NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Lates, Exams of Nursing

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NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen PN2 Exam 3 Study Guide ARTICLE: Seizure (new and improved in the last two years) Cataracts: what are you going to do, what are you going to see, what is the treatment Cataracts occur as the opacity of the lens becomes cloudy or turns a yellowish brown color, distorting the light passing through to the retina • The lens is made of water and protein; when the protein clumps together this produces the cloudiness • When the lens develops the yellowish brown color it often results in color distortion • Symptoms include cloudiness or blurriness, reduced night vision, and color distortion or faded colors Management for patients with cataracts starts with adjusting the corrective lens as frequently as necessary to ensure optimal vision • Surgical treatment for cataracts begins when vision is sufficiently impaired to interfere with ADLs o There are two types of surgery: phacoemulsification and extracapsular surgery o Cataract surgery is done almost exclusively as an outpatient procedure o Preoperative nursing care includes preop history and physical, including medication usage, administration of eye drops to dilate the pupil and cause vasoconstriction, and patient education o Oral medications may be given in the preop phase to reduce intraocular pressure, such as acteazol amide (Diamox, Acetazolam) o During the intraop procedure, the cataract is removed, and an IOL is placed in most patients o Postop care usually includes use of eye drops, including a steroid and antibiotic placed subconjunctivally o The eye is usually left unpatched, and the patient discharged home o Emphasize the postop care of eye drop instillation o The postop period should be relatively free of complication, and pain or swelling are generally not expected. If pain with nausea and vomiting should occur, notify the ophthalmologist Rheumatoid Arthritis: plan of care, what are you going to do for them, what are you going to see, help alleviate it, are they going to get better (is it going to go away), what will work for them, what will not Planning and Implementation: • Expected outcomes include preserving the individual’s participation in daily activities, maintain pain at a level that permits participation in self care; being able to balance NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen rest and activity; adhering to the therapeutic regimen; and coping effectively with the numerous psycho social spiritual impacts of the disease • The nurse must be knowledgeable of the latest drug safety information • Vigilant assessment of the patient’s increased susceptibility to infections and toxic effects of immunosuppressive therapy to organs and tissues is essential NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen • The person self limits motion, usually by holding the extremity in a flexed position, which may result in contractures that further contribute to decreased joint function Diagnosis: • Rheumatology Criteria: o Morning stiffness lasting more than one hour o Arthritis of three or more joint areas o Arthritis of hand joints o Symmetrical arthritis o Rheumatoid nodules over extensor surfaces or bony prominences o Serum rheumatoid factors o Radiographic changes • Lab values that are elevated: o Antimitochonrial antibody (AMA) o Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) o Antistreptolysin O (ASO) o Complement C3 o C-reactive protein o Lupus erythematous cell preparation (LE prep) Asthma: treatment, what should the patient do for themselves in their home environment Triggers: Table 33-6 Treatment: Contact dermatitis: coming from the inside out (itching), educate, sell them on the education Contact dermatitis is categorized into two groups: irritant and allergic • Irritant contact dermatitis results when the skin comes in contact with substance in the environment that acts as an irritant o It is a nonimmunological response to the irritant that is dependent on the person’s ability to maintain the normal epidermal barrier o The extent of the dermatitis is related to the exposure time and concentration of the irritant o Characterized by erythema, blister formation, erosions, scaling, and drying and crusting of skin, irritant contact dermatitis damages the barrier component of the skin and can be either acute or chronic NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen o Mild irritants cause drying, erythema, and fissuring o Chronic exposure to the irritant causes thickening of the epidermis and eczematous inflammation o Identification of the irritant is critical to treatment • Allergic contact dermatitis is an inflammatory