NUR2063 Pathophysiology Exam Review: Key Concepts and Answers, Exams of Advanced Education

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2024 NUR

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RASMUSSEN

EXAM WITH CORRECT ANSWERS

Erythrocytes - CORRECT ANSWERS-Red blood cells, carry oxygen. Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) - CORRECT ANSWERS-Allergic skin response. Most common in children; usually improves with age Lesions pruritic (itching), oozing, crusting, coalescent papule; thickening of the skin or lichenification occurs. Atopy: "genetic component". Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - CORRECT ANSWERS-"Tap water" - causes kidneys to reabsorb plain water and dilutes blood and other body fluids. Released from pituitary gland. Antimicrobial Resistance - CORRECT ANSWERS-Susceptible strains die, resistant strains emerge following exposure to antibiotics, creating a drug- resistant infection. Epinephrine - CORRECT ANSWERS-Catecholamine that increases heart rate in turn increasing cardiac output, relaxes bronchial smooth muscle to dilate airways for better oxygenation, inhibits insulin secretion to raise blood glucose levels. Can cause immunosuppression. Fibrinous Exudate - CORRECT ANSWERS-Thick, sticky, and high in protein Indicates more advanced inflammation Fibromyalgia Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS-Cause remains unknown. Characterized by widespread pain in all quadrants of the body. Additional symptoms may include fatigue, insomnia, depression, concentration problems, tender/trigger points. Filtration - CORRECT ANSWERS-Most of fluid that reaches the vascular compartment distributes into other fluid compartments result of ____________ across permeable capillaries First Degree Burn - CORRECT ANSWERS-Superficial depth. Five Cardinal Signs of Infection - CORRECT ANSWERS-1. Redness

2. Swelling
3. Heat

4. Pain
5. Loss of function Fluid Volume Deficit - CORRECT ANSWERS-Caused by removal of sodium- containing fluid. Signs & Symptoms: High heart rate, low blood pressure, decreased skin turgor, concentrated/yellow urine. Inflammation, (2) Infection - CORRECT ANSWERS-(1) always present with (2), but (1) does not necessarily mean (2) Active Immunity - CORRECT ANSWERS-Immunity produced by exposure to an antigen, as a result of the immune response. Ex. Immunizations Aldosterone - CORRECT ANSWERS-Steroid (glucocorticoid) secreted by adrenal cortex. Promotes reabsorption of sodium & excretion of potassium. "Water follows salt" - increased extracellular volume & increased blood pressure. Allostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS-Ability to successfully adapt to challenges. Dynamic processes that helps the body achieve a steady state. Allostatic Load - CORRECT ANSWERS-Accumulation of various mediators produced by systems is damaging to tissues over time causing wear and tear of the body and brain. Can lead to death. Basophils - CORRECT ANSWERS-Contain histamines, mediate type 1 allergic reactions, initiate inflammation. Bone Marrow - CORRECT ANSWERS-Primary functions: Hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells) Produce erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets Cachexia - CORRECT ANSWERS-Refers to an overall weight loss and generalized weakness. Loss of appetite. Increased metabolic rate. Nausea/vomiting. Calcium - CORRECT ANSWERS-9-11mg/dL; Basic Function: Bones/Muscle Excitation Cancer Risk Factors - CORRECT ANSWERS-Tobacco use Nutrition Obesity Sun exposure (skin cancer) Sexual exposure to HPV (cervical cancer) Cervical Cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS-Caused by HPV. Pap-smear screening starts at 21 years old.

