked Functional or Neurogenic Obstruction: GI contents cannot pass secondary to abnormal or absent peristalsis 10. Review signs and symptoms of gallstones. Review the three phases that contribute to gallstone NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College formation Majority of gallstones are cholesterol Three phases of gallstone formation NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College a. Supersaturation of bile with cholesterol causing precipitation of cholesterol b. Nucleation of bile crystals c. Hypomotility (stasis of bile) allowing stone growth Signs and symptoms: ► Severe right upper abdominal pain, radiates to back, abdominal tenderness, fever, leukocytosis, mild elevations of bilirubin and serum transaminases 11. Review the stages of syphilis. What organ systems is most affected by the disorder? Etiology a. Caused by Treponema pallidum, anaerobic spirochete b. Systemic infection of vascular system Five phases NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College ► Nausea and vomiting ► Abdominal distention ► Hypoactive bowel sounds ► Low-grade fever 13. What are the function of the kidneys? How do we assess for renal disorders? ► Function of kidney: Urinary system has three primary functions: ► Excretion - removal of organic waste products from body fluids ► Elimination - discharge of waste products from the body ► Regulation – regulating blood volume levels, ion concentrations, blood pH, and nutrients ► CVA tenderness or flank pain tap at costovertebral angle NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College ► Abnormal urinalysis findings: ► Urine color: Dark, strong-smelling urine = decreased renal function ► Cloudy pungent urine = infectious process 14. What is cystic kidney disease? What causes this condition? Genetically transmitted renal disorder resulting in fluid-filled; may be localized to one area or affect both kidneys Can lead to renal failure, requiring dialysis or transplantation Two types a. Autosomal recessive forms b. Autosomal dominant types – most common, symptoms appear later in life 15. Review the following terms: nephrons, hematuria, proteinuria, nephrolithiasis, pyelonephritis, cystitis Nephrons- functional unit of the kidney, the structure that actually produces urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood Proteinuria- the presence of abnormal quantities of protein in the urine, which may NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College indicate damage to the kidneys. Pyelonephritis- infection of kidney caused by e.coli. Most common cause is ascending infection from the lower urinary tract. CVA tenderness. Most effective preventive measure: early removal of catheters Nephrolithiasis- a stone in the kidney Cystitis- inflammation of the bladder caused by a UTI 16. Review signs and symptoms of glomerular disorders including: postinfectious acute glomerulonephritis and Berger’s disease (IgA nephropathy). What typically triggers each of these disorders? What age group is predominantly affected by these conditions? Postinfectious acute glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney after strep infection or impetigo ► S/S: Smoky or coffee-colored urine, proteinuria, edema, decreased urine output ► Most well known in kids. IgA nephropathy (Berger disease) ► Most commonly diagnosed in adults NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College 18. Review the three stages of AKI presentation (prodromal, oliguric, post-oliguric). What happens if AKI does not resolve? Divided into three phases: a. Prodromal- declining urine output. BUN and Creatine increase. Insult to the kidney has occurred and the duration of this phase will vary depending on: Cause of the injury, Amount of the toxin ingested, and Duration and severity of the hypotension. b. Oliguric- Severe decrease in urine (50-200 ml / day) output for up to 8 weeks. Characterized by oliguria, decreased GFR, hypervolemia. Have signs/symptoms of fluid excess, hyperkalemia, uremic syndrome. Dialysis may be required. (30 mL per hour of urine output is normal) c. Post-oliguric- renal recovery. Urine volume increases (diuresis). GFR increases. Creatine and BUN return too normal. Not all recover ► If AKI does not resolve leads to CKD. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) à chronic renal failure (CRF) à end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requires dialysis NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College 19. Review the causes of chronic kidney disease and the various complications of chronic kidney disease. 