response to an antigen that follows absorption of that antigen into the skin; in other words, allergic contact dermatitis is delayed hypersensitivity reaction o The person will not have a reaction with the first exposure, but their immune system will recognize the antigen during the sensitization phase and mark, or NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen recruit, T lymphocytes within the body that will recognize the antigen with the next exposure o Reexposure to the antigen during the elicitation phase results in a skin response characterized by erythema, wheals and welt formation, blister formation, inflammation, papules, vesicles, scaling, fissures, and crusting o Examples of allergic contact dermatitis include adhesives allergies; plant allergies such as poison ivy, poison oak, or poison sumac; and metal allergies o Anyone can be allergic to any substance—skin care products and deodorants, dyes used in shoemaking, the plastic earpieces on eyeglasses, and so on Treatment of irritant and contact dermatitis is dependent on identification of the sensitizing substance and controlling the symptoms • Patch testing is helpful in determining the cause of allergic contact dermatitis, but the health care professional needs to also test the patient’s consumer products, such as soap, shampoo, and deodorant, as well as look for other possible causes • Patients need to read labels carefully because many products contain sensitizing agents such as lanolin, parabens, and fragrance • It is important to minimize topical treatments and instruct the patient how to appropriately apply topical medications • Wet compresses can be used with solutions that provide a cooling effect • Topical corticosteroids are usually prescribed for application one to two times daily in chronic or recalcitrant cases • Usually removal of the causative substance will cause the condition to resolve • Antihistamines can be prescribed for pruritus • Severe plant reactions may require a short course of prednisone Ototoxic: know what it means A substance that damages the acoustic nerve or hearing mechanism Ototoxic medications include: aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin, tobramycin), loop diuretics (furosemide), antimalarial drugs (quinine sulfate, mefloquine), chemotherapy (cisplatin, carboplatin), and high-dose salicylates Otitis Media: what is it, what are you going to do for it, difference in adults and children and why children get them more (difference in the make-up and the size of what is different), side effects from having so many ear aches Otitis media is an inflammation of the middle ear and is the most common cause of conductive hearing loss. The patient usually experiences allergies or an upper respiratory infection prior to developing acute otitis media. NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen o Weight control, dietary modifications, and exercise. Medications may be needed to some to control blood Gestational diabetes: • Any degree of glucose intolerance that begins or is first recognized during pregnancy. Usually occurs during the 3rd trimester • GDM most commonly occurs in overweight or obese women with a family history of diabetes NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen Diabetics who are obese will commonly have thin muscular extremities with increased deposits of fat in the abdomen, chest, neck and face Diet • Issues with cabohydrates • Simple carbs—what are they, normal numbers o Simple carbs are sugars o Studies have shown that a minimum of 130 grams of carbs per day is essential for energy needs • 15 g of fast acting carbs (3-4 glucose tablets, 4-6 oz of fruit juice or regular soda pop) given to patient who is hypoglycemic Lab tests • A1C—greater than or equal to 165 • Fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 126 • 2-hour plasma glucose greater than or equal to 200 during an oral glucose tolerance test using a 75 g glucose load • When a patient has symptoms of a hyperglycemic crisis, a random plasma glucose of greater than 200 Insulin • Regular o Onset: 30-60 minutes o Peak time: 2-4 hours o Duration: 5-8 hours • NPH o Onset: 1-3 hours o Peak: 8 hours o Duration: 12-16 hours • Lantus o Onset: 1 hour o Peak: No peak o Duration: 20-26 hours • Novolog o Onset: 10-20 minutes o Peak: 30-90 minutes NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen o Duration: 3-5 hours What happens with the plasma beta cells • Plasma beta cells produce insulin, with diabetes these cells stop producing insulin Hearing loss: what are you going to do when you are assessing the patient’s ears, what causes hearing loss NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen o First Generations: chlorpheniramine maleate (Chlor-Trimeton), clemastine (Tavist), diphenhydramine (Benadryl) ▪ Side effects: sedation, headache, dizziness, agitation, and urinary retention o Second generation: cetirizine (Zyrtec), fexofenadine (Allegra), loratadine (Claritin) ▪ Side effects: Less sedation, headache, urinary retention, dry mouth, and dyspepsia o Oral Decongestants: pseudoephedrine ▪ Side effects: Tachycardia, anxiety, dizziness, and drowsiness ▪ In combination with second-generation antihistamines found to give better symptom control than either alone or placebo o Oral Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists: montelukast, zafirlukast ▪ Side effects: Headache, nausea, infection, and diarrhea Psoriasis vs dermatitis vs scabies Psoriasis: T cell mediated inflammatory disease characterized by epidermal hyperplasia (overproduction of epidermal tissue), usually localized in certain regions of the body • The prevalence of arthritis with psoriasis is higher than in the general population • Types: o Classic plaque psoriasis: Appears as well-defined plaques with a whitish a silvery appearance on a pink, violaceous, or blue background. The borders or margins are raised and well-defined. The predominant locations of classic lesions are the scalp, elbows, knees, and lumbosacral areas. Smaller plaques tend to coalesce into larger ones o Guttate psoriasis: Usually follows an upper respiratory infection causes by group- A B hemolytic streptococci or a viral upper respiratory infection. The form usually presents two or three weeks after the infection and has distinctive presentation. Scattered 1-10 mm drop-like papules appear suddenly on the trunk extremities, sparing the soles of the feet and palms of the hands. About 30% of people developing guttate psoriasis have their first episode before the age of 20 o Generalized pustular psoriasis (von Zumbusch) is the most common form of this version of psoriasis. Characterized by an explosive onset of burning erythema, it is a serious sometimes fatal disease. Pustules form in a erythematous bed and coalesce into lakes of pus, appearing on the elbows, and region, gentitalia, and fleural areas of axillae and knees. The patient is febrile, toxic, tachycardic, tachypneic, and has leukocytosis • Diagnosis: o Made based on its visual presentation NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen o Pruritus is common o The severity of the disease is rated using the psoriasis activity and severity index (PASI) ▪ The three steps involved when using the PASI to calculate the disease severity and the percentage of body involvement: (a) assess the overall severity of the lesion, (b) determine the psoriatic lesion signs, and (c) calculate the PASI NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen ▪ When determining the PASI, the health care provider must first determine the degree of inflammation ▪ Psoriatic plaques are successfully treated when the induration disappears ▪ Residual skin that appears erythematous with hyperpigmentation or brown pigmentation is common when the plaque disappears and is often seen as a need to continue treatment when, in fact, use of the prescribed treatment should halt ▪ When the plaque cannot be palpated, the treatment may be stopped • Treatment: o Biological therapies, topical corticosteroids, UVB, and topical tar and arthralin preparations and is based on the percentage of the body surface involved o Topical and intralesional steroids, vitamin D analogues, tar and anthralin preparations, and UVB are recommended treatment options when less than 20% of the body surface is involved o Combination UVB and tar preparations, PUVA, methotrexate, cyclosporine, and the biological therapies are reserved for patients with more than 20% of body surface affected by the disease or for patients in whom the disease is recalcitrant o Can improve with natural sunlight o Steroids can be applied topically, administered by intralesional injection, or taken orally Scabies: Highly contagious, pruritic skin infection caused by a mite ▪ Outbreaks usually occur in situations of close personal contact with the mite, gained through the sharing of inanimate objects, such as clothing or bedding with resultant transmission of the mite. Schools and skilled nursing facilities are common sites of infestation secondary to close contact and crowded sleeping areas ▪ Signs and symptoms: o Either straight or surpintine burrows are visible on the skin and are anywhere from 5 to 20 mm in length o The burrows are pink-white and slightly elevated o Mites can often be seen at the end of the burrow, appearing in the vesicle or as a black dot o Vesicles are isolated and filled with clear fluid rather than purulent material o Most common area of occurrence are the finger webs, buttocks, scrotum, penis, axillae, breasts, and