Compartment Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS-Dangerous complication of soft-tissue injury. Swelling in a confined space that produces dangerous pressure. May cut off blood flow or damage sensitive tissue. Complications of Fractures - CORRECT ANSWERS-Delayed union: •Anywhere from 3 to 6 months after the fracture, bone pain and tenderness are continuously increasing beyond the expected healing period. Malunion: •Improper alignment of fracture fragments Nonunion: •Not healed by > months after a fracture Osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis), osteomyelitis, and neurovascular injury may also occur. Compartment Syndrome Fat Emboli Syndrome Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism Cortisol - CORRECT ANSWERS-Steroid (glucocorticoid) that is used for production of glucose for energy. Can cause immunosuppression. Dendritic Cells - CORRECT ANSWERS-Capture and present antigens. Edema - CORRECT ANSWERS-Excess fluid in the interstitial compartment. May arise from increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, increased interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure, blockage of lymphatic drainage, or decreased capillary colloid osmotic pressure. Endorphins - CORRECT ANSWERS-Raise the pain threshold (reduce pain) and produce sedation and euphoria. Fluid Volume Excess - CORRECT ANSWERS-Caused by addition or retention of saline. Signs & Symptoms: sudden weight gain, edema swelling, circulatory overload, crackling in lungs, high blood pressure. Fourth Degree Burn - CORRECT ANSWERS-Full thickness with bone or muscle involvement. General Adaptation Syndrome Stage 1 - CORRECT ANSWERS-ALARM - occurs when body first becomes aware of the stressor ("fight or flight"). General Adaptation Syndrome Stage 2 - CORRECT ANSWERS-RESISTANCE (ADAPTATION) - growth and repair of organism after stress abates. General Adaptation Syndrome Stage 3 - CORRECT ANSWERS-EXHAUSTION - Body is no longer able to return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressors. Glucocorticoids - CORRECT ANSWERS-Steroid hormones that are released from the adrenal cortex in response to stressors.

Glycolysis - CORRECT ANSWERS-Important provider of ATP under anaerobic conditions because oxygen is not required or available, which may accompany respiratory and cardiac disorders. Gout - CORRECT ANSWERS-Pain and inflammation occur when too much uric acid crystallizes and deposits in the joints. Symptoms include severe pain, redness, and swelling in joints, often the big toe. Attacks can come suddenly, often at night. Risk increases with age. Hemorrhagic Exudate - CORRECT ANSWERS-Contains large amount of red blood cells. Herniated Disk - CORRECT ANSWERS-Inert soft tissue injury Irritation or entrapment of a nerve causes pain that radiates along the structures innervated by that nerve Herpes Zoster - CORRECT ANSWERS-Shingles. Results from reactivation of the latent virus. Symptoms disappear during latent stage. Eruption of painful vesicles with erythematous bases typically unilateral; paresthesia's. Treatment: antiviral drugs, vaccine, burrow compresses. Histamine - CORRECT ANSWERS-A compound that is released by cells in response to allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries. Most important mediator for type 1 hypersensitivity. Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS-State of being in which all systems are in balance. Maintaining internal conditions in a stable state by keeping things relatively the same. Hypercalcemia - CORRECT ANSWERS-"Neuromuscular" ,Decreased neuromuscular excitability, Constipation, Fatigue, Confusion, Lethargy, Causes: Hyperparathyroidism Hyperkalemia - CORRECT ANSWERS-Hypotension, Bradycardia (Slower heart rate), Diarrhea Hyperactive bowel sounds, Paralysis in extremities, Increased DTR, Profound muscle weakness, Causes: Diabetic ketoacidosis Chronic kidney disease Hypermagnesemia - CORRECT ANSWERS-"Calm & Quiet" Decreased DTR, Lethargy, Hypotension, Respiratory depression, Bradycardia, Cardiac arrest, Causes: Excessive intake of laxatives & antacids Hypernatremia - CORRECT ANSWERS-Red, rosy skin, Edema, Low grade Fever, Polydipsia (excess thirst), Late & Serious Signs: Swollen, dry tongue Nausea & vomiting, Increased muscle tone