2 main causes: DM and HTN ► Hypertension and cardiovascular disease ► Hypervolemia, escalated atherosclerotic process ► Uremic syndrome ► Retention of metabolic wastes, impaired healing, pruritusm dermatitis, uremic frost ► Metabolic acidosis ► Retention of acidic waste products, hyperkalemia (arrhythmia) ► Electrolyte imbalances ► Retained potassium, phosphorus, magnesium ► Bone and mineral disorders ► Elevated phosphorus and PTH causes altered bone/mineral metabolism ► Kidneys unable to reabsorb calcium ► Malnutrition ► Decreased intake, depression, dietary limitations NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College ► Anemia ► Lack of erythropoietin***, uremia shortens RBCs life ► Pain ► Many reasons; disease itself, treatment, comorbidities ► Depression ► Comorbid conditions; disease itself; disruption of social interactions and relationships Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is due to the progressive and permanent loss of nephrons. Due to the ability to self-regulate, to a point, when more than 75% of nephrons are lost, clinical manifestations of CKD appear. CKD may be a complication of various conditions, however, risk factors such as diabetes and hypertension account for more than 50% of clients in the U.S. with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). 20. Review the difference between Type 1 diabetes versus type II Type 1 diabetes mellitus a. Typically diagnosed in young children/adolescents b. Autoimmune disorder – beta cells in pancreas destroyed c. Unable to produce insulin NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College ► Most cases are due to Escherichia coli (E. coli) ► Predisposing factors include female gender, increased age, catheterization, DM, bladder dysfunction, poor hygiene, and urinary stasis Patient teaching to decrease reoccurrences ► Urinate before and after sexual intercourse ► Toileting hygiene – wipe from front to back ► Take antibiotics as prescribed ► Increase fluid intake ► Do not resist urge to urinate ► Manifestations - frequency, urgency, dysuria, suprapubic pain, and cloudy urine ► Symptoms in children include fever, irritability, poor feeding, vomiting, and diarrhea ► Symptoms in older adults may include delirium and new-onset incontinence 23. Review clinical manifestations for conditions of the male genitourinary tract such as: BPH, hydrocele, testicular torsion NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College BPH- benign prostatic hyperplasia or hypertrophy. Enlarged prostate Etiology unknown possibly related to aging male hormone system. As prostate tissue increases, it compresses urethra and bladder outlet Clinical manifestations ► Urinary retention ► Obstruction to flow ► Decreased stream ► Hesitancy; difficulty initiating a stream ► Interruption of the stream ► Infection caused by retention ► TURP is the surgery or Alpha blockers or 5-alpha reductase inhibitors Hydrocele- Fluid collection surrounding the testicle or spermatic cord ► Develop secondarily to scrotal injury, radiation therapy, infection of epididymis, or testicular neoplasms NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College ► Scrotum progressively swells by evening. ► Treatment ► Surgical drainage, if painful Testicular torsion- Twisting of the spermatic cord with compromised vascular supply and ischemia, followed by infarction ► Occurs primarily in prepubertal males ► Treatment ► Emergency treatment ► Surgery to untwist testis 24. Review clinical manifestations for conditions of the female genitourinary tract such as: endometriosis, uterine prolapse, pelvic inflammatory condition NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College ► Hysterectomy ► Pessary (for nonsurgical candidates) PID- Common organisms ► Neisseria gonorrhoeae ► Chlamydia trachomatis ► Causes ► Alteration of cervical mucus that normally prevents bacterial agents from ascending into the uterus ► Pelvic surgery, insertion of intrauterine device, infection during/after pregnancy ► Clinical manifestations ► Abdominal tenderness, pelvic pain NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College ► Cervical/adnexa pain or tenderness on palpation ► Fever, elevated WBC count ► Purulent vaginal discharge ► Complications ► Infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain 25. Review which organisms/viruses contribute to the following conditions: pelvic inflammatory disease, cervical cancer, UTIs, herpes, syphilis Cervical cancer- human papillomavirus Syphilis- caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. PID- certain bacteria, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea, move upward from a woman’s vagina or cervix into her reproductive organs. UTI- bacteria e coli Herpes- virus NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College 26. Review disorders during pregnancy such as: pregnancy induced hypertension, hyperemesis gravidarum. What is the concern with chlamydial infection during labor/delivery? Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension (PIH) ► 0.5% to 8% pregnancies ► Leading cause of pregnancy-related deaths ► Characterized by a rapid rise in arterial blood pressure associated with the loss of large amounts of protein in the urine (proteinuria) ► Clinical manifestations ► Weight gain and edema ► Arterial spasm in kidneys, brain, and liver ► Decreased renal flow and GFR ► Kidneys retain salt and water ► Severe ► Clonic convulsions followed by coma ► Renal failure ► Liver malfunction NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College Dwarfism- caused by insufficient growth hormone secretion from the pituitary gland or defective growth hormone action (structural abnormality or defective GH receptor) ► May be congenital, idiopathic or related to tumors, radiation, or trauma ► Clinical manifestations ► Hypoglycemia ► Growth below third percentile ► Dental eruption delayed ► Irregular setting of permanent teeth ► Thin hair, poor nail growth ► Greater fat mass, decreased muscle mass and delayed bone formation ► Delayed puberty Acromegaly- occurs in adults after skeletal epiphyses close. excessive concentrations of GH lead to massive bone and tissue overgrowth. Growth Hormone Excess NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College ► Etiology and pathogenesis ► Uncontrolled GH production by a benign somatotropic tumor of the pituitary ► Cause up-regulated growth of soft and bony tissues ► May cause persistent hyperglycemia and increased insulin production ► Gigantism and acromegaly are examples Diabetes Insipidus- caused by a decrease of lack of ADH production. Results in output of profuse amounts of dilute urine and extreme thirst ► Can be caused by a blow to the head that damages the hypothalamus or the posterior pituitary ► Lack of water in these individuals leads to dehydration ► High serum osmolality (increased concentration of solutes in blood) ► S/S include dizziness, disorientation, nausea, rapid heart rate, and headaches Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) ► Body produces too much ADH ► Results in retention of water in the body (water intoxication) ► Very little urine output (oliguria), high urine osmolality ► Serum dilution occurs due to retention of water (low serum osmolality) ► Results in edema, weight gain, hyponatremia ► Hyponatremia can lead to cerebral edema***** biggest concern NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College ► Seizures, confusion, coma, death NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College ► Elevated TSH (sensitive indicator of thyroid hypoactivity) NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College ► Low levels of T3 and T4 ► Treatment ► Goal is return of euthyroid (normal) state ► Must progress slowly ► Oral levothyroxine ► Resolution of symptoms occurs over weeks Hyperthyroidism ► Etiology and pathogenesis ► Most common cause = Graves disease - autoantibodies bind and stimulate TSH receptors ► Thyromegaly ► Exophthalmos – bulging of the eyes ► Lid lag, vision changes, photophobia Hyperthyroidism ► Clinical manifestations ► Increased basal metabolic rate leads to weight loss, although appetite and dietary intake increases ► Insomnia, restlessness, inability to concentrate NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College ► Tremor, irritability ► Palpitations ► Heat intolerance, diaphoresis ► Diarrhea ► Amenorrhea/scant menses 30. What is parathyroid hormone (PTH)? Which electrolyte is primarily affected by PTH disorders? 31. Parathyroid glands lie posterior to thyroid in neck 32. Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH) 33. Increases calcium levels in blood 34. Causes calcium to be released from bones by activating osteoclasts NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College 36. What are signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia versus hypoglycemia. What are the three Ps? 3P’s caused by hyperglycemia ► Polyuria - increased urination ► Polydipsia – increased thirst ► Polyphagia – increased hunger ► Pallor, tremor, diaphoresis, palpitation, and anxiety occur with hypoglycemia. Polyuria, polyphagia, and polydipsia occur with hyperglycemia. NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College 37. What is diabetic ketoacidosis? Why does it occur? ► Occurs in Type I DM ► Continued insulin deficiency leads to lipolysis of body tissues ► Metabolism of fats leads to free fatty acids (FFA) ► FFAs are transformed into ketones, leading to ketoacidosis ► pH of blood drops below 7.35 ► Excessive ketones result in metabolic acidosis ► Ketoacidosis may occur with type 2 DM under severe stress, sepsis, stroke, or myocardial infarction ► Acidosis-induced hyperkalemia may occur NUR 2063Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 2 review sheet Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41 Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE RATED A+ Rasmussen College