the hands and soles of the feet of infants o Severe itching o Extensive involvement will result in erythema, scaling, and infection NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen • Dry (atrophic) is the most common, which occurs because of a gradual deterioration of the macular from waste product buildup and lack of proper nutrition. This usually does not cause a total loss of reading vision • Wet (neovascular) is more devastating, because it can result in severe sight loss within a few short months • Signs and Symptoms: o Blurred vision NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen o Details become less clear o Continued degeneration can result in a small but growing blind spot in the middle of the field o As dry AMD worsens it can deteriorate into wet AMD o Instead of straight lines the patient sees wavy lines on the Amsler grid (wet AMD) o Distorted vision (wet AMD) • Diagnosis: o Fluorescent angiography and indocyanine green angiography • Treatment: o Self-monitoring using the Amsler grid o Diet supplements with vitamins, antioxidants, and zinc o Wet AMD may be treated with use of a laser ▪ Photodynamic therapy o No treatment for dry AMD Retinal Detachment • Occurs when the retina detaches by lifting or pulling away from its normal position • Can cause permanent vision loss if not promptly treated • Clinical manifestations: o Floaters in the visual field and flashes of light or sparks when patients move their eyes or head ▪ The patients sees small dark shadowy shapes or crooked lines that move as his or her eye moves or drift when the eye stops moving ▪ Not usually treated unless they impair vision sufficiently to warrant treatment or cause retinal tears or detachment o Side vision is often effected and progresses over time as more of the retina separates from the wall • Treatment: o Cryopexy (freezing of the retinal area) or laser photocoagulation (small burns around the tear to weld the retina back into place) • Surgery o Sclera buckling surgery o Pneumatic retinopexy o Virectomy Conjunctivis • Pink eye • Can be the result of exposure to allergens or irritants and as such is not contagious NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen • There is a bacterial or viral form known as infectious conjunctivitis that is easily transmitted to others • Signs and symptoms: o Watery eyes, reddened appearance, itching, and burning-like pain • Treatment: o Focused on preventing spread and individual treatment NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen o The drugs are expensive, and many patients are not able to afford them, cannot tolerate the side effects, or cannot adhere to the necessary scheduling and dietary changes. Hearing and eye tests: • Ellen’s and Staple’s • Voice whisper and Weber • Rhinne and Cochlear Voice Whisperer: A normal voice whisperer test reveals that the patient can repeat the words whispered from a distance of two feet. Abnormal findings show that the patient is unable to repeat the words correctly or states that he or she is unable to hear anything. This indicates a hearing loss in the high-frequency range that may be caused by excessive exposure to loud noises Weber Test: Vibrate the tuning fork, place it on the center of the patient’s forehead, and ask if the sound is hear equally in both ears. A normal Weber Test reveals that the patient perceives the sound equally in both ear or “in the middle.” No lateralization of sounds is known as a negative Weber test. Abnormal findings show that the sound lateralizes to the affected ear. This occurs with unilateral conductive hearing loss because the sound is being conducted directly through the bone to the ear Rinne Test: Place the base of the lightly vibrating tuning fork on the mastoid process. Ask the patient to note when the vibration is no longer felt. Quickly place the still vibrating tuning fork near the ear with the tines toward the ear. Ask the patient to note when the sound is no longer heard. • A normal Rinne’s test reveals that air conduction is heard twice as long as bone conduction when the patient hears the sound through the external auditory canal (air) after it is no longer heard at the mastoid process • Abnormal findings for a Rinne test reveal the patient reporting hearing the sound longer through bone conduction; that is, bone conduction time is equal to or greater than air conduction o This occurs when there is a conductive hearing loss resulting from disease, obstruction, or damage to the outer or middle ear Cochlear test: Done by having the patient close his or her eyes and indicate when her or she hears the ticking of a watch or the rubbing of the examiner’s fingers. Noraml findings are when the patient can hear the watch or rustling 4-6 inches away. NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen Systemic Lupus: what you expect to see, what will you be teaching Clinical Manifestations: • Polyarthritis (involving many joints) and polyarthralgia (pain in many joints); pain in the small joints including hands, feet, wrists and knees; lethargy; malaise; fever; and loss of weight • Acute stages: NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen o Butterfly rash on the face that resembles the face of a wolf, pleural effusion, basilar pneumonia, generalized lymphadenopathy, pericarditis, and hepatosplenomegaly o Severe cases: delirium convulsions, psychosis, coma • Chronic: o Fever, malaise, weight loss, generalized lymphadenopathy, severe hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, enlargement of the spleen, pleural effusion, tachycardia, Raynaud’s phenomenon, gangrene, ulcerative mucous membrane lesions, nausea, vomiting, bloody stools, hepatic dysfunction, myalgia, and multiple neurological symptoms Teaching: • Appropriate skin care, nutrition, and minimizing the risk of opportunistic infections. It is imperative that the individual avoid sun exposure. Must be knowledgeable about the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease, the medication regimen, interactive effects with food and other medications, and the importance of communicating with the health care providers. Anaphylactic Shock: different types of shocks, what do you do, what are you going to see, short-term or long-term, rapid onset or gradual Clinical Manifestations: • Hypotension, tachycardia, decreased cardiac output, stridor, wheezing, rales and rhonchi, dysphagia, pruritus – urticaria, erythema, angioedema, restlessness, uneasiness, apprehension, and anxiety, decreased level of consciousness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, incontinence or vaginal bleeding, complaints of feeling war,, dyspneic, itching, abdominal cramping, and pain Treatment: • Facilitate ventilation by ensuring a patent airway • Positioning the patient appropriately • Instruct patient to breathe slowly and deeply • Short term: Epinephrine, Benadryl, corticosteroids • Long term: Educated on how to avoid future anaphylactic reactions, wear a medical alert bracelet, and instructed to carry information that lists allergies Lice: what are we going to do for lice Pediculosis NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen times per day. The electroencephalogram (EEG) will show a 3 Hz (cycles per minute) spike and wave pattern, unique to this type of seizure. • Atypical Absence – usually begin before the age of 5 and are associated with mental retardation and a tendency for multiple seizure types. They last longer and are associated with muscle spasms. • Myoclonic – are characterized by sudden, brief arm muscle contractions. Consciousness is usually not impaired. NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen • Atonic (drop attacks) – are a sudden loss of muscle control, usually the legs, that results in falling to the floor, increasing the possibility of injury • Generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) – are the most common type of generalized seizure. The seizure progress through all of the seizure phases and last 2-3minutes. Because of the suddenness of this type of seizure, injuries, such as limb fractures, tongue biting, and head trauma can occur. These seizures can occur any time of the day or night, whether the patient is awake or not. Seizure frequency is highly variable. Focal seizures: begin in a specific brain region, and consciousness is not usually impaired • Simple Partial – are when consciousness is not lost. Have a small focus, which may be limited to a slight twitching of the arms, legs, or face; a sudden burst of emotions; altered sensory responses, such as smelling odors that are not present or hearing and seeing things that are not there; or they may progress to a generalized seizure. • Complex partial – are the most common type of epileptic seizure in adults. Consciousness and awareness of surroundings is lost. Automatisms may occur. The seizure typically lasts one to three minutes. Stages: • Prodromal phase: signs or activity before the seizure, for example, a headache or depressed feeling • Aural phase: Sensation or warning that the patient remembers. Can be visual, auditory, gustatory, or visceral in nature, for example, an odor or flashing lights • Ictal phase: Actual seizure • Postictal phase: Period immediately following the seizure. During this phase the patient is usually confused, disoriented, and does not remember the seizure. If left alone the patient may sleep deeply for several hours NUR 2571 / NUR2571 Exam 3: Professional Nursing 2 Exam 3 / PN2 Exam 3 Concept Guide (Latest 2021/2022) Rasmussen