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NUR 6501 Midterm Exam: Advanced Pathophysiology - Walden University, Exams of Nursing

A collection of questions and answers related to the nur 6501 midterm exam in advanced pathophysiology at walden university. It covers various topics including genetic principles, cellular adaptation, cell injury, and death. Useful for students preparing for the exam, but lacks detailed explanations and context.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 01/08/2025

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NUR 6501 MIDTERM EXAM ADVANCED

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WALDEN UNIVERSITY

QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS

LATEST UPDATE

A normal male and a female carrier for red-green color blindness mate. Given that red-green color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait, what is the likelihood of their children being affected? - ANSWER✔✔Males most affected; no females affected Mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence and thus have no consequence are termed _____ mutations. - ANSWER✔✔Silent An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse explain to the aide? - ANSWER✔✔Expressivity The condition in which an extra portion of a chromosome is present in each cell is called: - ANSWER✔✔Partial trisomy To express a polygenic trait: - ANSWER✔✔Several genes must act together. While reading a textbook, the student reads the term, "apoptosis." The student recalls that apoptosis is a condition in which cells program themselves to: - ANSWER✔✔Die A 55-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is examined for respiratory disturbance. Examination of his airway (bronchial) reveals that stratified squamous epithelial cells have replaced the normal columnar ciliated cells. This type of cellular adaptation is called: - ANSWER✔✔Metaplasia

A 40-year-old female is diagnosed with cervical cancer after a Pap smear. Which of the following cellular changes would the nurse most likely see on the report? - ANSWER✔✔Dysplasia The gradual increase in height among the human population over the past 100 years is an example of: - ANSWER✔✔A multifactorial trait The nurse is teaching staff about the most common cause of Down syndrome. What is the nurse describing? - ANSWER✔✔Maternal nondisjunction An XXY person asks the nurse what this genetic disorder is called. What is the nurse's best response? This disorder is _____ syndrome. - ANSWER✔✔Klinefelter Which of these conditions follows a multifactorial pattern of inheritance? - ANSWER✔✔Coronary artery disease Mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence and thus have no consequence are termed _____ mutations. - ANSWER✔✔Silent The condition in which an extra portion of a chromosome is present in each cell is called: - ANSWER✔✔Partial trisomy A 50-year-old male sustained a closed head injury as a result of a motor vehicle accident. CT scan revealed a collection of blood between the inner surface of the dura mater and the surface of the brain. Which type of injury will the nurse be caring for? - ANSWER✔✔Subdural hematoma A 55-year-old male has swelling of the feet. Which of the following aided in development of swelling? - ANSWER✔✔Na+ movement into the cell

A child is born with blue eyes (bb). The child's mother has blue eyes and the father has brown eyes. Which of the following represents the father? - ANSWER✔✔Bb A family presents to their primary care provider reporting headache, nausea, weakness, and vomiting. Which of the following would be the most likely explanation for these symptoms? - ANSWER✔✔Carbon monoxide poisoning After a geneticist talks to the patient about being a chromosomal mosaic, the patient asks the nurse what that means. How should the nurse respond? You may _____ genetic disease(s). - ANSWER✔✔Have a mild form of the When the nurse is checking the urinalysis, the finding that would alert the nurse to cellular injury is the presence of: - ANSWER✔✔Excessive protein A group of prison inmates developed tuberculosis following exposure to an infected inmate. On examination, tissues were soft and granular (like clumped cheese). Which of the following is the most likely cause? - ANSWER✔✔Caseous necrosis When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occurring within 6 to 14 hours after death, the nurse should document this finding as _____ present. - ANSWER✔✔Rigor mortis A 50-year-old female became infected with Clostridium bacteria and died a week later. Examination of her red blood cells revealed lysis of membranes. Which of the following was the most likely cause of her death? - ANSWER✔✔Gas gangrene Which of the following mutations have the most significant effect on protein synthesis? - ANSWER✔✔Frameshift mutations

A 20-year-old pregnant female gives birth to a stillborn child. Autopsy reveals that the fetus has 92 chromosomes. What term may be on the autopsy report to describe this condition? - ANSWER✔✔Tetraploidy A common pathway of irreversible cell injury involves increased intracellular: - ANSWER✔✔Calcium When homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, which of the following occurs? - ANSWER✔✔Nondisjunction Changes made by cells in response to environmental changes - ANSWER✔✔Cellular Adaptation cells shrink ex: dehydration - ANSWER✔✔Atrophy Cells grow in number Hormonal - occurs with preganacy or menstrual cycle Pathologic - increase in number of cells that is associated with an abnormal process (i.e. cancer) ex: thickening uterine wall during menstrual cycle; BPH - ANSWER✔✔Hyperplasia Abnormal cells are present and replace normal cells ex: lung tissue after smoking cessation - ANSWER✔✔Metaplasaia Abnormal proliferation of cells; precursor for cancer-requires further work up (biopsy) ex: Pap smear, skin biopsy - ANSWER✔✔Dysplasia