Hyperphosphatemia - CORRECT ANSWERS-Inverse relationship with Ca, Trosseau sign, Chvostek sign, Diarrhea Weak B's (bones, blood clotting, heart beat) Increased neuromuscular excitability, Causes: Oliguric renal disease Hypocalcemia - CORRECT ANSWERS-"Neuromuscular" Tetany (muscle twitching) Trosseau sign, Chvostek sign, Bradycardia Hypokalemia - CORRECT ANSWERS-"Low and Slow" ,Altered function of muscles, Hyperpolarization (cell excitability) leads to less reactive stimuli, Abdominal distension, Diminished bowel sounds, Paralytic ileus, Causes: Aldosterone increases potassium excretion in urine Hypomagnesemia - CORRECT ANSWERS-"Buck Wild!", Increased neuromuscular excitability, Insomnia, Tetany, Increased DTR, Diarrhea, Causes: Chronic alcoholism May cause hypokalemia or hypocalcemia .Hyponatremia - CORRECT ANSWERS-"Neuro" ,Seizures, Coma, Cerebral edema (brain swelling), Tachycardia (>100 bpm), Weak thready pulses, Respiratory arrest Hypophosphatemia - CORRECT ANSWERS-Inverse relationship with Ca, Constipation, Decreased DTR, Severe muscle weakness, Confusion, Anorexia Causes: Malnourishment IgE - CORRECT ANSWERS-Antibody associated with allergies IgG - CORRECT ANSWERS-Antibody that protects the body from infection. Easily escapes the bloodstream to enter interstitial fluid. IgM - CORRECT ANSWERS-First antibody produced. Major antibody found on B-cell surfaces. .Immunization - CORRECT ANSWERS-Confer immunity to host by direct exposure to pathogen without causing disease. Decrease number of susceptible hosts in the population (herd immunity). CDC provides updates and recommendations. .Immunosuppression - CORRECT ANSWERS-Increases risk of severe, rapidly progressing infections May be unresponsive to usual treatments Causes: Genetic disorders Antirejection medications Exogenous steroids Immunosuppressive therapies Autoimmune disease HIV

Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Innate defense with three purposes:

1. Neutralize and destroy invading and harmful agents 2. Limit spread of harmful agents to other tissue
2. Prepare damaged tissue for repair .Innate Immune Response - CORRECT ANSWERS-Occurs on initial exposure to antigen Most efficient against bacterial and parasitic infections, but not viral antigens Require no previous exposure to antigen NK cells .Leukemia - CORRECT ANSWERS-Abnormal white blood cells that take over bone marrow. Leukocytes - CORRECT ANSWERS-White blood cells that locate and eliminate pathogens and foreign molecules. .Lipid Soluble Hormones - CORRECT ANSWERS-Pass through cell membranes to initiate changes in cellular activities. Localized Manifestations of Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Five cardinal signs Occur with acute and chronic inflammation Can lead to systemic involvement .Lymph Nodes - CORRECT ANSWERS-Found primarily in neck, groin, axillae, thorax, abdomen Contain large numbers of B cells, T cells, and macrophages Have lymph fluid for immune cells to filter, detect, and react to foreign material Lymphocytes - CORRECT ANSWERS-The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. Macrophages - CORRECT ANSWERS-Powerful phagocytes capable of ingesting numerous microbes Clean up dead neutrophils and inflammatory debris Important in wound healing .Magnesium - CORRECT ANSWERS-1.5-2.5 mEq/l; Basic Function: Muscle Relaxation *Memorization Trick: (This term) = "Magazine" Mast Cells - CORRECT ANSWERS-Basophils found in connective tissue.