Increase in cell size, which can lead to increase in tissue size ex: left ventricular hypertrophy in CHF (pathologic hypertrophy); weight lifting (physiologic hypertrophy); liver cell regeneration after surgery or biopsy (compensatory) - ANSWER✔✔Hypertrophy Programmed cell dead ex: RBC lifespan 120 days - ANSWER✔✔Apoptosis Cell death from acute cellular injury ex: Myocardial infarction and hypoxia - ANSWER✔✔Necrosis Atoms or molecules with an unpaired electron; cause oxidation; prevented by antioxidants; vitamins A, C, E, and beta-carotene - ANSWER✔✔Free Radicals Complete set of chromosomes in an individual - ANSWER✔✔Karyotype Multiple karyotypes; may cause patient to have a milder form of any specific disease - ANSWER✔✔Chromosomal mosaic There is an extra copy of part of a chromosome - ANSWER✔✔Trisomy The percentage of individuals with a genotype who exhibit the phenotype ex: Retinoblastoma, Neurofibromatosis - ANSWER✔✔Penetrance abnormal growth, neoplasm - ANSWER✔✔Neoplasia Confirmed when nucleus cannot be identified - ANSWER✔✔Cell Death

Most common cause of cell injury Causes: Decreased O2 in air (Smoking) or in blood (Clot); sickle cell anemia; hemorrhage - ANSWER✔✔Hypoxic injury Reduced blood supply ex: coronary artery disease - ANSWER✔✔Ischemia hypoxic injury Complete loss of blood supply ex: Stroke - ANSWER✔✔Anoxia hypoxic injury Affects nervous system development in children - ANSWER✔✔Lead Affinity to hemoglobin 300x oxygen - ANSWER✔✔Carbon monoxide Drinking alcohol; EtOH - ANSWER✔✔Ethanol Fish, dental fillings - ANSWER✔✔Mercury Application of mechanical energy to the body resulting in the tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissues - ANSWER✔✔Blunt force injuries Moving object (hammer) strikes stationary object (head) - ANSWER✔✔Coup pattern Moving object (head) strikes fixed object - ANSWER✔✔Countrecoupe pattern collection of blood in soft tissue - ANSWER✔✔Hematoma Bleeding into skin or underlying tissues (bruise) - ANSWER✔✔Contusion

Scrape - ANSWER✔✔Abrasion Deep cut - ANSWER✔✔Laceration Broken bones - ANSWER✔✔Fractures Clean edges from razor, glass, sharp knife - ANSWER✔✔Incised Wounds Usually deeper than wide wounds - ANSWER✔✔Stab Wounds Opening small; snake bite; nail - ANSWER✔✔Puncture Wounds Contact range, intermediate, and indeterminate range - ANSWER✔✔Entrance Gun Shot Wounds Shored exit wound (abrasion at exit with center opening from bullet) - ANSWER✔✔Exit Wounds Protein denaturation; change from liquid to "cooked egg white"; primary cause is hypoxia and ischemia - ANSWER✔✔Coagulative Necrosis Brain is rich in hydrolytic enzymes - ANSWER✔✔Liquefactive Necrosis Combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis ex: tuberculous pulmonary infection - ANSWER✔✔Caseous Necrosis Action of lipases relase fatty acids ex: breast, pancreas - ANSWER✔✔Fat Necrosis Death of tissue from severe hypoxia - ANSWER✔✔Gangrenous Necrosis

Coagulative necrosis; skin dry and shrinks and changes to brown or black - ANSWER✔✔Dry Gangrenous Necrosis Liquefactive necrosis resulting from neutrophil invasion - ANSWER✔✔Wet Gangrene Caused by Clostridium organisms - ANSWER✔✔Gas Gangrene Death of an entire person - ANSWER✔✔Somatic Death Post mortem reduction in body temperature - ANSWER✔✔Algor Mortis Purple discoloration from pooling of blood - ANSWER✔✔Livor Mortis Muscle stiffening; starts 6 hours after death - ANSWER✔✔Rigor Mortis Cell lysis after the death of the organism - ANSWER✔✔Postmortem autolysis Able to differentiate into any type of somatic cell (not reproductive cells) - ANSWER✔✔Totipotent A small percentage of genes function to maintain all cells ex: histones, DNA/RNA - ANSWER✔✔Housekeeping Genes Deletion of 4 million base (Mb) pairs of chromosome 15 Inherited from father Mental retardation-mild to moderate Short stature, small hands and feet, obesity, hypogonadism - ANSWER✔✔Prader-Willi syndrome

Deletion of 4 million base (Mb) pairs of chromosome 15 Inherited from mother Severe mental retardation Seizures Ataxic gait - ANSWER✔✔Angelman Syndrome functions to repair damaged DNA - ANSWER✔✔MLH Trade name: Vidaza, Azadine; treatment of pancreatic cancer - ANSWER✔✔ 5 - Azacytidine A substance that binds to a receptor - ANSWER✔✔Ligand Having both a hydrophobic part and hydrophilic part - ANSWER✔✔Amphipathic Tiny flask-shaped pits in the outer surface of the plasma membrane - ANSWER✔✔Caveolae Infolding of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle that enters the cell - ANSWER✔✔Endocytosis The carbohydrate coating on the outer surface of the plasma membrane - ANSWER✔✔Glycocalyx Mutations in chromosome 11, genetic disorder Associated with an increased predisposition to cancer Macroglossia (enlarged tongue) Macrosomia (above average height and weight at birth)

Ear creases Neonatal hypoglycemia Hepatoblastoma, pancreatoblastoma, nephroblastoma (Wilm's tumor) - ANSWER✔✔Beckwith- Wiedermann Syndrome(BWS)