Live for weeks to months. Begins inflammatory response associated with allergic reactions. Membrane Transport Proteins - CORRECT ANSWERS-Proteins that span the lipid bilayer, providing passageways across the membrane for select substances. .Multistep Nature of Carcinogenesis - CORRECT ANSWERS-Initiation Promotion Progression Muscular Dystrophy - CORRECT ANSWERS-Progressive muscle weakness and degeneration Myasthenia Gravis - CORRECT ANSWERS-"Mind to ground" muscular weakness. Diaphragm can become weakened, leading to respiratory issues (Myasthenia crisis). Neutrophils - CORRECT ANSWERS-A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease. NK Cells - CORRECT ANSWERS-No B- or T-cell markers Not dependent on thymus for development Effectively kill tumor & infected cells without previous exposure Not specific for particular antigen Norepinephrine - CORRECT ANSWERS-Catecholamine that is the primary constrictor of smooth muscle in blood vessels and regulates blood flow through tissues and organs as well as maintains blood pressure, reduces gastric secretion, inhibits insulin secretion, and dilates pupils and increases night and far vision. Can cause immunosuppression. Osmosis - CORRECT ANSWERS-Inward pulling force of particles in the interstitial fluid. Moves from area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Occurs until the intracellular and interstitial pressure become equal. Osteoporosis - CORRECT ANSWERS-Most common metabolic bone disease Occurs when rate of bone resorption is greater than bone formation Passive Immunity - CORRECT ANSWERS-Immediate, short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person. Ex. Mother to fetus through placenta. Mother to infant through breast milk.

Phosphate - CORRECT ANSWERS-2.5-4.5mg/dL; Basic Function: Muscle Contraction .Potassium - CORRECT ANSWERS-3.5-5 mEq/L; Basic Function: Intracellular Excitation Pressure Ulcer Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS-Turn frequently (at least every 2 hours), get person out of bed and into chair, well balanced diet (especially protein), keep vulnerable areas clean and dry, keep bed coverings off feet. Prolactin and Oxytocin - CORRECT ANSWERS-Require more intense stressful stimuli than those that increase the release of catecholamines and glucocorticoids. Purulent Exudate - CORRECT ANSWERS-Pus Indicates bacterial infection Ex. Cysts or abscess Red (functioning) Bone Marrow - CORRECT ANSWERS-Hematopoiesis occurs here. Rheumatoid Arthritis - CORRECT ANSWERS-Systematic autoimmune inflammation disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked. Symptoms include painful, red joints, stiffness that improves with movement, swelling of joints, fatigue. Second Degree Burn - CORRECT ANSWERS-Superficial and deep partial thickness. Serosanguineous Drainage - CORRECT ANSWERS-Mixture of serous and blood. Serous Exudate - CORRECT ANSWERS-Watery, low in protein (fluid in blister). Shingles - CORRECT ANSWERS-Acute localized inflammatory disease of a segment of the skin caused by varicella zoster (chickenpox). Sodium - CORRECT ANSWERS-135-145 mEq/L; Basic Function: Extracellular Excitation Specific Immune Response - CORRECT ANSWERS-B cells and T cells Slow to develop (days to weeks) Able to respond to viral antigens More efficient on subsequent exposures

Spleen - CORRECT ANSWERS-Located under diaphragm on left side of body Largest lymphoid organ Filtering system for blood Systemic Manifestations of Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWERS-Fever, neutrophilia/leukocytosis, lethargy, muscle catabolism. Most older adults present confusion. Third Degree Burn - CORRECT ANSWERS-Full thickness. Thrombocytes - CORRECT ANSWERS-Blood platelets. Toxins - CORRECT ANSWERS-Lipopolysaccharides produced by bacteria Type 1 Hypersensitivity - CORRECT ANSWERS-IgE mediated Immediate reaction Most allergic reactions Ex. Hay fever, food allergies, anaphylaxis, itching, hives Yellow (fatty) Bone Marrow - CORRECT ANSWERS-Normally does not contribute to hematopoiesis in adults Can be recruited to become red marrow again when increased need for hematopoiesis .Endorphins, enkephalins - CORRECT ANSWERS-Stress activates the inhibition of pain through release of endogenous opioids produced in the CNS called ____________ and ____________ Eosinophils - CORRECT ANSWERS-Respond to allergic reactions, intestinal parasite infections (helminths). Anaplasia - CORRECT ANSWERS-Malignant tumors have a greater degree of ___________ (lack of differentiation). Angiogenesis - CORRECT ANSWERS-Process by which tumor forms new blood vessels.